WEB SERVER

Web server - is a computer where web content is stored. A software that responds to the request for
web resources.
• website - collection of web pages.

Web server respond to the client request in either of the following;

• Sending file to the client associated with the requested URL.
• Generating response by invoking a script and communicating with data base.

Web-Servers ARCHITECTURE
Concurrent Approach - Allows the web server to handle multiple client requests at the same time.

• Multi-process - a single process parent process initiates several single-threaded child processes and
distribute incoming requests to these child processes.
• Multi-threaded - it creates multiple single-threaded processes.
• Hybrid method - combination of two approaches.
BASIC CONCEPTS
Web - It is a tool to share knowledge and has successfully evolved into a general communications
mechanism.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL) - It is needed to locate any resources on the web.
• MACHINE_NAME is either an IP address, for example 137.234.33.89, or a Fully Qualified Domain Name
• PORT is the TCP port to connect to; this is an entry point to software on the server; an optional part of
a URL.
• PATH is a relative file path from the server's document root
• FILE_NAME is the name of the file to be browsed, e.g. welcome
• FILE_EXTENSION is one of a number of suffixes which, by convention and operating system setup,
indicate the type of data contained within the file.

Attributes - It provides an additional information about contents of an element.

Domain Name Servers - Fully qualified domain name.
Webapp - Type of an application that runs over internet.
Markup Language - allows you to annotate text, and these annotations provide additional meaning to
the content of document.

Hypertext - Hypertext systems allow for non-sequential or non-linear reading.

• The dictionary is a paper example of a hypertext system.
• The main use of hypertext is in information retrieval applications.

Anchors and Links - A hypertext document contains links referring to other parts of the document, or
even to whole other documents.
• The links embedded in a document are known as hyperlink.
• An anchor is a fragment of information which links to another document or portion
thereof. It is the visual representation of a link.
• A link is the actual reference (or "pointer") to the other document.

Jumps - This allows the reader to loop to portions of the document that they have already seen.
• In computer-based hypertext documents, the mechanism to follow a link (the jump) is automatic.
• As long as the link is sufficiently specified with the name and the exact location of the linked
document, the user can directly access the linked document with a simple click on the anchor.

Knowledge Additivity - The combination of two related subject areas is known as knowledge additivity.

Chain of Links - A series of successive jumps constructs a chained path through a series of documents.

Two different but complementary purposes of chaining documents via links:

• FOCUSING - each jump along the path, the user can narrow the scope of the search until the fragment
containing the topic of their interest is reached.
• BROADENING - Multiple outgoing links from a document allow the user to broaden their search. This
is useful when the user does not have a precise idea of what is being searched for, or wishes to conduct
a broad search in a certain domain.

Loops and Mesh - Just as the reader is free to choose which links and jumps a path through a hypertext
document is to follow, it is possible for a user to return to a point previously visited. In other words,
loops may exist.
• This critical property shifts the burden of devising suitable exploration paths from the designer of a
hypertext document to the user.
• Mesh of information creates difficulty in navigating through the hypertext document.

Hypermedia - This means that music and videos can be accessed via hyperlinks.
• This addition of multimedia to hypertext is known as Hypermedia.

Authoring Hypertext - The process of preparing hypertext documents or, quite often, of converting a
flat (linear) collection of documents into hypertext, is referred to as authoring.

Getting lost in 'hyperspace’ - problem of navigating a hypertext network is also known as being 'lost in
hyperspace'.
• return path - The user simply backtracks through all the previous documents, link by link, until they
reach the one they want to revisit.
• home page - This home page is usually a well- defined document that contains the first links to a
certain path. It helps to remind the user the path he has taken before and may even serve as a starting
point to another path.
• overview diagrams - This is the explicit display of the graph / mesh network of documents and links.
• guided tours - These are suggested paths arranged by the document's authors. Its purpose is to assist
the user in the exploration of information in hypertext document.
• direct jump - This allows the user to move directly to a portion of a hypertext document.
• content-based retrieval - Browsing for information through the search facility can help narrow the
information space to the domain of interest.

The Ultimate Hypermedia System: The WORLD WIDE WEB

BASIC IDEAS OF THE WEB

• The World Wide Web (Web) is a hypermedia system.
• Tim Berners- Lee invented the World Wide Web in October 1994.

THE WEB AS A DIGITAL LIBRARY - The Web as a vast digital library is becoming what is known as a
'Global Information Structure'.

Network Protocols - A network protocol is a standard way of regulating data transmission between
computers.
HyperText Markup Language (HTML) - This language provides the format for specifying simple logical
structure and links in a hypertext document.

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - HTTP is a network protocol used to retrieve documents from a
variety of machines in a minimum amount of time.

HyperText Markup Language (HTML) & Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

Web Development TRIFECTA - HTML 5, CSS and JavaScript

HTML - used for structuring and describing webpage content

CSS - Provides the formatting and look of a webpage or document written in a markup language
JavaScript - provide dynamic, interactive capabilities to web pages.

<Html> indicates that anything between it and s closing tag is HTML code.
<body> anything between it and </body> should be shown in main browser window.
<h1>main heading</h1>
<p> might be an introduction to the rest of page</p>
<h2> sub heading</h2>