Building Java Programs

Chapter 4
Lecture 4-1: Scanner; if/else

reading: 3.3 – 3.4, 4.1

Interactive Programs
with Scanner
reading: 3.3 - 3.4

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 Interactive programs
  We have written programs that print console output.

  It is also possible to read input from the console.

  The user types the input into the console.
  The program uses the input to do something.
  Such a program is called an interactive program.

Interactive programs
  Interactive programs can be challenging.
  Computers and users think in very different ways.
  Users tend to “misbehave”.

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 Scanner
  Scanner: An object that can read input from many sources.
  Communicates with System.in
  Can also read from files (Ch. 6), web sites, databases, etc…

  The Scanner class is found in the java.util package.

import java.util.*; // so you can use Scanner

  Constructing a Scanner object to read console input:

Scanner <name> = new Scanner(System.in);

  Example:
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
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Scanner methods
Method Description
nextInt() reads an int from the user and returns it
nextDouble() reads a double from the user
next() reads a one-word String from the user
nextLine() reads a one-line String from the user

  Each method waits until the user presses Enter.

  The value typed by the user is returned.

System.out.print("How old are you? "); // prompt

int age = console.nextInt();
System.out.println("You typed " + age);

  prompt: A message telling the user what input to

type.
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 Scanner example
import java.util.*; // so that I can use Scanner
public class UserInputExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("How old are you? ");

int age = console.nextInt(); age 12

years 53
int years = 65 - age;
System.out.println(years + " years until retirement!");
}
}

  Console (user input underlined):

How old are you? 12
53 years until retirement!

Scanner example 2
import java.util.*; // so that I can use Scanner
public class ScannerMultiply {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Please type two numbers: ");
int num1 = console.nextInt();
int num2 = console.nextInt();
int product = num1 * num2;
System.out.println("The product is " + product);
}
}

  Output (user input underlined):

Please type two numbers: 8 6
The product is 48

  The Scanner can read multiple values from one line.

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 Input tokens
  token: A unit of user input, as read by the Scanner.
  Tokens are separated by whitespace (spaces, tabs, new lines).
  How many tokens appear on the following line of input?
23 John Smith 42.0 "Hello world" $2.50 " 19"

  When a token is not the type you ask for, it crashes.

System.out.print("What is your age? ");
int age = console.nextInt();

Output:
What is your age? Timmy
java.util.InputMismatchException
at java.util.Scanner.next(Unknown Source)
at java.util.Scanner.nextInt(Unknown Source)
...

Scanners as parameters
  If many methods need to read input, declare a Scanner in
main and pass it to the other methods as a parameter.
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
int sum = readSum3(console);
double average = sum / 3.0;
System.out.println("The average is " + average);
}
// Prompts for 3 numbers and returns their sum.
public static int readSum3(Scanner console) {
System.out.print("Type 3 numbers: ");
int num1 = console.nextInt();
int num2 = console.nextInt();
int num3 = console.nextInt();
return num1 + num2 + num3;
}

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 Program puzzle
  Consider changing the output to include the minimum value:
Type 3 numbers: 8 6 13
The average is 9.0
The minimum value is 6

  How would we change the previous program?

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
int sum = readSum3(console);
double average = sum / 3.0
System.out.println("The average is " + average);
// What goes here?
}

public static int readSum3(Scanner console) {

System.out.print("Type 3 numbers: ");
int num1 = console.nextInt();
int num2 = console.nextInt();
int num3 = console.nextInt();
return num1 + num2 + num3;
} 11

Can’t return multiple values!

import java.util.*; // so that I can use Scanner

public class Average {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Type 3 numbers: ");

int num1 = console.nextInt();
int num2 = console.nextInt();
int num3 = console.nextInt();

double average = (num1 + num2 + num3) / 3.0;

System.out.println("The average is " + average);
System.out.println("The minimum value is " +
Math.min(num1, Math.min(num2, num3)));
}
}

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 The if/else statement
reading: 4.1

Conditionals
  “If you eat your vegetables, then you can have
dessert.”

  “If you do your homework, then you may go outside

to play, or else you’ll be grounded for life.”

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 The if statement
Executes a block of statements only if a test is true

if (<test>) {
<statement>;
...
<statement>;
}

  Example:
double gpa = console.nextDouble();
if (gpa >= 3.0) {
System.out.println("Good job! Here’s a cookie.");
}

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The if/else statement

Executes one block if a test is true, another if false

if (<test>) {
<statement(s)>;
} else {
<statement(s)>;
}

  Example:
double gpa = console.nextDouble();
if (gpa >= 3.0) {
System.out.println("Good job! Here’s a cookie.");
} else {
System.out.println("No cookie for you!");
}
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 Relational expressions
  if statements and for loops both use logical tests.
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { ...
if (i <= 10) { ...
  These are Boolean expressions, seen in Ch. 5.

  Tests use relational operators:

Operator Meaning Example Value
== equals 1 + 1 == 2 true
!= does not equal 3.2 != 2.5 true
< less than 10 < 5 false
> greater than 10 > 5 true
<= less than or equal to 126 <= 100 false
>= greater than or equal to 5.0 >= 5.0 true
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Misuse of if
  What's wrong with the following code?
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("What percentage did you earn? ");
int percent = console.nextInt();
if (percent >= 90) {
System.out.println("You got an A!");
}
if (percent >= 80) {
System.out.println("You got a B!");
}
if (percent >= 70) {
System.out.println("You got a C!");
}
if (percent >= 60) {
System.out.println("You got a D!");
}
if (percent < 60) {
System.out.println("You got an F!");
}
...
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 Nested if/else
Chooses between outcomes using many tests
if (<test>) {
<statement(s)>;
} else if (<test>) {
<statement(s)>;
} else {
<statement(s)>;
}

  Example:
if (x > 0) {
System.out.println("Positive");
} else if (x < 0) {
System.out.println("Negative");
} else {
System.out.println("Zero");
}

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Nested if/else/if
  If it ends with else, exactly one path must be taken.
  If it ends with if, the code might not execute any path.

if (<test>) {
<statement(s)>;
} else if (<test>) {
<statement(s)>;
} else if (<test>) {
<statement(s)>;
}

  Example:
if (place == 1) {
System.out.println("Gold medal!");
} else if (place == 2) {
System.out.println("Silver medal!");
} else if (place == 3) {
System.out.println("Bronze medal.");
}
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 Summary: if structures
  exactly 1 path (mutually exclusive)   0 or 1 path (mutually exclusive)
if (<test>) { if (<test>) {
<statement(s)>; <statement(s)>;
} else if (<test>) { } else if (<test>) {
<statement(s)>; <statement(s)>;
} else { } else if (<test>) {
<statement(s)>; <statement(s)>;
} }

  0, 1, or many paths (independent tests; not exclusive)

if (<test>) {
<statement(s)>;
}
if (<test>) {
<statement(s)>;
}
if (<test>) {
<statement(s)>;
}
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Which nested if/else?

  (1) if/if/if (2) nested if/else (3) nested if/else/if
  Whether a user is lower, middle, or upper-class based on income.
  (2) nested if / else if / else

  Whether you made the dean's list (GPA ≥ 3.8) or honor roll (3.5-3.8).
  (3) nested if / else if

  Whether a number is divisible by 2, 3, and/or 5.

  (1) sequential if / if / if

  Computing a grade of A, B, C, D, or F based on a percentage.

  (2) nested if / else if / else if / else if / else

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 Nested if/else question
BMI Weight class
Formula for body mass index (BMI): below 18.5 underweight
18.5 - 24.9 normal
25.0 - 29.9 overweight
30.0 and up obese

  Write a program that produces output like the following:

This program reads data for two people and
computes their body mass index (BMI).
Enter next person's information:
height (in inches)? 70.0
weight (in pounds)? 194.25
Enter next person's information:
height (in inches)? 62.5
weight (in pounds)? 130.5
Person 1 BMI = 27.868928571428572
overweight
Person 2 BMI = 23.485824
normal
Difference = 4.3831045714285715
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Nested if/else answer

// This program computes two people's body mass index (BMI) and
// compares them. The code uses Scanner for input, and parameters/returns.
import java.util.*; // so that I can use Scanner
public class BMI {
public static void main(String[] args) {
introduction();
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
double bmi1 = person(console);
double bmi2 = person(console);
// report overall results
report(1, bmi1);
report(2, bmi2);
System.out.println("Difference = " + Math.abs(bmi1 - bmi2));
}
// prints a welcome message explaining the program
public static void introduction() {
System.out.println("This program reads data for two people and");
System.out.println("computes their body mass index (BMI).");
System.out.println();
}
...

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 Nested if/else, cont'd.
// reads information for one person, computes their BMI, and returns it
public static double person(Scanner console) {
System.out.println("Enter next person's information:");
System.out.print("height (in inches)? ");
double height = console.nextDouble();
System.out.print("weight (in pounds)? ");
double weight = console.nextDouble();
System.out.println();
double bodyMass = bmi(height, weight);
return bodyMass;
}
// Computes/returns a person's BMI based on their height and weight.
public static double bmi(double height, double weight) {
return (weight * 703 / height / height);
}
// Outputs information about a person's BMI and weight status.
public static void report(int number, double bmi) {
System.out.println("Person " + number + " BMI = " + bmi);
if (bmi < 18.5) {
System.out.println("underweight");
} else if (bmi < 25) {
System.out.println("normal");
} else if (bmi < 30) {
System.out.println("overweight");
} else {
System.out.println("obese");
}
}
} 25

The if/else hammer

  Just because you learned a new construct does not mean
that every new problem has to be solved using that
construct!

int z; int z = Math.max(x, y);

if (x > y) {
z = x;
} else {
z = y;
}

double d = a; double d = Math.min(a, Math.min(b, c));

if (b < d) {
d = b;
}
if (c < d) {
d = c;
}
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