Naga College Foundation, Inc.

College of Business and Accountancy

Mathematics in the Modern World

Completion of First Semester 2020-2021
Period Covered: Finals
Professor: Alejandro P. Alaurin II

Name of Student: ______________________________ Date Submitted: __________________

Overview: This module focuses on the Chapter’s discussion about Statistics. This chapter
includes specific topics such as Introduction to Statistics- important definitions, gathering and
representing data, and Measures of Central Tendency. This material includes summarized
discussions, and activities to support learning. The following details below are their guide and
tasks for this module.

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this module, you are able to:

a. collect the data of a certain research topic;
b. use statistical tools such as tables and graphs to present a group of data; and
c. cite the importance of Statistics in public safety issues.
d. differentiate the use of the measures of central location; and
e. compute the measure of central location of a certain problem.

Task 1

Topic: Introduction to Statistics

- Straight forward presentation

of facts
What is Statistics? - organizing and summarizing
Statistics is a branch of science data using numbers and graphs
- It is simply describing the data!
that deals with the collection, tabulation and
presentation, analysis and interpretation of
Observe this figure.
the data that can be used when making
The guards in the SM Megamall records the
decisions in the face of uncertainty.
number of shoppers for the past 15 days.
- (J. Dañas, 2015)

Types of Statistics

I. Descriptive Statistics
- The discipline of quantitatively
describing main features of the
collection of data without drawing
conclusions about a large group.

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over time and on different individual or

object under consideration.

Examples:

Scores in Math quiz

II. Inferential Statistics
Age of students in a class
- concerned with the analysis of Weight
the subset of data or sample Age
leading to predictions or Salary
inferences about the entire set of
data or population. Types of Variables
- using sample data to make 1. Independent Variable
an inference or draw a Sometimes called an experimental or
conclusion of the population. predictor variable, this is a variable that is
manipulated in an experiment to observe
the effect on a dependent variable.
-presumed to be the cause of an
observed outcome.
Examples: a. methods of teaching
b. police forces

2. Dependent Variable
Also called an outcome variable that
is presumed to be the effect of an observed
outcome.
Examples:
a. students performance
b. citizens’ security

Classification of Variables
Example:
1. Qualitative Variable
Financial analysts say that mortgage may
soon hit the bottom.
-also called categorical variable. It
describes the qualities or characteristics of
the samples.
TERMS AND SYMBOLS USED IN Examples:
STATISTICS Sex (Male or Female)
Political Affiliation (UNO, Liberal)
Variables

Variables are figures or any 2. Quantitative Variable

characteristics, numbers, or quantity that
-a variable that give
can be measured or counted and varies
numerical responses representing an

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amount or number or something. -commonly defined as the subset of

Quantitative variable could be population that shares the same
discrete or continuous. characteristics of the population.
Examples: Examples:
Age Math Students
Height Criminology Students
Weight Goats in the Farm
Number of Household Birds in the zoo
Members
3. Sampling
3. Discrete Quantitative Variable - a process of selecting a part or
subset of a population.
- also called countable variable. It Here’s the formula for sampling:
assumes fixed or countable
values of something being Slovin’s formula – used to determine the
measured. total sample to draw from a population.
Examples:
Number of children (0,1,2,3)
Monthly salary (P10 000, P20 Where:
000, etc) N = population
n= sample
4. Continuous Quantitative Variable e= 0.05 or 5% (marginal error)
-also called non countable
variable. It cannot take on finite Common reasons for sampling:
values but the values are associated 1. Limited budget
with points on an interval of the real 2. Time constraints
time. 3. Lack of manpower
Example: 4. Accessibility
Height (5 ft., 5.5 ft.,) 5. Peace and order of the area
Temperature 6. Size of the population
Weight (50 kg, 100 lbs.) 7. Availability and cost of
experimental materials

STATISTICAL TERMS
DATA PRESENTATION
1. Population
-is the collection of things or There are ways to present data:
observational units under consideration. It
is an aggregate set of individuals with 1. Using a table
varied characteristics and could be classify 2. Using graphs
according to age and sex. - bar graph, pie graph,
Example: Students histogram, line graph, line plot, and box
Animals in the Farm whisker plot

2. Sample

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College of Business and Accountancy

You may watch and learn these types and -the data can be placed into
when to use them by this link: categories and these categories can be
https://youtu.be/yrTB5JSQPqY ordered or ranked.
(Make sure to take notes.) e.g. Employer’s satisfaction
Very satisfied- 1
Levels of Measurement Somewhat satisfied- 2
Somewhat dissatisfied- 3
Four Levels of Measurement Scales Very dissatisfied- 4
1. Nominal Level
- The simplest among the four 3. Interval Level
measurement scales. It is simply labels or - Precise differences exist between
categorizes objects according to its use and two numbers or two units (fixed unit of
purpose. measurement).
- There is no ranking or ordering Example:
Example: Intelligence Quotient Score
Male= M Temperature
Female= F
4. Ratio Level
2. Ordinal Level - possesses all the properties of the
-it is the improvement of the nominal, ordinal, and interval levels.
nominal level Examples:
Money, Examination Scores, Income, Age,
Grades of students and etc.

Activity 1

A. Collect and represent the data gathered by any organization related to Typhoon Rolly or
Ulysses. Use appropriate tool (table, graph, or any instrument) and, add title, description and
web reference/s.

You will be graded with this rubric:

CATEGORY Organization Quality of The Appropriateness Sources/

Description References

4 Information is The description The use of tool All sources are

very organized clearly relates to (table, graph, or detectible and
with well- the main topic. It animation) is exactly shows connection
constructed includes several suitable to the data to the output.
paragraphs, supporting presented. Includes
proper use of details. correct and complete
punctuations, and labels.
information is

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factual and
correct.

3 Information is The description The use of tool All sources are

organized with clearly relates to (table, graph, or detectible but not
well- constructed the main topic. It animation) is exactly show any
paragraphs and provides 1-2 suitable to the data connection to the
information is supporting presented. Includes output.
factual and details. labels but incomplete
correct. and unclear.

2 Information The description The use of tool Only few of the

appears too clearly relates to (table, graph, or sources are
disorganized and the main topic. animation) is not detectible.
but failed to use No supporting suitable to the data
proper details are given. presented, and
punctuations. shows no labels.

1 Information is not The description No sources

only disorganized has nothing to do shown or no
but also with the main detectible
inaccurate. topic. sources found.

B. Write an essay about the importance of statistics in public safety. Give examples about its
challenges and the solutions you think to best address that problem. The essay must be at least
8 sentences.
You will be graded with this rubric:

Focus Organization Support/Elaboration Reflective

Thinking

Demonstrates highly Uses clear, consistent Provides convincing, well- The essay explains
effective word organizational elaborated reasons to the student’s own
choice; clearly strategy. support the topic. It thinking about the
4 focused on task. includes several supporting problem and
details and/or examples. solution, and
shows implications
of future learning.

3 Demonstrates good Uses clear Provides two or more The essay explains
word choice; stays organizational moderately elaborated the student’s own
focused on writing strategy with reasons to support the thinking about the
task. occasional topic. It provides 1-2 problem and
inconsistencies. supporting details and/or

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examples. solution.

Shows some good Uses inconsistent Provides several reasons, The essay doesn’t
word choices; organizational but few are elaborated; explain any
2 minimally stays strategy; only one elaborated reflective thinking.
focused on writing presentation is not reason. No details and/or
task. logical. example given.

Shows lack of Demonstrates lack of Provides information that

1 attention to writing organizational does not elaborate
task. strategy. anything about the topic.

C. Identification. Identify the following list of phrases in each category. Write your answer on
a paper.

I. State whether the data listed below is nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio.
________a. Intelligence of three students in a certain University.
________b. Military title – lieutenant, Captain, Major
________c. Salary of Senators
________d. Ranking of chess players in the Philippines
________e. Temperature inside 5 ovens

II. Identify whether the number obtained in the following is discrete or continuous.
1. Number of sack of palay sold
2. Frequency of rain in year
3. Degree of temperature
4. Passing rate of the Criminology board exam
Task 3

Topic: Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of central tendency is a statistical measure that gives information

regarding the central location of the score relative to the entire set of data.
This includes:
1. Mean
2. Median
3. Mode

1. Mean

The mean is the most popular of

the central tendency and sometimes called
average.

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Therefore, the mean score of the six friends

in a biology test is 82.5.
The traditional symbol used to indicate a
summation is the Greek letter sigma, .
Thus the notation x, called summation 2. Median
notation, denotes the sum of all the
numbers in a given set. The median is the middle number
or the mean of the two middle numbers in a
How to get the mean of a set of data? list of numbers that have been arranged in
numerical order from smallest to largest or
1. Add up all the numbers. largest to smallest.
2. Divide by how many numbers there are.

In other words, it is the sum divided by the

count.

Example 1 – Find a Mean

Six friends in a biology class of 20 students

received test grades of 92, 84, 65, 76, 88,
and 90
Find the mean of these test scores. How to get the median?

1. Arrange the numerical data in an

Solution: ascending or descending order.
2. When the data count is odd, get the
The 6 friends are a sample of the middlemost value to be the median
population of 20 students. Use to of the class.
represent 3. When the data count is even, add
the two middle most values and
divide it by two.

Solution: Example 1 – Find a Median

Find the median of the data in the following

lists.
a. 4, 8, 1, 14, 9, 21, 12
b. 46, 23, 92, 89, 77, 108

Solution:

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a. The list 4, 8, 1, 14, 9, 21, 12 contains 7 2. Bimodal- if the distribution has two
numbers. The median of a list with an odd
The mode
number of of a listisoffound
entries numbers is the the
by ranking
number
numbersthat
andoccurs
findingfrequently.
the middle number.
Ranking the numbers from smallest to
largest gives
scores that are more frequently
1, 4, 8, 9, 12, 14, 21
occurring.
The middle number is 9. Thus 9 is the
3. Polymodal- if the distribution has
median.
more than two scores that are
equally occurring in terms
b. The list 46, 23, 92, 89, 77, 108 contains
frequently.
6 numbers. The median of a list of data
4. No mode – no mode
with an even number of entries is found by
ranking the numbers and computing the
mean of the two middle numbers. Ranking
the numbers from smallest to largest gives Example:
23, 46, 77, 89, 92, 108 Find the mode of the data in the following
The two middle numbers are 77 and 89. lists and identify its type.
The mean of 77 and 89 is 83. Thus 83 is the a. 18, 15, 21, 16, 15, 14, 15, 21 b. 2, 5,
median of the data. 8, 9, 11, 4, 7, 23

Solution:
a. In the list 18, 15, 21, 16, 15, 14, 15,
3. Mode 21, the number 15 occurs more
often than the other numbers. Thus
15 is the mode. Unimodal

b. Each number in the list 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 4,

Kinds of Mode: 7, 23 occurs only once. Because
1. Unimodal- if the distribution has no number occurs more often than the
one mode. others, there is no mode.

Activity 2

Direction: Answer the following with complete solution to some applicable items.

1. The following are the different waist line of the top 20 candidates for Teen Miss Universe 23,
22, 24, 23, 25, 23, 22, 24, 23, 23, 24, 22, 26, 25, 25, 26, 25, 23, 24, and 25. Find the median,
mode, and the type of mode of the data.

2. Find the mode of the set of scores and its type.

12, 6, 9, 8, 10, 5, 12, 7

3. Find the median of the set of scores.

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48, 62, 62, 98, 76, 88, 70

4. Find the mean of the scores.

4, 3, 4, 1, 0, 6

5. Town Nikala is one of the most visited places in summer in Asia. From 2008-2018, the
municipality recorded this number of people visited the place on the half of May in the said
years:
5000 5300 5700 4200 6100 5700 5300 5700 5300 5000
Determine the most frequent number recorded.

6. The following are the heights (in centimeters) of coconut trees. Find the median height.
2000 1800 1500 1400 1600 1000 1100 1200 1300 1150 1850
800 950 1700 1900 2500 1850 1550 1280 1970 1430 1210
2000 2300 1400 1320 1250 1600

For items 7 and 8, refer to the table below.

HIV Cases in Different Hospitals

Hospital A B C
2013 500 200 211
2014 400 350 250
2015 100 140 620
2016 80 140 401
2017 200 150 422

7. What is the mean of the HIV cases in 2014-2016?

8. Which hospital has recorded the most number of cases of HIV? Find the mean.

Reference:

Mathematics in the Modern World

© 2018 Rex Book Store, Inc.
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Elementary Statistics by Danas, Jayson M., PhD

© 2015

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EXPECTED DATE OF SUBMISSION/RETRIEVAL NOT LATER THAN DECEMBER 18,

2020.

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