Distributed by:

www.Jameco.com ✦ 1-800-831-4242
The content and copyrights of the attached
material are the property of its owner.

Jameco Part Number 694866

 MaxLoader User’s Guide

1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................... 7
PROGRAMMER MODELS FOR PC USB INTERFACE 7
PROGRAMMER MODELS FOR PC USB INTERFACE MULTI-SOCKETS 8
PROGRAMMER MODELS FOR PC PARALLEL INTERFACE 8
ABOUT THIS MANUAL 8
GENERAL DESCRIPTION 9
2. GETTING STARTED / INSTALLATION ......................................................................................... 10
INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS 10
HARDWARE INSTALLATION 10
To Install the software from a CD drive 10
TO START THE WINDOWS SOFTWARE 10
TO INSTALL SOFTWARE AND CONNECT TO PC FOR USB PROGRAMMERS 10
TO INSTALL THE SOFTWARE FOR PARALLEL PORT PROGRAMMERS 17
To download the software from the www.eetools.com web site 17
SELECT PRODUCT 18
TROUBLE SHOOTING IN INSTALLATION 19
3. FAMILIES OF PROGRAMMABLE DEVICES ................................................................................ 20
ƒ NVM : NON VOLATILE MEMORY 20
ƒ ROM : READ ONLY MEMORY 20
ƒ OTP : ONE TIME PROGRAMMABLE ROM 20
ƒ EPROM : ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE ROM 20
ƒ EEPROM : ELECTRICALLY ERASABLE & PROGRAMMABLE ROM 20
NVM HIERARCHY 20
SERIAL FLASH EEPROM 22
SERIAL EEPROM 22
NON-TYPICAL DEVICES 23
8-BIT 1-MEGABITS 23
16-bit 1-Megabits 23
ERASING AN EPROM 23

1
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

PLD 24
PLD Features 24
MICROCONTROLLER 25
ABOUT “DEVICE ID” AND “AUTO SELECT” ON EE TOOLS PROGRAMMERS 27
4. TERMS AND SYMBOLS USED IN THE GUIDE............................................................................. 30
SAFETY NOTE CONVENTIONS 30
OTHER TERMS AND DEFINITIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS 30
CHOOSING THE RIGHT ADAPTER 30
Different Device Packages 31
Different Programming Adapters 32
5. QUICK START EXAMPLES............................................................................................................... 33
PROGRAMMING AN EPROM WITH DATA 33
DUPLICATING AN EPROM FROM A MASTER IC DEVICE 36
6. MAXLOADER OPERATIONS............................................................................................................ 36
BASIC MENU SCREEN INFORMATION 36
Option Information 36
(Additional Option Information For Non PLD Devices) 37
System Information 37
Counter 37
File 39
ƒ Binary Format 39
ƒ Intel HEX Format 39
ƒ Motorola S HEX Format 40
ƒ TEKTRONIX HEX FORMAT 41
ƒ ASCII HEX format 42
ƒ JEDEC Standard <PLD devices only> 42
ƒ POF file <Altera EPMxxx devices only> 44
File / Load 44
File / Reload 45

2
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

File / Save 45
File/ Load Project 46
File/ Save Project 46
Buffer 46
Buffer / Edit Buffer 46
Find 47
Find Next 47
Fill buffer 47
Fill random data 48
Copy buffer 48
Print buffer 49
Set editor to view mode 49
Set editor to edit mode 50
Toggle display mode 50
Set editor to 8 bit(Byte) Hex 51
Set editor to 16 bit(WORD) Hex 52
Set editor to 32 bit(Double Word) Hex 52
Set default editor mode 53
Set default Reset Editor 53
Swap nibble 54
Swap byte 54
Swap Word 55
Swap double word 56
Clear 56
Close 56
Buffer / Edit UES 56
Device 57
Select / Device select by history 58
Select 58
ƒ Select / E(E)PROM, FLASH 59
ƒ Select / PLD 59

3
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

ƒ Select / Microcontroller 59
ƒ Select / PROM 60
Select / Auto Select 60
Select / Device information 61
Select / Device information / Package details 61
Device / Change Algorithm 62
Device / Blank Check 63
Device / Program 64
Auto Menu Option 67
Device / Read 68
Device / Verify 69
Device / Data Compare 69
Device / Erase 69
Device / Security 69
Device / Encryption 71
Device / Option 71
○
1 Device/Option /Customer ID 71
○
2 Device/Option / Oscillator 72
○
3 Device/Option / WATCHDOG TIMER (WDT) 72
○
4 Device/Option / POWER-UP TIMER 72
○
5 Device/Option / Memory Protect 72
○
6 Device/Option / Data Protect 73
○
7 Device/Option / Reset Polarity 73
○
9 Device/Option / MCLR 73
○
10 Device/Option / Memory Parity 74
○
12 Device/Option / FLASH Write Enable 74
○
13 Device/Option / Background DBG 74
○
14 Device/Option / Brownout Voltage 74
○
15 Option Item/Read Current Configuration Fuses 74
○
16 Option Item/Program Current Configuration Fuses 74
○
17 Device/Option/Read Status Byte or Boot Vector 75

4
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

○
18 Device/Option/Program Status Byte or Boot Vector 75
○
19 Device/Option/Initialize Device 75
Device / Auto 75
Test ( These functions are only for TopMax, TopMaxII, UniMax, UniMax ) 76
Test / Vector Test 76
Test / IC Test 77
Test / RAM Test 78
Config Config / Select Product 79
Config / Config Option 80
Config Option / Buffer Clear Before File Loading 80
Config Option / Blank Check Before Programming 80
Config Option / Verify After Reading 81
Config Option / verify after programming 81
Config Option / Byte order swapping 81
Config Option / 32 Bit Checksum 83
Config Option / Device Insert Test 84
Config Option / Default Buffer Value 84
Config Option / Port (TopMax, ChipMax) 85
Config Option / USB Option (USB programmer) 86
USB option / Enable START button 86
Config Option / USB Option (USB program) 87
USB option /Start button to “START ALL” button 87
Config Option / Gang Split Select(TopMax, ChipMax) 89
Split 92
Device Address 94
File Load 94
File Save 94
Config Option / Auto Inc 95
Config / Hardware test 95
Config / Concurrent(gang) mode 96
7. TROUBLE SHOOTING & TECHNICAL SUPPORT ...................................................................... 97

5
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

1. REGISTRATION 97
2. SOFTWARE UPDATES 98
3. TESTING THE HARDWARE 98
4. QUICK SELF-DIAGNOSTICS 98
5. CALLING CUSTOMER SUPPORT 99
6. SERVICE INFORMATION 100
7. LIMITED ONE-YEAR WARRANTY 101
8. USEFUL WEB SITE ADDRESSES/ PHONE NUMBERS 102
9. PROGRAMMING ADAPTER MANUFACTURERS 103
10. EPROM EMULATOR MANUFACTURERS 103
8. OTHER PRODUCTS .......................................................................................................................... 104
Optional EPROM Emulator 104
9. ABOUT NAND FLASH MEMORY................................................................................................... 105
COMPARISON OF NOR AND NAND FLASH TECHNOLOGIES 105
WHY NAND FLASH 105
HOW TO PROGRAM NAND FLASH 106
HOW TO READ NAND FLASH 106
10. GLOSSARY ....................................................................................................................................... 107

6
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

1. INTRODUCTION
This manual describes the operation of E.E. Tools’ programmers.
TopMax/TopMax-8G/ChipMax/ChipMax2/TopMaxII/UniMax/ProMax8G(4G)
are software, MaxLoader, driven device programmers. The information
contained in this manual has been reviewed for accuracy, clarity, and
completeness.
Please report in writing any errors or suggestions to [email protected]

E.E. Tools, Inc.

3350 Scott Blvd. B51-02
Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA.
www.eetools.com
Tel : (409)496-6664, Toll Free: (866)496-6664(USA)
Fax : (409)496-0006

E.E.Tools reserves the right to use and distribute any information supplied
without obligation.

Programmer Models for PC USB Interface

7
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Programmer Models for PC USB Interface Multi-Sockets

Programmer Models for PC parallel Interface

About This Manual

TopMax/TopMax-8G/ChipMax/ChipMax2/TopMaxII/UniMax/ProMax-
8G(4G) User Guide explains how to install and run the programming software
on your computer.
ƒ Chapter 2 contains instructions for installing and running MaxLoader.
ƒ Chapter 3 describes the most popular programmable devices.
ƒ Chapter 4 contains all terms and symbols used in the manual.

8
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

ƒ Chapter 5 describes basic operating examples of programmers.

ƒ Chapter 6 is organized by main operating commands and gives detailed
instructions on each command.
ƒ Chapter 7 provides troubleshooting information for identifying and
solving problems with programmers. It provides a detailed guide for E.E.Tools’
technical support and return material procedures.
ƒ Chapter 8 introduces a useful tool, EPROM Emulator.
ƒ Chapter 9 describes the recent information of NAND Flash
ƒ Chapter 10 contains glossary about programmable devices and package
types.

This Manual assumes that you have a working knowledge of your personal
computer and its operating conventions.
General Description
TopMax/TopMax-8G/ChipMax/ChipMax2/TopMaxII/UniMax/ProMax-8G /4G
are software driven device programmers that support a wide variety of
programmable devices including: EPROM, EEPROM, Serial PROM, EPLD,
PEEL, GAL, FPGA, and single chip Microcontroller.
TopMax/TopMax-8G/ChipMax/ChipMax2 easily connects to the parallel
printer port of any IBM PC, and can operate with a full spectrum of IBM
compatibles: PC 386, 486, Pentium, PS/2, portable (laptop), and clone
computers. TopMaxII/UniMax/ProMax-8G(4G) connects to the USB(1.1 or
2.0) port of any IBM PC, and can operate with a full spectrum of IBM
compatibles.
The great advantage of a programmer is their programming speed and
superior software. All programmers are controlled via a host IBM PC computer.
The operating software has a user-friendly interface that includes window pull-
down menus and virtual memory management to deal with very large files.

9
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

2. GETTING STARTED / INSTALLATION

Installation Requirements
MaxLoader is designed to operate with any 386, 486, Pentium, PS/2, Portable
(notebook), compatibles running WIN 95/98/ ME/NT/2000, and XP. The
computer requires a CD-ROM drive, but a hard disk drive is also recommended.
Hardware Installation
The following section details the procedure for accomplishing the hardware
installation procedure. TopMax / TopMax-8G / ChipMax easily connect to any
parallel printer port in your computer and TopMaxII / UniMax / ChipMax2 /
ProMax-8G(4G) connects to USB 1.1 or 2.0 port in your PC.
To Install the software from a CD drive
ƒ Place CD-ROM in the CD-ROM or DVD drive.
ƒ Choose a programmer model from the list of files located on the menu
screen. And then The SETUP program will launch the installation procedure.

To Start the windows software

ƒ To run the windows software, select your product model shortcut in the
Windows Start Menu / Programs list.
ƒ From Configuration Menu, you can choose one of the TopMax/TopMax-
8G/ChipMax/ChipMax2/TopMaxII/UniMax/ProMax-8G(4G) that you are
going to use.

To install software and connect to PC for USB programmers

ƒ The software works with Windows OS 98, SE, Me, 2000, And XP.
ƒ Follow the steps below for Windows.
1. Make sure a programmer is not connected to your computer, then turn on
your computer.
2. Note: If you see New Hardware Wizard screen and disconnect your
programmer. You cannot install programmer software that way.

10
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

3. Insert the CD-ROM from factory (EE Tools) in your CD-ROM or DVD
driver.
4. Wait until you see this screen then Click on Device Programmers and choose
a programmer name. The executable file name for the installation is in the CD-
ROM.

11
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Note: Customers who want to install the latest software may download the
maxloader file from www.eetools.com

5. Set up maxloader software

12
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

6. Install Maxloader and the maxloader icon and USB driver (eetusb.inf and
eetusb.sys files) will be generated in directory C:\program files\EE Tools\.
ƒ Follow the steps below for installation for USB 2.0 driver.
7. Connect a USB cable between programmer and your computer and turn the
power switch ON after connecting the power cord in the programmer.

13
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Note: In Windows2000, you need to choose “specific location” when the

“Found New Hardware Wizard” appears. The USB driver files are generated in
directory C:\program files\EE Tools. Or you can find the USB driver files in
the CD-ROM comes in the product package.

14
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

8. Click on the Finish button on the Wizard screen and you can confirm the
USB driver in Device Manager in your computer system.

15
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Note: For a computer that doesn’t installed USB 2.0 controller, you need to
install USB 2.0 driver for the particular product vendor.
9. Execute Maxloader and choose Programmer model
10. Choose your programmer that is ready to be use in your computer.

16
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Note: Watch the model name in left-up corner screen and the TopMaxII won’t
be ready if “DEMO mode” appears in the screen. Check the USB cable and
turn the AC switch in the back side of unit.

To install the Software for parallel port programmers

There are three different addresses for the parallel port. When you select an
address from LPT1, LPT2, LPT3, one of them should be valid without a
communication error message. Turn the AC switch ON before running the
MaxLoader software. Make sure you connect the printer (IEEE) cable between
TopMax/TopMax-8G/ChipMax/ChipMax2 and your available printer port and
lock the shields in each side of the cable. Be sure that your programmer
recognizes your computer’s parallel port address when you execute the
MaxLoader icon. (MEMO mode is indicated that your programmer has a
“communication error”)
1. Connect print cable between PC and programmer.
2. Connect AC cord to programmer.
3. Turn on AC switch located on the back side of TopMax
4. Install a programmer software that comes in a CD-R (or download the latest
software (all-in-one) from www.eetools.com
5. After the MaxLoader is installed, you choose a programmer name in the very
first screen menu
To download the software from the www.eetools.com web site
1. Click on “Software download” button on left at www.eetools.com and
download maxloader software. The file will be saved to your hard disk. The
maxloader can be operated for All-in-one (all programmers-in-one software).
2. Once the download is complete, double-click on the file name to install the
software.

17
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

NOTE: For the latest software upgrade, remove the old maxloader in
“Add/Remove Program” of “ Setting / Control Panel” in 2000/XP before
installing a new Maxloader in your PC.

Select Product
After MaxLoader is installed, choose a programmer among TopMax, TopMax-
8G, ChipMax, ChipMax2, TopMaxII, UniMax, and ProMax8G(4G) hardware
in the very first MaxLoader screen menu. Or Click on Config / Select product
Make sure to select the right model and turn the switch on. (TopMaxII, ProMax,
TopMax/TopMax-8G) or connect the AC cord (UniMax, ChipMax/ChipMax2)

18
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Trouble Shooting In Installation

A communication error may occur on the screen if the hardware / software are
not correctly installed.
Be sure that the following steps are checked:
ƒ Set up the Maxloader software in PC before USB driver for your
programmer is installed .
ƒ Make sure that the programmer hardware is connected to your PC printer
port or USB port directly. A programmer for parallel port interface will not
work with multiple ports connector.
ƒ Be sure your printer cable is firmly connected to your computer and the
programmer. Plug in the AC power cord to your programmer and turn on the
switch in the back of the unit before clicking on the Maxloader icon.
NOTE: The MaxLoader detects the printer port address when you install the
new software. When you see “Cannot find the programming module”, go to

19
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

CONFIG/PORT and select all three parallel port addresses. If the same error
message continues, contact technical support.

3. FAMILIES OF PROGRAMMABLE DEVICES

The devices that are supported on the E.E.Tools, Inc programmers are:
ƒ NVM : Non Volatile Memory
ƒ ROM : Read Only Memory
ƒ OTP : One Time Programmable ROM
ƒ EPROM : Erasable Programmable ROM
ƒ EEPROM : Electrically Erasable & Programmable ROM
NVM Hierarchy

Flash Memory

Flash Memory Technologies

20
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

A B C(and) C(nand) A B C(or) C(nor)

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0

Performance Comparison

* NAND Flash : High Wright Performance

21
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Serial Flash EEPROM

The non-volatile Serial Flash Memory is widely used for code storage and user
settings in cost-sensitive applications such as CD and DVD players, set-top-
boxes (STB), digital-TV and cameras, graphic cards, printers, PC motherboards
and flat panel displays. These products typically run their operating code from
fast Random Access Memory (RAM), after downloading the code from the
low-cost Serial Flash Memory at power-up. Several semiconductor
manufacturers produce this device family named as 25xxx.

Serial EEPROM
These devices are electrically erasable, but they operate in a series rather than in
parallel.
ƒ Xilinx 17xx family
From the Xilinx 17xx series, the RESET Polarity can be changed only on Xilinx
17xxD/L and 17128. On devices with EPROM portion already programmed or
on new blank devices, RESET polarity is HIGH.
The current status of the Reset pin polarity is determined and displayed on the
screen after Reading the device. The polarity of the Reset pin can ONLY be
changed from HIGH to LOW, but not vice versa. To change the polarity, click
on the Option button and check the Reset bit box before programming your
device. To make certain that the RESET Polarity has been changed, read the
device again. On the other serial EEPROM devices (but NOT Xilinx 17xxD/L
& 17128) the RESET polarity is always HIGH and it can not be changed to
LOW.

22
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Non-Typical Devices
8-bit 1-Megabits
There are four types of 1 Megabits EPROMS. One set has the A16 and OE lines
swapped. However, this device will still program and verify like normal 1
Megabits. Once this device is placed into the circuit, it will appear as if it has
not been programmed correctly. This is not due to the MaxLoader software or
the programmer, but the difference between these 1 Megabits. When selecting a
1 Megabit, it is important to determine which one you have. Here is a list of 1
Megabits and their equivalents:
27010 (normal pin-out -- program as GENERIC or INTEL 27010):
Equivalents: INTEL 27010, HITACHI 27101, TOSHIBA 571000, NEC 271001,
MITSUBISHI 27101, 27301 (non-standard pin-out -- program as HITACHI
27301's):
Equivalents: HITACHI 27301, NEC 271000, MITSUBISHI 27100, TOSHIBA
571001, INTEL 27C100
16-bit 1-Megabits
Any devices with the number 27210, 271024 and the MITSUBISHI 27102.
27011: The 27011 is a 28-pin 1-megabit device that is organized into 8 pages of
16k-bytes. NOTE: The 27513 is 4 pages of 16k-bytes.
Erasing an EPROM
An EPROM has a quartz window located on the chip just above the die. Erasing
an EPROM is done by exposing the EPROM to high-frequency ultra-
violet(UV) light waves. Erasing an EPROM usually takes 15-20 minutes, but
may be shorter or longer, depending on the device. If you wish to purchase an
Eraser, call E.E. Tools at (866) 496-6664. When an EPROM is not being erased,
the window may be covered with an opaque label. Sometimes (over a period of
years) an EPROM will start to erase due to the rooms level of fluorescent light.
Direct exposure to sunlight also has the same effect, but happens much more
rapidly.

23
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

EPROM Erasers : 1. ET240AT-110, 2. ET140AT-110

3. LA6T-110, 4. DATAII-ACT

PLD
A programmable logic device (PLD) consists of an array of logic gates and flip-
flops that can be programmed to implement an almost unlimited number of
logic designs. These are programmable logic arrays that can be EEPROM based,
EPROM based, fused link, anti-fuse, or Flash-based technology. They are
programmable by the user to implement logic circuits in order to reduce part
count and turnaround time. PLDs are programmed according to a fuse map,
which is typically contained in a JEDEC file.

PLD Features
Many different PLDs are available from the IC manufacturers. PLDs are
fabricated using either bipolar or CMOS Processes. All PLDs are made up of
combinations of AND gates, OR gates, inverters, and flip-flops.

24
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

ƒ PAL: The PAL is a PLD with a fuse-programmable AND array. The

PAL’s AND gates connect to OR gates in a fixed pattern.

ƒ PROM: For many years, the PROM was not classified as a PLD, even
though most of the smaller PROMs (i.e. 32 x 8 organization) were being used as
logic elements. The larger PROMs were still applied in bipolar microprocessor
designs to store microcode instructions. The PROM has an architecture similar
to the PAL, except that the PROM’s AND array is fixed while it’s OR array is
programmable.

ƒ FPLA: The field-programmable logic array (FPLA) consists of a

programmable AND array like the PAL, with a programmable OR array like the
PROM. The FPLA is therefore a more general PLD because any product term
may be connected to any output OR gate. Because the entire IC is
programmable, the FPLA can implement some functions which a PAL or
PROM may not be able to implement.

ƒ EPLD: Several manufacturers produce PLDs which can be erased and

reprogrammed like EPROMs. These ICs are called erasable programmable
logic devices or EPLDs. Internally, they have the same programmable AND-
OR-register structures of the PAL and FPLA.

Microcontroller
These devices are CPU's with on-chip EPROM and RAM. They are typically
40 pins and are UV erasable. They have part numbers such as Intel's
8748,8749,8751,8752 etc. A micro-controller is generally a computer-on-a-chip
with RAM, ROM, and I/O ports. Microcontrollers are usually used for specific
purposes, such as keyboard decoders, printers, clocks, telephones, CD-players,
or any other application that requires a small, on-board computer.
Microcontrollers are used to take the place of in-circuit logic, as it can be less
expensive and take less space. Also, since it is software driven, the device may

25
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

be updated very easily. Micro-controllers have the ability to use internal as well
as external RAM. Also, micro-controller data may be encrypted or otherwise
secured to prevent copying of the data or program information. Microcontrollers
also have their own instruction set, usually very similar to familiar Microproce-
ssors (such as the 8080 or 8086). The INTEL MCS-51 family features up to 64k
each of internal and external memory, 32 I/O lines, interrupts, timers, and bit-
addressable RAM. Its instruction set contains 111 instructions. However, for
specific purposes, limited versions of the 51 family are available. For instance,
the Philips 87c751/87c752 families do not allow external RAM to be used, and
have limited I/O channels, etc. However, these devices still allow for
data/program encryption and security levels. They are also less expensive than
the MCS-51 micro-controllers.
See the help selection under MAIN-MENU COMMANDS for Encryption and
Security-bit information.
NOTE: Programming Microchip PIC family
Microchip PIC series are different from other Microcontrollers in that
they have an EPROM area as well as a Configuration Fuse. The
Configuration Fuse in the PIC family is used to setup different
Oscillator types, to set Memory Code Protection and Watchdog timer,
and etc. To program this fuse:
1. Program the EPROM portion of the device
2. Click on Option
3. Make any changes if necessary
4. Click on the Program Configuration Fuses button to program
the fuse information that you want to program
5. Click on the Read Current Configuration Fuses button to read
back the current status of the fuse
6. Press the Close button

26
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

NOTE: In order to obtain more information about programming

the configuration fuse, please contact Microchip technology at
www.microchip.com or refer to their data book.

About “Device ID” and “Auto Select” on EE Tools programmers

Most of the devices have their own manufacturer and device ID’s in each
programmable devices such as E(E)PROM / Flash Memory, PLD, and MCU.
However the old type of devices such as PAL, PROM, or 2816 does not come
with an ID because the IC makers didn’t put its ID for the older chip types.
(Auto Select)
As you can see the “warning” in the Auto Select menu in Maxloader, we can
only guarantee the “auto select” function for 32-pin or less device in
E(E)PROM / Flash Memory. Since device library in programmer software has
information for these standard device, users can utilize this feature as their
purpose. However, all other devices such as PLD, Serial Memory,
Microcontroller, and FPGA are not able to be recognized by programmer
software automatically . We use this feature as optional device selection menu.
Auto Select command allows you choose an unknown device through device
IDs which were recorded in Maxloader library. Put a device up to 32-pin on
the ZIF socket of programmer and click on “Auto Select” in Select Device
menu. It will find out a correct device ID and choose a correct device for you.

27
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

(To Find a Device ID)

After selecting a certain device from Select Device menu and plug-in a
corresponding device in ZIF socket, you can see the ID(s) when you pressing
“Shift” and “F1” keys in your keyboard. This is very useful feature for the
customer who uses an adapter for NON-dip package programming. Sometime,
device ID will come differently because of the contact error between adapter
and device. So, we recommend that you use this feature before programming
and device with an adapter.

28
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

In the software menu, Chip(in socket) MFG(manufacturer) ID and DATA(in

software) ID must be the same if your device is valid .

29
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

If it does not, check the socket with your device if you use NON-Standard (DIP)
device or use test other devices in case the first device may be defective. This
ID check must be passed before further operation on your device.

4. TERMS AND SYMBOLS USED IN THE GUIDE

Safety Note Conventions
ƒ NOTE assists the user in performing a task. It makes the job more easily
understood.
ƒ CAUTION alerts the user that unexpected results or damages to a device
may occur if an instruction is not followed.
Other terms and definitions are as follows
ƒ Toolbar : Clicking on a toolbar button manipulates operations or
commands for MaxLoader programmer software.
ƒ Bold/Italics : actions items/software functions, i.e. Edit Button, IC Test,
or Change Algorithm.
ƒ Device : The IC you are attempting to read, program, or verify.
ƒ Buffer : The work area in your computer memory to execute Read, Save,
Program, and Verify. The Buffer size may be from 64K to 32 Megabytes.
NOTE: If the size of a device is bigger than the buffer size in your computer,
MaxLoader will use the hard disk space (swapping). For this reason, the
MaxLoader software can handle devices up to unlimited size of E(E)PROMs
with your standard memory space ( a minimum of 512KB RAM memory is
required).
Choosing the Right Adapter
Most programming adapters are simple package converters. They allow TSOP,
QFP, SOIC, or PLCC devices to plug into the same device’s DIP footprint.
These adapters are available for memory, logic, and Microcontrollers. They can
often be used with many devices from various manufacturers. For devices that
cannot use a generic footprint we have offered adapters to work with specific
programmers.

30
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Here is what you need to know to select the appropriate adapter.

1) The part number and manufacturer of your device.
2) The device package. (TSOP, PLCC, DIP, QFP, SOIC, etc.)
(Refer to the following package drawings)
3) Your device pin count.
4) In some cases you will need your device package dimensions for SOIC, SSOP,
and TSOP chips.

Different Device Packages

DIP PLCC QFP

TSOP SOJ SOIC

BGA PGA

31
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Different Programming Adapters

PLCC-TO-DIP TSOP-TO-DIP

QFP-T

QFP-TO-DIP SOIC-TO-PLCC

BGA-TO-DIP DIP-TO-PLCC (for Emulator)

32
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

5. QUICK START EXAMPLES

If you are using a programmer for the first time, this section will help you to
become familiar with the basic operating procedure. This section includes two
examples of device programming with your programmer.
Programming an EPROM with data
We selected an AMD 27C010 EPROM to show you how to program an
EPROM. The 27C010 EPROM needs to be erased (blank) before this
procedure begins.
NOTE: EPROMs have a quartz window that can be erased by exposing the
EPROMs to Ultra-Violet(UV) light. Erasing an EPROM usually takes 10-30
minutes.
1. Click on the MaxLoader icon in your Desk top menu after installing the
Maxloader.
2. Check the optional configuration before programming begins.
3. Click on the Select button. There are two different ways to select the target
device from the menu: 1) by choosing the device manufacturer type using the
arrow keys or 2) by typing the manufacturer and the device names on NAME
box. MaxLoader will display the names of the devices that have the best match
to your input. After selecting the device, the detailed device information box is
provided below the select menu screen.

33
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

4.Click on the Load to load a file from a CD / floppy or hard disk into the
buffer. Change your file directory by choosing a path in Look in box. Choose a
file name and type of the file. Make sure that the file type is selected; ”All Hex
File” or “Binary file” is located in the File of type box.

34
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

NOTE: If your file is a hex file but not displayed in a folder box, put “*.*” in
File name box and select “all Hex file” in Files of type box and click on the
“open” button. “ Binary file” selection can load any format of file. All hex
files must be opened with “all hex file” selection.
5. Insert the 27C010 device into the ZIF socket. After inserting the part, make
sure that the socket handle is down (close) to secure the chip.
See the illustration below:

6. Click on the highlighted cursor Blank Check.

NOTE: If an EPROM is not erased completely, it will not pass the Blank Check.
If an EPROM is damaged to begin with, it may not pass the blank check,
although it has been erased for a long time in UV eraser.
7. Click on the Program.

CAUTION: Do not touch the device while the BUSY green LED light is on
(programming is in progress).
After programming a device, the part is automatically verified. The Checksum
is calculated and displayed in the OPTION info. In order to verify your work,
read the programmed part again. If this Checksum value matches to that of the
programming checksum, then the 27C010 is programmed successfully.

35
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Duplicating an EPROM from a master IC device

The following is an instruction on duplicating a programmed device. In order
to do so a source device and an erased (blank) target device are necessary.
Source Device: Programmed AMD 27C256
Target Device: Erased or blank INTEL 27C256
1. Make sure the MaxLoader is displayed without any communication error
(refer to programming section ).
2. Place the AMD 27C256 device into the ZIF socket.
3. Select the manufacturer and part names from the Select menu.
4. Click on the Read button. In order to make sure the device is read properly,
Click on the Verify button.
5. Remove the current chip from the socket and replace it with the erased or
blank Intel 27C256 device. Select the appropriate device from Select menu on
screen.
NOTE: You do not need to change the device information if you use the exact
same chip as the source device.
6. Click on the Blank button.
7. Click on the Program button. The part will be programmed and verified
automatically. If no error messages appear during the Programming or
Verification process, your duplicating work is done successfully. You have a
duplicated Intel 27C256 part from AMD 27C256 chip.

6. MAXLOADER OPERATIONS
This section describes the operation of the software. The Main standard
system-menu is divided into four display areas: Main operation menu screen,
Option Information, System information, and counter.
Basic Menu Screen Information
Option Information
• Gang Size : Current socket size when MaxLoader is used
• Split : Current world format for split programming

36
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

• Enc Mode : Enable or Disable Encryption mode for

Microcontrollers
• Base Port : Current parallel port address
• Check-Sum : Check-Sum number of the data in current buffer
• H/W Rev : Hardware revision number for your programmer
• S/W Rev : Current MaxLoader software revision number
• Serial No : Serial number of MaxLoader hardware
(Additional Option Information For Non PLD Devices)
The following information presents programming information of the selected
device.
• Algorithm : Programming Algorithm
• Vccp : Main Power Supply Voltage
• Vpp : Programming Power Supply Voltage
• Tpwp : Programming Pulse Width

System Information
• Device Name : The current device number with manufacturer name
• Device Size : The size of device in HEX value
(Ending Address –Starting Address + 1)
• Free Disk : Check the free disk space for a big size E(E)PROM
programming.
• Adapter : Optional Adapter Name for Non-standard devices
• Pins : Number of device pin
• File : Current working directory path and file name after
loading a file
Counter
• Devices/HR : Displays the estimated number of devices that can be
programmed per hour. This feature can only be used
when choosing the Program or Auto selection under
the Device button.
• Success : This number indicates the device programmed

37
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

successfully.
• Failure : This number indicates the number of device
programming errors that occur during a programming cycle.
These could be either Blank Checking, Programming, or
Verification error.
• Count : This number indicates all devices executed successfully and
unsuccessfully.
NOTE: This feature is useful for repeat programming on the same device.
You can make an estimate time to perform the programming job and see
the successful and failed devices after finishing the Program or Auto
Repeat programming routine.

NOTE: The feature allows users to program a certain area that might contain
a serial number in the memory device with serialized number by a certain value.
Start : Start address of memory that contains serialized data
End : End address of memory
Inc Value : This value will be added to the previous data value
User must click on Auto Increment to program a memory with data increased
by one to the previous data.

38
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

File
MaxLoader uses three different file types: BINARY, ALL HEX, and . POF. In
the file types box, a file type can be selected and loaded to the buffer or saved
onto a disk. The default file type is the Binary file. The All HEX files can be
chosen by maneuvering the arrow button. All HEX files include INTEL HEX
(MCS-80/86/386, MOTOROLA S (1-9), Tektronix HEX and ASCII HEX. OPF
(Programmer Object File) is a binary file generated by Altera assembler
(Quartus and MAX+PLUS II). This file should be loaded for Altera MAX or
EPC family devices only.
ƒ Binary Format
Binary format does not specify the address or checksum of the file. The file
contains the actual binary data. An example of this format is a DOS executable
file with an .EXE or .COM extension. Binary format is generated for
programmable memory devices. It is recommended to save your EPROM data
as binary format in order to load the file as a standard file format later.
ƒ Intel HEX Format
Intel HEX format files are text files that include the file information in
hexadecimal.
1 : A record mark
2–3 Byte Record length in 2 digit HEX, Max 20 (64 in
ASCII)
4–7 Address 4 digit HEX Field. Most significant byte first
8–9 Byte 2 digit field record type :
01 End of file
02 Extended address
10 – N Data Data field in HEX digits
N+1 – N+2 Check-Sum Two digit HEX Check-Sum character computed
by two’s complementing the sum of previous
bytes except the ‘:’
INTEL HEX FILE EXAMPLE

39
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

:110000000444154414D414E2053332053455249414C73
:00000001FF
The extended address record specifies the index address where data will be
loaded into. The Extended Address will continue to offset data record address
until a new Extended Address record is specified.

:02 0000 02 4A29 02

Check Sum
Index address
Record type
Address
Record Length

• The Address field is blank because this record is not data.

• The record length is '02' for index address (2 Bytes).
NOTE: If the address for the data record is '2B56', the actual address will be
4A290 + 2B56 or 4CDE6(HEX).

ƒ Motorola S HEX Format

The Motorola S format file is an ASCII-HEX file.
Position (Byte) Character Remarks
1 S Letter S indicates start of record
2 0, 1, 2, 3, or 9 A single character indicates the type of
record.
9: End-of-file
3: 32-bit address data record
2: 24-bit address data record
1: 16-bit address data record
0: Header
3-4 Bytes Byte COUNT in HEX (multiply by two

40
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

for number of characters). This count

includes the address, data, and
Checksum field.
5-X Bytes Memory Address for the current record.
X will be:
8 : 16-bit addressing for files less than 64K.
10: 24-bit addressing for files greater than 64K.
12: 32-bit addressing for files greater than 64K in
length.
X+1 - N Bytes HEX Data (two per byte)
N+1 – N+2 Check-Sum Two digit HEX Check-Sum character
calculated by one’s complement
of DATA, ADDRESS and COUNT.
Motorola File Example
S0030000FC
S325200000002F0000EA060000EA0B0000EA100000EA160000EA0000A0E11B0000EA210000
EA31

The file offset address is “20000000”, so you should put this value in the “file
offset” of “File Load” config option / address menu.
ƒ TEKTRONIX HEX FORMAT
The Tektronix HEX format contains ASCII records, expressing bytes
ASCII pairs.
Position Character Remarks
1 / Slash character for start of line
2-5 2Bytes Address. MSB first load
6-7 Byte Number of data bytes (not checksums)
8-9 Byte Check-Sum of ADDRESS and COUNT
by character in HEX (not by byte)
10 - N Data Data bytes as ASCII pairs
N+1 - N+2 Byte Check-Sum of Data by character (not as
bytes)

41
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Tek Hex Example

/00001102444154414D414E2053332053455249414C8F
/01000001
ƒ ASCII HEX format
This selection generates an ASCII coded HEX format for either 4-bit or 8-bit
PROMs. Each record contains a four-digit HEX address (16-bit) followed by 16
data elements. A 16-bit checksum is at the end of the file.
When this format is selected, the device base address must be specified. This
address represents the lowest address in the device. The file created contains an
entry for each location in this device. ASCII HEX format can be created for
programmable memory devices only.
ƒ JEDEC Standard <PLD devices only>
JEDEC (Joint Electronic Device Engineering Council) files are the standard
method for describing PLD fuse patterns and test vectors. JEDEC files contain
fuse data, test vectors, part numbers, and checksums. The checksum of the file
allows you to verify that a given file is intact and has not been unintentionally
modified. JEDEC files normally use the extension (last 3 letters) “.JED.”
For more information on the JEDEC standard, contact:
Global Engineering Documents Inc. at (800) 854-7179
Electronic Industries Association at (202) 457-4900.
Following is an example of a JEDEC file:
<STX>File for PLD 15S8 Created on 11-SEP-96 5:08PM
2754 memory decode 345-432-123
Seung Park PK Logic corp.
QP20* QF448* QV8*
F0*X0*
L0000111110111111111111111111111*
L0028101111111111111111111111111*
L0056111011111111111111111111111*
L0112010110110111101111111111111*
L0224011110111011101111111111111*

42
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

L0336010101110111011111111111111*
V0001000000XXXNXXXHHHLXXN*
V0002010000XXXNXXXHHHLXXN*
V0003100000XXXNXXXHHHLXXN*
V0004110000XXXNXXXHHHLXXN*
V0005111000XXXNXXXHLHHXXN*
V0006111010XXXNXXXHLHHXXN*
V0007111100XXXNXXXHHLHXXN*
V0008111110XXXNXXXLHHLXXN*
C124E*<ETX>8646
STX The fuse map begins with an ASCII STX character (02 HEX)
Design Specification This item is user specific. While no format rules apply,
certain information, such as user’s name, company,
design date, part designation, revision and device part
number, should be entered. This field is illustrated by an
asterisk (*).
QP Specifies the number of pins in the devices.
QF Specifies the number of JEDEC fuses in the devices.
L The fuse list fields contain the state of all fuse links in the
devices. The starting fuse number follows the L
specifying the field type. The fuse list that follows
contains a zero (0) for each intact link and a one (1) for
each blown link. An L field is generated for each product
term in the device.
C The checksum field contains the 16-bit sum of the link
stated in the 8-bit words.
ETX The fuse map ends with an ASCII ETX character (03
HEX).
Sum Check A 16-bit sum of the ASCII values of the characters from
STX to ETX inclusive. The sum check follows the ETX.

43
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

NOTE: LOGIC Compilers For PLD Devices: Software is available to help the
engineer develop designs using PLDs. Software tools called logic assemblers or
compilers translate a design file written in high-level language into a fuse
pattern stored in a JEDEC file. JEDEC files are produced by almost all PLD
development software’s and are accepted by the Maxloader programmer. There
are many commercial software packages available to help you design using
PLDs.
ƒ POF file <Altera EPMxxx devices only>
The programming object file (.pof) for an EPM7128A or EPM7256A device
can be programmed into the EPM7128AE or EPM7256AE device, respectively,
using the MAX+PLUS® II software version 9.6 and later or with 3rd party
programming software from EE Tools programmers.
For further question on POF file, contact http://www.altera.com/support/spt-
index.html.

File / Load

Data can be loaded into the memory from a device or by opening a data file.
Load fills your buffer memory with the data from storage for viewing or editing.
This command loads the data from the selected file storage into the memory
buffer. In order to the use “All HEX File” selection, the HEX file must be one
of the file formats supported by the MaxLoader(TopMax/TopMax-8G/Chip
Max), such as Intel HEX(MCS-80/86/386, MOTOROLA S(1-9), Tektronix
HEX and ASCII HEX.

44
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

The default selection on File Load menu is in Binary Format. To select any of
the HEX files mentioned above, choose “All HEX File” by pressing ⇓ button.
When you have selected the desired file, press the OPEN button to load the file
into the data buffer. If you are programming a PLD, you will want to load a
JEDEC file. The procedure is identical to loading a data file, except that the
files in the current directory will have the JED extension. If your selected
device is an Altera MAX family, the file you should load is a POF extension.
The MaxLoader uses a RAM buffer to hold data. After loading a file into the
buffer, you can edit the buffer data. If you load a JEDEC file, you may use (the
vector pattern edit) command to view or edit the fuse map and (test/vectors) for
any test vectors that may have been in the JEDEC file.

File / Reload

Data can be reloaded into buffer from the file directories that contains
previously loaded files. Reload remembers your file location and type (Binary
or All Hex) that has been loaded into the buffer.

File / Save
Save the current data in your memory buffer to a disk storage by using one of
the current supported file formats.
Before saving a file, check the buffer and the file address ranges. The contents
of the buffer through the specified range will be written into the new file,

45
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

completely erasing any existing file with the same name. Before saving to a
disk, make sure that no file with the same name exists.

File/ Load Project

A project file that saved by SAVE PROJECT menu is loaded. The project files
use the extension (last 3 letters) “.prj.”

File/ Save Project

This feature allows you to create a job description such as “engineer name” and
other useful information for records.
It is very useful for future use when you set up all possible environments such
as selecting a device, loading a file, and setting other configurations for
programming jobs. A job description can be saved as a file name and the same
project environment will be ready once you load the same project name.
File Name: A file name can be entered with the 3 letter extension “.prj.”
Author: An engineer’s name [whom creates this project].
Description: A job explanation that you memorize for your future usage. A
device number, File name, and checksum number can be entered in the note pad.
Other programming menu descriptions, such as configurations can be described.

Buffer

Buffer / Edit Buffer

This command allows the user to examine and modify the contents of the
memory buffer. This section applies to a non-JEDEC file (PROM, EPROM,
EEPROM, and Microcontroller) or to a memory chip. If a PLD is being loaded,
see the (vector pattern edit) section. The data is presented in HEX and ASCII
formats.

46
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Find
This feature allows you to search the data (ASCII and HEX) in the current

Asc : The data looking for ASCII value.

HEX : The data looking for HEX value.
Direction UP : The data searching from previous address than the current
location.
Direction DOWN: The data searching from higher address than the current
location.
If you would like to find more data, click on the Find Next button.

Find Next
Press the Find Next button to locate the rest of the data that you entered in the
FIND box. The error “Search Pattern not Found” will be accursed when you
press this button without entering data in the FIND text box

Fill buffer
You can enter a certain data in a certain buffer location.
Buffer Start: Starting address for the data to be filled in buffer.
Buffer End: Ending address for the data to be filled in buffer.
Fill Data: Two digits of HEX value to be filled between Start and End buffer.

47
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Fill random data

You may fill a random data in entire buffer before programming test.

Copy buffer
You may copy data in certain to other location in your buffer.
Buffer Start: Starting address for data to be copied.
Buffer End: Ending address for data to be copied.
Destination: Start address for data to be pasted.

48
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Print buffer
Your buffer data can be printed in different formats. Also you may review
buffer data with an editor in system utility.

Set editor to view mode

You cannot change the buffer data in this mode.

49
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Set editor to edit mode

You may change the buffer data at the location with mouse cursor.

Toggle display mode

This mode allows you to see fuse map in 0/1 or X – for PLD(Jedec) buffer.

50
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Set editor to 8 bit(Byte) Hex

This mode allows you to see buffer data as 2 hex (byte) digit.

51
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Set editor to 16 bit(WORD) Hex

This mode allows you to see buffer data as group of 4 hex (Word) digit.

Set editor to 32 bit(Double Word) Hex

This mode allows you to see buffer data as group of 8 hex(Double Word) digit.

52
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Set default editor mode

This mode allows you to edit data in buffer.

Set default Reset Editor

This mode allows you to come to buffer address 0 while editing buffer data.

53
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Swap nibble
This mode allows you to exchange data in nibble (half byte) mode in buffer.

Swap byte
Pressing this button allows you to swap buffer data in byte mode.

54
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Pressing this button will display the address value in decimals (using 0-9) or
HEX (using 0-9,A-F). The information appears on ADDRESS column at the
left of the buffer screen.

Swap Word

This option applies to the current buffer data. Pressing this button allows you to
swap 8-bit data from ODD address to EVEN address.

55
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Swap double word

Pressing this button allows you to swap 16-bit data from ODD address to EVEN
address.

Clear
Pressing this button allows you to fill the buffer with the data located in
“Default Buffer Value” in Config Option Menu.

Close
Press to exit the HEX Editor.

Buffer / Edit UES

The UES Edit command creates or changes the User's Electronic Signature
(UES) array in GAL device. Each GAL device contains an electronic signature
word consisting of 64 bits of reprogrammable memory. The electronic
signature word can be programmed to contain any identification information
desired by the user. Some uses include pattern identification labels, version
numbers, dates, inventory control information, etc. These features give the user
the ability to view and edit the UES data before programming a GAL device.

56
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

When the UES edit command is invoked, an editing data window appears. If
the data fields are empty, you may create a new UES. You can enter the UES
up to eight characters in the HEX or ASCII data area. If you see any data from
the current UES window, it means the UES has been created and that you can
modify the data for a different reason. The UES data is not secured when you
execute the Function / Security command.

Device
This section presents the main operation menu for the target device that is
mounted on the ZIF socket. In order to process the following commands, make
sure that the device is correctly inserted into the ZIF socket and the latch is
down.
NOTE: The Device Information display area presents the device information of
the selected device.

57
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Select / Device select by history

Pressing this button allows you to review all devices that have selected before.
You don’t have to select the same data again and just select from this menu.

Select

58
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

During operation, the first step is usually to select a device. This Select
command enables the user to define the manufacturer and the type of the device
that will be used. After you select a device, you can insert a device into the
programmer’s device socket and conduct various device operations such as
programming and verifying device data or reading data from the device. The
Select command contains both manual and automatic methods for selecting a
device. If your device is not identified by the Auto Device Select menu, you can
select the device list displayed in the Manufacturer & Device list. Scroll through
the manufacturers and device numbers until you find the manufacturer and
device you are looking for. You can use wildcards to help you “zoom” on the
device you are looking for.
NOTE: PAL Device Logic Symbols: The logic symbols for each of the
individual PAL device gives a concise functional description of the PAL device
logic function. This symbol makes a convenient reference when selecting the
PAL device that best fits a specific application

ƒ Select / E(E)PROM, FLASH

All EPROMs (27xxx), EEPROMs (28Cxxx, 29Cxxx), Serial E(E)PROMs
(17xxx, 24xxx, 32xxx, 33xxx, 35xxx, 59xxx), and Flash EPROM (28Fxxx,
29Fxxx, 29LVxxx, 29BVxxx, 29Wxxx, 49Fxxx) of 24/28/32/40/42 and up to
48 pins (1 Mbit, 2Mbit, 4Mbit, 8Mbit,16Mbit, 32Mbit, and up).
ƒ Select / PLD
EPLD, EEPLD, FPL, PEEL, GAL, MAX, MACH, PLS, PLD, PLC, PLUS,
EPM, ATFxxx, ATVxxxx, EPxxx, EPCxxx, 5Cxxx, 85Cxxx.
ƒ Select / Microcontroller
Intel 87xx, Phillips 87C75x, SGS-Thomson ST62xx, Atmel AT89Cxx, 89Sxx,
89LVxx, Microchip PIC12/16/17, Motorola MC60705xx,
MC68HC711xx/705xx/908xx; Zilog Z86Exx; NEC 8749H.

59
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

ƒ Select / PROM
AMD 27Sxx, Cypress CY7Cxxx, Fujitsu MB71xx, Fairchild 63Sxx, NS
74Sxxx, Phillips 82Sxxx, WSI 57Cxx.

Select / Auto Select

Identify the device that is mounted on the ZIF socket. This feature can only be
applied to Memory and some Microcontroller devices. Clicking the Auto Select
button will enable the programmer to identify the ID on the device and will
select the matching device in the library automatically.

NOTE: If you have a “Device not found" message, select the device manually.
If you have old devices or defective devices, TopMax will not be able to
recognize the ID code from your device.

60
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Select / Device information

Pressing this button allows you to review the target device information before
selecting a device.

Select / Device information / Package details

Pressing this button allows you to review package information for a target
device before selecting a device.

61
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Device / Change Algorithm

Users are provided with an option of changing the programming parameters of

most devices. Once you select the “Change Algorithm” option under the
DEVICE menu, the user will be presented with a list of device specific
programming parameters, such as Vccp, Vpp, Read Vcc, Verify Vcc Low,
Verify Vcc High, Pulse Width, Over Pulse Width, Over Pulse Mul, and Retry
number. Each of these parameters can be selected and edited individually by
changing the existing numbers in the parameter box and pressing the close
button. The user will then be prompted to enter the new value for that
parameter.
CAUTION: Please note that before deciding to modify any programming
parameter, the user must consult the manufacturer programming specification
for that device. E.E. Tools will not be responsible for any damages caused by
any unauthorized modified programming parameters. Any changes in
programming parameters are temporary and the original parameter’s value
will be restored once the operation on that device is complete. However, the
user can store the modified programming parameter for a particular device by
using Macro command.

62
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Device / Blank Check

The Blank Check function is used to verify whether or not a device is in an

erased or unprogrammed state.
All EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) devices should be
checked before programming. EEPROM (Electrical Erasable Programmable
Read Only Memory) based parts do not need this command because
EEPROM’s are erased automatically before programming.
PLD based parts are checked by verifying all of the fuses that are intact. Any
erased PLD’s should pass this test.
NOTE: Erasing EPROMs. In order to clear data in an EPROM, the chip
should be exposed to a short wave UV (Ultra violet) light. Most erasers require
between 5 and 30 minutes erasing an EPROM. Some types of chips take longer
to erase than others. An EPROM based part (a PLD or Microcontroller) with a
security bit feature is designed so that the security address is typically the last
bit to be erased. If the window of a chip is not clear, try cleaning the window
with alcohol or a solvent. Erase chips if the chips are exposed to sunlight and
fluorescent light for months or years; your chips can be erased. You should
cover the window of the programmed chips with an opaque label to make the
data permanent. Some EPROM based parts can't be erased because they do
not have a window. These chips are called one time programmable (OTP)
EPROMs.
An EPROM has a quartz window located on the chip just above the die. An
EPROM is erased by exposing it to high-frequency ultra-violet light waves.
Erasing an EPROM usually takes from 15-20 minutes, but may be shorter or
longer, depending on the device. Many manufacturers make EPROM erasers. If
you wish to purchase an eraser, call E.E.TOOLS at 866-496-6664,
[email protected]. When an EPROM is not being erased, the window may be
covered with an opaque label. Sometimes (over a period of years) an EPROM

63
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

will start to erase due to the level fluorescent light in the room. Direct exposure
to sunlight also has this effect and happens much more rapidly and commonly.

NOTE: In order to decide if the device is blank, the user should read the target
device. If the buffer is filled with all FFs or 00s, the device is most likely in an
erased or unprogrammed state; otherwise, the device is not erased.

CAUTION: Some devices such as Philips P98C52 can pass the BLANK
CHECK routine after they are secured even though they are not blank.

Device / Program

Program command will enable you to place new data from the memory buffer
into the target device. The BUSY GREEN led will be blinking during
programming. Make sure the device is correctly inserted into the ZIF socket and
the latch is down. Then check the buffer device address range before you start.
The values will default to the size of the device.

NOTE: <MOTOROLA MICROCONTROLLERS>

The window of windowed devices must be covered with an opaque label during
operation at all times.

NOTE: For all DEVICE/FUNCTION operations, the ERROR YELLOW LED,

located at the bottom of the ZIF socket is used to indicate the status of the
complete operation. It will turn on if an error has occurred; otherwise it will
remain off.

ƒ Memory device
The target device must be blank checked unless the part is electrically erasable.
Although most of EEPROMs and Flash Memory devices have the ERASE
function in the menu, some EEPROMs such as AT28CXXX or AT29CXXX

64
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

don’t have the ERASE function. Note that EEPROMs without the ERASE
function are automatically erased before programming.
ƒ Programmable Logic Device operation
After programming is complete, verification should be performed according to
the semiconductor manufacturer's specifications. In order to test vectors, a
vector test should be performed (See vector test under the TEST menu). Finally,
the part may be secured so that its content can no longer be examined or
modified. The security function will not execute if the device fails to verify or
pass the vector test properly.
ƒ 28C256, 28C010, etc.
28CXXX family devices support Software Data Protection. The user has an
option of either protecting or not protecting the data. This option must be
changed before the start of any programming operation. To change this option,
go to the Option selection under DEVICE/FUNCTION menu and make any
changes accordingly. To obtain more information about Software Data
Protection, please consult the device manufacturer’s specification.
ƒ Microchip PIC devices
Microchip PIC series is different from other Microcontrollers in that they have
an EPROM area as well as a CONFIGURATION FUSE. The configuration
fuse in the PIC family is used to setup Oscillator Type, Memory Code
Protection, Watchdog Timer, or Processor Mode, and etc. After
programming the EPROM portion, change the fuses of the items listed under
Option. Then you must program the configuration option in the Option menu.

Perform the following procedure:

1. Program the main memory
2. Click on the OPTION button
3. Set all of the configuration fuse in OPTION menu
4. Click on the Program configuration fuses button
You may also read the status of the Configuration Fuse under the OPTION
selection. In order to obtain more information about programming the

65
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

configuration fuse, contact Microchip technology at 602-786-7200 or consult

the appropriate data book.

Copy from a master chip to a new chip

1. Select the master device from select menu in Microcontroller.
2. Put the chip on the ZIF socket.
3. Click on the Device button and read the chip.
4. Click on the Option button and read the fuses.
5. Write down all of the option fuses [the memory protect must be
disabled] in order to copy the information from your master chip.
6. Place a new chip. It must be the same chip as the master chip.
7. The buffer still holds your master data and the memory portion.
8. Click on Option again and set all the fuses that you wrote.
9. (To change the option, use the arrow button in the selection box.)
10. In the same Option menu, Click on the program configuration fuses,
read and compare the fuses with your original device.
CAUTION: The PIC16C711, will be used as an OTP (one time programmable)
chip when you erase the secured device. You cannot reuse the chip after erasing
it, even though the PIC16C711 is an erasable device.
ƒ MOTOROLA MC68HC908 devices
This device will require a security code in certain memory location when you
program a new device along with data and users must remember the security
data once read(copy)or verify the master device for duplication.

66
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

ƒ Serial EEPROMs
These devices are electrically erasable, but they operate serially rather than
parallelly.
ƒ Atmel or Xilinx 17xxx
You need to set the POLARITY FUSE with this family via the Option menu.
After programming the main MEMORY, go to the OPTION menu and make
the appropriate change. On OTP (One Time Programmable) devices, the
POLARITY FUSE status cannot be reversed once it has been changed. Even
on some of the windowed 7xxx family devices (excluding Xilinx 17xxD/L &
17128), the POLARITY FUSE cannot be toggled. Consult the device
manufacturer for further instructions on how to handle the Polarity FUSE.
CAUTION: Do not touch or remove a device during an operation when the
BUSY green led is on.

Auto Menu Option

67
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Device / Read

Read the data in the source device mounted on the ZIF socket into the buffer for
examination.
The checksum will be displayed on the checksum line. The buffer may be
edited, saved to a disk, or used to duplicate the chip.

CAUTION: Reading the device into the buffer destroys the buffer contents
through the specified range. Make sure everything in the buffer that is needed
has been saved.
PLD test vectors are not stored in a logic device; therefore, they cannot be read.
The test vector buffer will be empty after reading the PLD.
NOTE: Devices that have been secured cannot be read properly. Secured chips
may appear all blank, fully programmed, or scrambled.

68
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Device / Verify

Assure that data in the device matches data in the memory buffer. If your
device has the security fuse blown, a verification error is detected. The verify
operation requires that the exact data pattern or file that was used to program
the device be resident in the memory buffer.

Device / Data Compare

Compares the data in device to the data in buffer and saves any difference into
the COMPARE.TXT file. When you have a verify error during the Verify
operation, the Data Compare command will be useful. It will detect a
difference between the device content and the buffer content and will write the
difference into the COMPARE.TXT file under the MaxLoader
(TopMax/TopMax 8Gang/ChipMax/ChipMax2) directory. You may view the
file using edited utility software.

Device / Erase

This option erases the data in your socket before programming it. This operation
is valid for only limited devices such as EEPROM, Flash Memory, GAL, PEEL
devices. EPROMs that have a window should be erased by UV EPROM erasers
externally (see NOTE “Erasing EPROMs” in this manual).

Device / Security

Secure a PLD or Microcontroller so that their content can no longer be

examined or modified. Security is confirmed when valid data can no longer be
read or verified against a previously read pattern. To ensure that the security
fuse has been blown, the Security operation is preceded by a “read” of the
device and followed by a “verify”.

69
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

NOTE: Usually, on a UV erasable PLD or a Microcontroller, a secured device

may take longer to erase because the security bit address is designed to erase
last.

NOTE: When you click on OPTION, device security mode and option fuses will
be available for certain manufacture devices. Selecting these options,
programmer will program your device with the checked options continuously. It
is a useful feature for users who like to program devices in volume quantities.
The user does not have to set the fuses or security modes for every
programming.

CAUTION: Some devices, such as Philips P89C52, can pass the BLANK
CHECK routine after they are secured. Securing a device separates the
programmed data pattern from unauthorized access. This command appears
only when the selected device supports it. Some Microcontroller’s and PLDs
can be secured by programming a special address location. The security bit
will be cleared when the device is erased. Once a device is secured, it cannot
be unsecured to read, verify, or duplicate. Also the secured device is seen as a
blank chip even though it is not actually blank.

70
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Device / Encryption

The encryption table is a feature of the 87C51/87C52 family Microcontroller

devices. The Encryption array of the Microcontroller is initially unprogrammed
(all '1's). In order to protect the code from being easily read by anyone other
than the programmer, this feature allows you to program the encryption table
that is exclusive NORead with the program code data as it is read out. You
have to know its content in order to correctly decode the program code data.
Thereafter you will have to use the same displayed encryption array any time
you need to read back the device.

Device / Option

○
1 Device/Option /Customer ID

The user can store checksum or other code-identification numbers.

71
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

○
2 Device/Option / Oscillator

Most PIC device family’s can be operated in four different oscillator modes.
The user can choose one of the following modes from the factory.
LP: Low Power Crystal
XT: Crystal/Resonator
HS: High Speed Crystal/Resonator
RC: Resistor/Capacitor

○
3 Device/Option / WATCHDOG TIMER (WDT)

WDT is a configuration bit of special features for PIC device family’s.

○4 Device/Option / POWER-UP TIMER

This is a special feature for the PIC device family.

○5 Device/Option / Memory Protect

This configuration fuse can be used to protect against spurious EEPROM writes.

72
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

○
6 Device/Option / Data Protect

This feature may be enabled or disabled by the user; when shipped from an IC
manufacturer, the Data Protect feature is disabled.
Devices have “Software Data Protection (SDP)” : Provides software features to
protect nonvolatile data from in advertent writes.

Disable: The SDP command will not protect the entire memory array.
Enable: The SDP command will protect the entire memory array.
Certain Flash device has “Sector Protection”

Protect All: By pressing the Protect All, no data will be erased or written into
the device. You can still read data from the device. The block(s) doesn’t allow
the device to be erased or programmed
Unprotect : The selected block(s) allows the device to be erased or programmed.
Toggle: Change the block status in reverse.
Write Device: The selected block status will be written in the device.
Close: Exit to main menu.
○7 Device/Option / Reset Polarity

Reset Polarity (for Xilinx FPGA): The Polarity Fuse is ACTIVE HIGH when
shipped from an IC manufacturer. To change the polarity, click on the Option
button and check on the Reset bit box before programming your device. Once it
changes to ACTIVE LOW, it may not reset the ACTIVE LOW fuse to ACTIVE
HIGH. On OTP (One Time Programmable) devices, the POLARITY FUSE
status cannot be reversed once it has been changed. Even on some of the
windowed 7xxx family devices (excluding Xilinx 17xxD/L & 17128), the
POLARITY FUSE cannot be toggled. Consult the device manufacturer for
further instructions on how to handle the Polarity FUSE.
○8 Device/Option / Drown Out

This is a special feature for the PIC device family.

○9 Device/Option / MCLR

This is a special feature for the PIC device family.

73
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

○
10 Device/Option / Memory Parity

This is a special feature for the PIC device family.

○
11 Device/Option / Low Voltage PGM

This is a special feature for the PIC device family.

○
12 Device/Option / FLASH Write Enable

This is a special feature for the PIC device family.

○
13 Device/Option / Background DBG

This is a special feature for the PIC device family.

○
14 Device/Option / Brownout Voltage

This is a special feature for the PIC device family.

NOTE: All the Options above are described in the device manufacturer’s data
book. Make sure that you understand all configuration features before setting
the configuration fuses.
○
15 Option Item/Read Current Configuration Fuses

In order to have the information of all configuration fuses, press this button
and you can see all configuration data of the current device. Be sure that you
remember all the fuse’s information if you want to copy the configuration
information
○16 Option Item/Program Current Configuration Fuses

Pressing this button will store all configuration fuse’s information in the current
device located in the programmer socket.

74
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

○
17 Device/Option/Read Status Byte or Boot Vector

In order to have the information of option bits, press this button and you can see
all option lock bit data of the current device. Be sure that you remember all the
fuse’s information if you want to copy the configuration information.
○18 Device/Option/Program Status Byte or Boot Vector

Pressing this button will store all lock bit information in the current device
located in the programmer socket.
○19 Device/Option/Initialize Device

Initialize function erases the whole memory array, security lock bits, and status
byte and boot vector into their initial erased state. Press this button before
erasing all 89Cxx family manufactured by Philips.

Device / Auto

Auto command will enable you to do the following command steam

sequentially and it is useful to program a volume quantity devices with the same
data.

75
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

CAUTION: Some devices such as Philips P98C52 can pass the BLANK
CHECK routine after they are secured without being blank. Securing a device
prevents the programmed data pattern into the device from unauthorized access.
This command appears only when the selected device supports it. Some
Microcontrollers and PLDs can be secured by programming a special address
location. The security bit will be cleared when the device is erased. Once a
device is secured, it cannot be unsecured to read, verify, or duplicate. Also the
secured device is seen as a blank chip even though it is not actually blank.

Test ( These functions are only for TopMax, TopMaxII, UniMax, UniMax )

Test / Vector Test

Verifies that the PLD (PAL, GAL EPLD, etc.) currently behaves without
having to prototype a circuit. In order to perform test vectors, test vectors
should be in the JEDEC file when the file is loaded. Most PLD development
software will generate valid test vectors automatically. Test vectors may be
examined and modified with Vector Pattern Edit/^F6 command in the buffer
menu screen.
NOTE: Due to hardware’s limitation, Vector Test is only implemented on 24-
pin or less devices.

76
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

During the vector test, TopMax applies high and low signals to the input pins of
a tested PLD and observes signals at the output pins. The output results are
compared to the expected results from the test vectors. Any difference will
show up as an error message.

The following are valid characters for test vectors:

0 Apply input logic low (Vil) to an input pin
1 Apply input logic high (Vih) to an input pin
C Clock an input pin (Vil, Vih, Vil)
F Float pin
N Power pin or untested output pin
V VCC pin
X Don't care: output values are not tested
G GND pin
K Clock an inverted input pin (Vih, Vil, Vih)
H Expected result on output pin is Vih
L Expected result on output pin is Vil
Z Test for high impedance
Optional Operation
X value Optional value of “don’t care”
Vcc Test Vcc value on Vcc pin
Delay Test period of each vector in milli-second

Test / IC Test

This operation tests TTL or CMOS logic devices according to the test patterns
stored in the test pattern library.
Click on the Select button and enter a device name and click on Test to begin
the test function. A result message will be displayed after testing.

77
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Test / RAM Test

TopMax, TopMaxII provide an additional memory test function. This operation

tests static and dynamic RAM memory chips. The following memories are
tested:
DRAM types tested
- 16K*4, 64K*1, 64K*4, 256K*1, 256K*4, 1M*1
SRAM type tested
- 2K*8, 8K*8, 32K*8, 128K*8
After inserting a memory device into the ZIF socket, select the memory type
from your menu screen and click on the Test button.

78
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

The program will test each address of the memory. A "Defective memory"
message will be displayed with a current address if the memory has a defective
bit. "Good memory" will appear when the test has passed successfully.

Config Config / Select Product

After the MaxLoader is installed, you can choose one of the programmer listed
in Select product menu.
Make sure that you select a right model and turn on the power switch (TopMax
/ TopMax-8G, TopMaxII, ProMax-4/8G) or connect the AC cord (UniMax,
ChipMax/ChipMax2) before running Maxloader.

79
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Config / Config Option

Config Option / Buffer Clear Before File Loading

When loading a file into the buffer, executing the ENABLE option fills the
buffer with the data that is defined in Default Buffer Value before the file is
loaded into the buffer. When you load a file that is smaller than the current
buffer size, the unfilled buffer will contain the Default Buffer Value so that you
may examine the buffer data more conveniently. DISABLE option keeps the
same data for the unfilled buffer area after Buffer Load command is executed.

NOTE: Buffer Clear means that the current buffer will be filled with the Default
Buffer Value. It can be any data of Hexadecimal values such as FF, 00, or XX
Config Option / Blank Check Before Programming
Enabling Blank Check Before Programming verifies whether the device is
erased before programming. Disabling Auto Blank Check Before Programming
prevents this check from occurring.

80
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Config Option / Verify After Reading

Setting the configuration menu to ENABLE will allow you to verify whether
the device data is the same as the data in your current buffer after reading the
source device.
Config Option / verify after programming
Setting the option to ENABLE will allow you to verify whether the device data
is the same as the one in your current buffer after programming a device.
Config Option / Byte order swapping
This option applies only to 16-bit wide (E)EPROMs or Flash Memory. User
data is displayed in the buffer according to the Intel convention with the default
value set at Disable. Enabling this option allows you to use data according to
the Motorola convention during Program and Verify operations under the
Device selection. However, the data in the buffer is not physically swapped.
When enabled, the MSB (Most Significant Byte) of data is located to EVEN
addresses (0,2,4,...) and the LSB(Least Significant Byte) of data is located to
ODD addresses(1,3,5,...).
For example, Byte swap is useful if an assembler creates a file in Intel format,
in which the low byte is read before the high byte, but the file must be in
Motorola format, in which the high byte is read before the low byte.
Sample data file (Motorola EXORmacs Format, Code 87):
S00B00004441544120492F4FF3
S11300000123456789ABCDEF001122334455667750
S9030000FC
Data file opened with format 87 and displayed in the editor (8-bit addressing
mode):
CURSOR AT LOCATION: 00000000 8 BIT ADDRESSING
HEXADECIMAL ASCII
ADDRESS -0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -A -B -C -D -E -F 0123456789ABCDEF
00000000 01 23 45 67 89 AB CD EF 00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 .#Eg . . ”3Duf w
00000010 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

81
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Example #1: Programming one 16-bit device (Data word width = 16, Odd/even
byte swap = disabled)
The user data is allocated as follows:
Device
MSB LSB
Device Address: 0 23 01
1 67 45
2 AB 89
3 EF CD

Sample data file (Motorola EXORmacs Format, Code 87):

S00B00004441544120492F4FF3
S11300000123456789ABCDEF001122334455667750
S9030000FC
Data file opened with format 87 and displayed in the editor (8-bit addressing
mode):
CURSOR AT LOCATION: 00000000 8 BIT ADDRESSING
HEXADECIMAL ASCII
ADDRESS -0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -A -B -C -D -E -F 0123456789ABCDEF
00000000 01 23 45 67 89 AB CD EF 00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 .#E.g. . . ”3DUf w
00000010 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

Example #2: Programming one 16-bit device (Data word width = 16, Odd/even
byte swap = Enabled)
The user data is allocated as follows
Device
MSB LSB
Device Address: 0 01 23
1 45 67
2 89 AB
3 CD EF

82
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Config Option / 32 Bit Checksum

The digit of Checksum value appears in 4 (hex) numbers as standard checksum

Value.

For 8 digit checksum value, click on the option box “32 Bit check sum” and
maxloader display 8 (hex) numbers in the Check sum location.

83
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Config Option / Device Insert Test

When enabled, this test will allow the MaxLoader to first examine the physical
position of a device as it is sitting in the programming socket when the user
attempts to take any action to that device. Once it has finished examining, the
MaxLoader will prompt the user for corrective steps if needed depending upon
the position of the device. Once you click on “Device Insert Test”, Maxloader
will display “Incorrect device ID” if your target device contains ID or if wrong
device is placed inside the socket. You may see the same message if the device
has been secured or if the device ID has been erased. Click on “Yes” if you
want to ignore the manufacturer’s device ID and proceed.

Config Option / Default Buffer Value

Fill the buffer value (hexadecimal) with the initial data that you type in this
field. This feature helps the user who wants to have different initial values ('00'
or 'FF') in the buffer. Once you have made this change, exit to DOS, and restart
the MaxLoader to get the result of the change.

84
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Config Option / Port (TopMax, ChipMax)

The parallel port address is determined by the MaxLoader (TopMax/ChipMax)

software.
Auto : TopMax/ChipMax will select a valid parallel port as the default
address in your PC.
LPT1 : The parallel port 378 in HEX will be chosen for TopMax/ChipMax
address.
LPT2 : The parallel port 3BC in HEX will be chosen for TopMax/ChipMax
address.
LPT3 :The parallel port 278 in HEX will be chosen for TopMax/ChipMax
address.
Port Speed: Because the ISA-bus clock speed is not as fast as that of the CPU,
we designed this option to facilitate the problem caused when using a fast
computer such as Pentium 90/133/166 MHz. The default value is 0. For
computers that have CPU speed of greater or equal to 133 MHz, we recommend
that you set the Port Delay to 40. In most cases, this option will help to solve the
communication problem between your PC and TopMax/TopMax-8G/ChipMax).
NOTE: TopMax / ChipMax power switch should be ON. The Parallel cable is
connected between TopMax / ChipMax and your PC parallel port. Make sure

85
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

that the shields on each side of the cable are locked. See section 6
Troubleshooting if you are having difficulty with installation and
communication.

Config Option / USB Option (USB programmer)

USB option / Enable START button

This option allows you to use a start key in USB programmer hardware rather
than PC control software. Once you check in the this option and choose a
master socket, the location of sockets will be selected as a master socket in
gang-mode(multi-site programmer). So you can use single socket in ProMax-
4G(8G) programmer. The socket number indicates a programmer ID(serial No.)
of gang mode programmer.

Enabling #4 socket to be master socket

86
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Config Option / USB Option (USB program)

USB option /Start button to “START ALL” button

This option enables any of the START button in multi-site programmer to be a
start button for all others. So, customers don’t need to press individual button as
an auto programming mode. Customers who want to operate a separate
operation for individual Start Button key must un-checked this option.

87
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Enabling any button to be a “Start Key”

88
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Config Option / Gang Split Select(TopMax, ChipMax)

NOTE: Gang Split will be available for TopMax, ChipMax

programmer. Do not use this option for USB interface programmer.
Concurrent Gang Mode will be useful menu for USB programmers.

TopMax-8G programs multiple E(E)PROMs up to eight devices at the same

time. In order to program multiple E(E)PROMs, users must use TM-8G-DP or
TM-8G-PL. TopMax-8G is especially useful when it is necessary to program
many devices with the same data simultaneously. TopMax-8G is designed for
multiple programming and it does not support set programming.

•TopMax-8G supports most EPROM/Flash devices and cannot support for

GALs, PALS, or other MCU / FBGA, etc. The software will inform you when
you try to select gang mode for an unsupported device.

89
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

• If the device requires a PLCC adapter contact EE Tools, Inc. to obtain the
correct adapter.
• From the software menu Device/Gang Select, select 8-Gang Mode.
If you receive “Cannot be selected for 8-gang” message, then it is not possible
to program that particular device with the 8-gang adapter.
• Be sure that all devices are of the same brand, size and part number, otherwise
TopMax-8G will not function correctly.
• If any (one) chip is defective, TopMax-8G will not Program/Verify/Blank
Check any of the devices and you will get an error message. Also note that a
device may be defective even though the BLANK CHECK passed.
CAUTION: The 48-pin(TM-A48) socket should be used for universal
devices including PLD, and special Microcontrollers such as PICxx,
87C5X, 89C5X programming. Since TopMax-8G adapter has 32-pin
sockets, the device support on TopMax-8G is valid for limited device
programming such as E(E)PROMs and Flash Memory. In order to
program multiple devices using the 8-gang socket, you should use
devices with the same manufacturer and type. All of the devices should
be inserted into the socket with notch in the same direction as pictured
on case.

NOTE: For 8-gang adapters that support several special families such
as 32-pin PLCC, 40-pin DIP(16bit EPROM, 87C5x) , PICxx device, and
other devices, please refer to the Maxloader 8-gang adapters in the
maxloader selection menu. We are not planning to extend future
adapters for TopMax-8G library.

CAUTION: Customer who owns an USB interface programmer, may

see Gang Split option as below.

90
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

For customers who use USB programmers(TopMaxII, ChipMax2, UniMax,

ProMax-4/8G) should open the Concurrent Mode for multiple-site
programming or auto programming with “Start Key”.

91
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Split
When programming devices for a 16-bit or 32-bit environment, you will need to
split your data onto two or four devices.
NOTE: SPLITTING DATA is different from SETTING DATA. Putting
buffer data into multiple devices is called “SET DATA”. Maxloader
doesn’t support the SET programming.

EXAMPLE 1: PROGRAMMING TWO 8-BIT EPROM AS FOLLOWS:

Byte $0000
Byte $0001
Byte $0002
Byte $0003
Byte $0000 Byte $0001
Byte $0002 Byte $0003
: :

1. Load a 16-bit file into the buffer.

2. Select the target device from menu.
3. Insert the target device (#1) into the ZIF socket.
4. Invoke EVEN in Split data menu.
5. Program the device (#1).
6. Remove the device (#1) and insert the second device (#2) into the ZIF socket.
7. Invoke ODD.
8. Program the second device.
Now, you have two 8-bit EPROMs that have been programmed. The first
EPROM (#1) contains all the even address or low bytes and the second (#2)
device contains all the odd address or high bytes.

92
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

EXAMPLE 2: PROGRAMMING FOUR 8-BIT EPROMS AS FOLLOWS:

Byte $0000

Byte $0001

Byte $0002

Byte $0003

Byte $0004

Byte $0005

Byte $0006

Byte $0007

:
Byte $0000 Byte $0001 Byte $0002 Byte $0003

Byte $0004 Byte $0005 Byte $0006 Byte $0007

: : : :
1. Select the target EPROM.
2. Load the HEX file (32-bit file) into the buffer.
3. Insert the first EPROM (#1) into the socket.
4. Invoke Word 0 in Split Data menu.
5. Program the mounted device.
6. Remove the programmed device (#1) and insert the second device (#2) into
the socket.
7. Follow the same steps as above.
After programming the 4th EPROM with Word 3, you will have four 8-bit
programmed EPROMs. The original file (32-bit) is split into four EPROMs that
contain 8-bit data in each device.

Config Option / Address

93
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Device Address
These address will be applied for programming the buffer data.
-Chip Start: Device Starting address for the data to be programmed in buffer.
-Chip End: Device Ending address for the data to be programmed in buffer.
-Buffer Start: Buffer Starting address for the data to be programmed.
-Buffer End: Buffer Ending address for the data to be programmed.

File Load
These address will be applied for programming the buffer data.
-File Offset is subtracted from addresses from the file downloaded to the
programmer. For example, if you set File Offset to 1000h, then the downloaded
data minus 1000h would be placed into the buffer at the address specified by the
Buffer Start Address.
-Buffer Start Address is the address in the buffer where you want your
downloaded data to start. For example, if you set Buffer Start Address to 800h,
then the downloaded data only appears in the buffer beginning at address 800h.
File Save
These address will be applied for programming the buffer data.
-Buffer Start: Starting address for data to be saved.
-Buffer End: Ending address for data to be saved.

94
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Config Option / Auto Inc

The feature allows users to program a certain area that might contain a serial
number in the memory device with serialized number by a certain value.
Start : Start address of memory that contains serialized data
End : End address of memory
Inc Value : This value will be added to the previous data value
User must click on Auto Increment to program a memory with data increased
by one to the previous data.

Config / Hardware test

95
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

A hardware test is designed to assist customers in confirming and diagnosing

problems relating to all programmers. If a hardware defect with a programmer
is suspected, we recommend the users to run this test in order to confirm
whether or not a problem has occurred with the programmer.

Config / Concurrent(gang) mode

Click for operating all

sockets at once,
Click for individual socket
concurrent mode
operation
Program Opt.: Program options for automation programming. This operation
steam will be executed once click on individual socket or START ALL button
is clicked.
Serial NO.: Indicates all hardware serial numbers.
STATUS: Indicates executable command status in each programming location.
PASS: Indicates the number of devices passed.
FAIL: Indicates the number of devices failed.
Reset : Set 0 in all of PASS / FAIL number.
Close : Quite the current menu windows.
This option allows you to operate all the sockets together but each of the
sockets works simultaneously. This menu is available for only USB interface
programmers, UniMax, TopMaxII, ProMax4G, and ProMax8G. It is very
unique feature for production purpose. Each of location is operating

96
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

individually. Do not touch the device in socket until the operation stream is not
finished(stopped).

Config / Language

This option will help customer

who use non-English. More language selections will be added for different OS.

7. TROUBLE SHOOTING & TECHNICAL SUPPORT

This section provides customer support information such as the return material
authorization policy as well as methods of obtaining E.E.Tools’ technical
assistance and software updates.
All programmers are designed to require a minimum of technical support for
both hardware and software. Since we make the product in USA, we supply
qualified programmers as trouble-free as possible.
1. Registration
A registration card is located in the user guide manual with the CD-ROM
software .Complete the card and returns it to E.E. Tools to become eligible for:
• Customer support, warranty service and technical assistance
• Notification and special pricing on new products and upgrades

97
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Registration is particularly important if the programmer was purchased from a

dealer, a distributor or through your purchasing department. Why not take a
moment right now to complete the card.

2. Software Updates
Your programmer is designed to be highly flexible and programmable, allowing
it to program a wide variety of chips. Consequently, when a problem does arise,
it can usually be fixed with just a free software update. The new software
updates are available from our WEB page at www.eetools.com
Use the new software if you have any other incorrect programming results.

3. Testing the Hardware

Make sure that your programmer works properly before you call us for
technical assistance. Refer to Hardware Test section in the Config menu.

4. Quick Self-Diagnostics
In order to provide accurate and fast technical assistance, we recommend that
you check the following information before you call our technical support
department. We recommend that you obtain the latest software revision before
calling our support line with a software problem. Eighty percent of our technical
support calls result in asking the user to obtain the latest version of the software.
ƒ For USB programmers TopMaxII and UniMax, you should install the USB
driver in your PC after install PC control software. The USB driver is in
either CD-ROM or C:\Program Files\EE Tools directory.
ƒ ProMax-4G will need the USB installation 4 times and ProMax-8G does 8
times. Do not power Off and ON in 30 seconds and you must wait over 30
seconds once you un-plug an USB cable from PC(USB Hub) and plug-in
the same cable.
ƒ Be sure the device selected matches the device being used.
ƒ For multi-site programmer usage, make sure all devices are identical.

98
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

ƒ For a device that uses an adapter, be sure that the adapter is correctly
oriented, seated properly, and the ZIF socket lever is down.
ƒ Be sure power cord is securely attached to programmer and power pack to
wall socket.
ƒ Be sure that power switch is ON.
ƒ Be sure that the parallel cable (IEEE standard, 25 pins and wires) is
correctly and securely attached to the programmer and PC. The connection must
be direct; there cannot be any software keys or locks between the parallel port
and the programmer. Most switch boxes may also cause difficulties.
ƒ You may need to change your printer port [even though it is working fine
with your printer] because TopMax/TopMax-8G/Chip Max communicates
with your computer via the printer port in a bi-directional mode.

5. Calling Customer Support

E.E.Tools provides telephone technical assistance during normal business hours

(9:00 AM to 5:00 PM, Mountain time).
ƒ Please call our Technical Support Department or your local E.E.Tools’
distributor while you are at your computer and be prepared to repeat the
sequence of steps leading up to the problem
ƒ Have the following information ready when you call:
- The invoice number for the user who bought programmer from E.E.Tools.
- The distributor's name and the purchased date.
- The model & serial number found in the back side of
programming module.
- The hardware software revision number from option info location at the
Maxloader software screen.
- Description of problem with error message.
- The exact part number and package type you are working with.
- The adapter part number for non-standard package.

99
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

6. Service Information
Before sending a unit in for service, call us at 408-496-6664 to
obtain a Return Authorization Number (RMA). We will not repair
your unit unless an RMA was issued.

Warranty Service: Please return the product in the original package

with proof of purchase to the below address. Clearly state in writing
the performance problem and send any leads, connectors and
accessories that you are using with the device.

Non-Warranty Service: Return the product in the original packaging to the

below address. Clearly state in writing the performance problem and return any
leads, connectors and accessories that you are using with the device. Customers
not on open account must include payment in the form of a money order or
credit card. For the most current repair charges contact the factory before
shipping the product.

Return all merchandise to E.E. Tools, Inc., with pre-paid shipping.

The flat-fee repair charge includes return ground shipping to addresses in North
America only. For overnight shipments and non-North America shipping fees
contact E.E. Tools. Inc.

Electronic Engineering Tools, Inc

3350 Scott Blvd. B51-02
Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA.
Tel : (408)496-6664
Fax : (408)496-0006
www.eetools.com

100
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Include with the instrument your complete return shipping address,

contact name, phone number, and description of problem.
7. Limited One-Year Warranty
E.E. Tools, Inc., warrants to the original purchaser that its product and the
component parts thereof, will be free from defects in workmanship and
materials for a period of one year from the date of purchase.

E.E. Tools, Inc., will, without charge, repair or replace, at its option, defective
products or component parts. Returned products must be accompanied by proof
of the purchase date in the form of a sales receipt.
To obtain warranty coverage in the U.S.A., this product must be
registered by completing and mailing the enclosed warranty card to:
E.E. Tools, Inc., 3350 Scott Blvd. B51-02. Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA.
Within fifteen (15) days from proof of purchase

Exclusions: This warranty does not apply in the event of misuse or abuse of
the product or as a result of unauthorized alterations or repairs. It is void if
the serial number is alternated, defeated, or removed.

E.E. Tools, Inc. shall not be liable for any consequential damages, including
without limitations to damages resulting from loss of use. Some states do not
allow limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation
or exclusion may not apply to you.

This warranty gives you specific rights and you may have other rights, which
vary from state-to-state.
Model Number:___________________ Date Purchased:______________

101
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

8. Useful Web Site Addresses/ Phone Numbers

EE Tools, Inc. .....................................www.eetools.com
ALTERA.............................................www.altera.com
AMD ..............................................www.amd.com
INTEL .............................................. www.intel.com
ATMEL ..............................................www.atmel.com
CYPRESS ...........................................www.cypress.com
DALLAS SEMI. .................................www.dalsemi.com
HITACHI ............................................www.halsp.hitachi.com
INTEL ..............................................www.intel.com
ISSI ..............................................www.issi.com
LATTICE SEMI. ...............................www.latticesemi.com
MITSUBISHI......................................www.mitsubishi.com
MICROCHIP ...................................... www.microchip.com
MOTOROLA......................................www.motorola.com
NATIONAL SEMI. ............................www.national.com
NEC ..............................................www.nec.com
OKI SEMI...........................................www.okisemiconductor.com
PHILIPS SEMI. ..................................www.semiconductors.philips.com
ROHM ..............................................www.rohm.com
SEEQ ..............................................www.seeq.com
SILICON STORAGE .........................www.ssti.com
ST MICRO..........................................www.st.com
TEMIC ..............................................www.temic.com
T.I. ..............................................www.ti.com
TOSHIBA ...........................................www.toshiba.com
WAFERSCALE ..................................www.waferscale.com
WINBOND .........................................www.winbond.com
XICOR ..............................................www.xicor.com
XILINX ..............................................www.xilinx.com
ZILOG ..............................................www.zilog.com

102
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

9. Programming Adapter Manufacturers

Compass Systems (Asia)..................www.compass21.com
EE Tools, Inc. .....................................www.eetools.com
Emulation Technology........................www.1800adapter.com
Emulation Solutions............................www.adapters.com
Logical System....................................www.logicalsys.com
Iron Wood ...........................................www.ironwoodelectronics.com
10. EPROM Emulator Manufacturers
EE Tools, Inc. .....................................www.eetools.com
Tech Tools ..........................................www.tech-tools.com

103
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

8. OTHER PRODUCTS
Optional EPROM Emulator
ƒ EeRom-8U : Memory Emulation System for R&D and Engineering Part
. Communication –USB Port (2.0, 1.1), Wind98/ME/2000/XP
- Low Voltage Supports-3.3V/5V
- Target Connect - 32Pin Dip Cable (Standard)
- Buffer Memory – 8M,12ns SRAM ( 8bit)
- Download Speed – 1Mbyte/sec
- Reset Signal – Low/High Software Control
- Supports Device – E/EPROM : 2764-27080, 2864-28256
Flash Memory : 29512-29040

104
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

9. ABOUT NAND FLASH MEMORY

Comparison of NOR and NAND Flash technologies

Why NAND Flash

NAND-based flash is a low-cost high-capacity memory technology commonly
used in large data applications such as digital cameras, 3G cell phones, PDAs,
etc. In addition to using this data storage capability, manufacturers have found
it beneficial in many cases to program code into NAND flash devices.
Embedded and mobile systems are increasingly using NAND flash for storage
because it has various advantages over other storage technologies. As always

105
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

though, life is a compromise and those advantages come with some limitations
that need to be addressed to provide a robust flash file system.
Hard disks are not a viable storage option for many embedded and handheld
systems because they are too big, too fragile and use too much power

Major difference is that NAND is shipped with marked bad blocks on the
device, while NOR chips are shipped defect free. Thus, one expects to
encounter some failures in NAND and should design accordingly.

How to Program NAND Flash

Since all Nand Flash contains BAD Block, NAND Flash developer should
know:
• What is the input parameter of ROM writer for supporting the pre-
programming in NAND flash memory
• Master image file.
• The number of NAND flash memory blocks. Refer to NAND flash memory
specification.
• The number of Reservoir blocks in NAND flash memory.(Refer to GBBM
specification.)
GBBM (Global Bad Block Management) manages the bad blocks of the whole
NAND flash memory.
Note: Usually, new developers for NAND Flash should have a solution
how to program their devices with NAND Flash semiconductor
engineers and programmer vendor’s software development engineer.

How to READ NAND Flash

There is no global standard file system for NAND Flash programming for
programmer vendors yet. Hence, customer who understand how to program
NAND Flash is not hard to expect that READ(copy) a NAND Flash is very
difficult project unless the customer knows all information how to program the

106
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

master NAND Flash. EE Tools support most NAND device with specialized
file systems and simple algorithm with ‘skipping bad blocks’. Please contact
support.eetools.com for further assistance.

10. GLOSSARY

BGA Ball Grid Array. A surface mount device with solder balls and a high pin
count, similar to PGA.
Bipolar PROM A fuse-link programmable PROM.
Blank Check A test performed by a device programmer to ascertain whether a device has
been programmed (partial or total) or is in a virgin state.
Buffer Data storage unit directly stored on CPU.
Checksum A number that results by adding up every element of a pattern. Typically
either a four or eight digit HEX number, it is a quick way to identify a
pattern, since it is very unlikely that two patterns will have the same
checksum.
Compare Reading a programmable device and displaying any discrepancies from the
desired pattern. Each error is displayed on the screen. This comparison is
slower to perform than a verify on the programmer.
Device Microchip or Integrated Circuit chip.
Die The silicon chip that is located within an IC package. It is a small
rectangular flat piece of silicon that has been fabricated with many
transistors to perform a specific function. It is glued into a plastic or ceramic
package and connected to the external metal interconnect pins of the IC with
very small bonding wires. It can be seen through the window of erasable
EPROMs.
DIP Dual Inline Package. An IC package with two rows of through-hole pins,
usually on 0.1 pitch, 0.3 or 0.6 inches apart.
FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array. A very complex PLD. The FPGA usually
has an architecture that comprises a large number of simple logic blocks, a
number of input/output pads, and a method to make random connections
between the elements.

107
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

Functional Test A test that is performed following the programming of a PLD. The test
operates the device in its normal operating mode by simulating the inputs
and outputs that the part will experience in normal operation. To perform the
test, the engineer must supply a set of test vectors that describe normal
operation of the device so the device programmer can apply the specified
stimulus and verify that the device is operating as designed. It is important to
perform a functional test on PLDs because, in many cases, the PLD cannot
be fully tested at the factory before programming so a defective PLD may
program correctly but fail the functional test. A properly designed functional
test will verify that the part meets the design specification, ensuring that the
device, the compiler, the programmer, and the engineer have all performed
their respective tasks correctly.
Fuse A metal connection within a PLD or memory that may be melted during
programming to break the circuit. These links typically carry input signals to
logic gates. Burning all the fuses except those that are required in the desired
circuit forms the desired circuit configuration. Since the fuses cannot be
tested nondestructively, fuse-like programmable devices cannot be 100%
tested at the factory and consequently expected programming yields are
usually 98-99%.
GAL Generic Array Logic. EEPROM based second generation PAL devices.
Gang Programmer A multiple-socket programmer that requires each device to be placed in a
socket before any can be programmed. See Concurrent Programmer.
HEX file A human-readable ASCII file that represents any binary data. Each byte in
the binary pattern is represented by two HEX characters (0-9, A-F) so that
any of the 256 possible bytes, which include both control and unprintable
characters, may be printed. The HEX file may also contain address or
checksum information. The pattern represented by the HEX file may be
represented by a binary file or any of the HEX file formats – any file format
may contain any pattern. The names of the HEX file formats (Intel,
Motorola, Tektronix, etc.) indicate who standardized its format and does not
indicate anything about the pattern or the device the pattern is intended for.

108
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

I/O Input/ Output.

JEDEC Joint Electron Device Engineering Council (pronounced JED’eck). A group
organized by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
that has defined a standard file format for PLDs.
JEDEC file A file conforming to a standard format that specifies the configuration and
testing procedure for a PLD. The file is in a human-readable ASCII format
and consists of fields that start with a letter and end with an asterisk. Fields
specify the pattern to program into the part, whether to secure the device, a
set of test vectors to perform a functional test, and checksums to verify the
integrity of the file.
LCC Leadless Chip Carrier. A square ceramic package that has no leads; Instead
it has metal areas that are surface-mount soldered to the target circuit. This
package is usually used only for military and aerospace applications.
Available up to 84 pins.
Memory device A Device that contains an array of storage locations. The device has a set of
inputs, called address, which specify which location in the array is being
accessed. A set of input/output pins produce the stored number (pattern)
when the device is read, and accept a new value when the device is written
or programmed. Additionally, there are one or more input pins that select the
operating move (read, write, standby, etc.). Memory devices may be
classified by whether they are volatile or nonvolatile, and whether they may
be erased. The memory’s organization refers to its word width and the
number of words in the device.
Microcontroller A device that contains a central processing unit (CPU), memory, and I/O
ports on a single IC. Microcontrollers that contain any form of nonvolatile
memory may be programmed on a device programmer. When connected to a
power supply and external crystal, many of these devices form a complete
microcomputer.
Non-Volatile The Characteristic of a memory that does not lose its contents when its
power is removed. Non-volatile memory is useful in microcomputer circuits
because it can provide instructions for a CPU as soon as the power is applied,

109
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

before secondary devices, such as disk, can be accessed. Non-Volatile

memory includes ROM, EPROM and EEPROM.
Oscillator A device that produces an alternating output current.
OTP One-time programmable. The characteristic of a memory device that can be
programmed once but cannot be erased. When an EPROM is described as
OTP, this means that its die is erasable when exposed to ultraviolet light, but
because of its package, which is not transparent, it cannot be exposed to
light and thus it cannot be erased.
Package The plastic or ceramic that protects an IC die and connects it to the target
circuit.
PGA Pin Grid Array. A square, through-hold IC package that has pins located on
a square grid with 0.1000-inch pitch. It may have up to several hundred pins.
Used primarily for military and prototype designs.
PLCC Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier, A square plastic package that has J-shaped
leads on four sides. This can be surface mounted or placed in a socket for
through-hole use. Available in 20 to 84 pins.
PLD Compiler A software package that allows an engineer to specify the functionality of a
PLD through a high-level language or schematic diagram. The software will
convert the design into a JEDEC or other file for the PLD programmer. PLD
compilers are available from numerous IC manufacturers and from third
parties. The packages from IC manufacturers support only one brand of
device and may be free, inexpensive or expensive. The most popular
compiler is PALASM (prices under $200, available from AMD sales offices
and representatives), which supports most of AMD’s line of PLDs with an
easy-to-learn high-level language. The compiler that probably offers the
highest level of functionality and flexibility is PLDmaster made by Logical
Devices. It supports most PLDs and offers a sophisticated input language
with full support for state machines and other complex constructs,
partitioning designs into several PLDs, and graphical input. Their tools run
on PCs and workstations. PLD compilers have simulators that can be used to

110
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

test the functionality of your design and validate test vectors that you design
before programming a device.
PQFP Plastic Quad Flat Pack. See QFP.
QFP Quad Flat Pack. A square IC package that has surface-mount leads coming
from four sides. It is used for high-density applications, usually over 100
pins. Lead pitch may be 0.025 inches or smaller.
RAM Random Access Memory. A volatile memory device.
ROM Read Only Memory. A non-volatile memory device that cannot be
programmed by the user. It is programmed at the factory through the use of a
mask pattern in the final fabrication steps of the die.
Serial Memory An EPROM or EEPROM that is accessed by shifting in addresses and
shifting out data one bit at a time. Interfaces are available using one, two or
three wires for clock, data in, and data out.
Socket module An interchangeable metal chassis that contains a programming socket.
SOIC Small Outline Integrated Circuit. A surface-mount IC package that has two
rows of leads on opposite sides. Commonly found in 8 to 32 pin sizes. Leads
are usually 0.050 pitch.
Test vector A set of characters that describe the inputs and outputs of a device during a
functional test. There is one character in the vector for each pin on the
device. Numbers represent inputs to be applied to the device (1 for Vih, 0 for
Vil). Letters represent the outputs that must be tested (H for Voh, L for Vol,
Z for high-impedance). During the test, the part will be powered up and each
input will be applied to the device for the first vector. Then, each output will
be applied to the device for the first vector. This process will continue for
each vector and any errors will be reported.
TQF Thin Quad Flat Pack. Similar to QFP but with a lower profile and physically
smaller in length and width.
TSOP Thin Small Outline Package. A surface-mount package with fine-pitch leads
(usually 0.025 inch pitch) on two sides. This package is very low profile and
commonly available in a reverse (mirror image) pinout used to simplify
circuit board layout. Usually 32 to 44 pins.

111
 MaxLoader User’s Guide

UV Erasable The characteristic of an EPROM that allows it to be erased with exposure to

short –wave ultra-violet light. This high-energy light can discharge the
floating-gate transistor cells that store bits in an EPROM. The most common
source of such light is a mercury vapor tube much like an ordinary
fluorescent tube, but without the phosphor that turns the UV light emitted by
the mercury into visible light. The light from ordinary fluorescent lamps or
sunlight generally takes years to erase an EPROM. All UV erasable parts
have a quartz windowed ceramic package that allows exposure with UV
light.
Verify Reading a programmable device and comparing its contents to the desired
pattern for that device. This is a go/no-go test – it does not report what the
discrepancies are. See also: compare.
Word width The number of output pins that a memory device has. The most common
size for EPROMs is byte wide (8 bits) and “word” wide, or 16 bits. It can
also refer to the aggregate width of several memory devices used in a set.

112