Chapter 5

Three States of
Matter

Iron can melt under high

temperature conditions.
We learnt that matter What is the difference
has three states: solid, between its solid and liquid
liquid and gas. states?

68
5. Properties of Three
❶ States of Matter
Like water, all matter can exist in three states: solid, liquid and gas.
What kinds of properties do these three states of matter have?

Lesson 1 Shape of The Three

States of Matter
Shape is one of the properties of matter. Is the shape of solid, liquid
and gas similar or different?

How is the shape of the three states of matter

similar or different?

Activity : Observing the shape of a

stone, water and air
What We Need:
a stone, water, three balloons
What to Do:
1. Put the stone into the balloon and tie the top of the balloon. Fill the
second balloon with water and blow up the third
balloon. Tie the mouth of the balloons.
2. Press the stone, water and air in the balloons and
observe the changes in their shape.
3. Based on your observations, think about the following
questions:
(1) What happened to the shape of the stone,
water and air when you pressed them?
(2) What shape do solid, liquid and gas have?
(3) How similar or different is the shape of the
three states of matter?
. h re yo r n ngs w th yo r ssm tes. s ss
how the shape of the three states of matter is similar or different.

69
 Summary
Solid, li uid and gas have specific characteristics in terms of their shape.
1. Solid
A solid has de n te sh e. The
shape of solid remains the same
whether it is pressed or placed into
different containers. For example, a
stone will keep its shape wherever we
press it or put it on a desk, in a glass or
in a box. This means that the shape of
A solid does not change its shape wherever it is
a solid does not change. A solid has a placed in different place.
definite shape.
2. Liquid
Liquid has no de n te sh e. Liquid
changes its shape when it is pressed.
Liquid also changes its shape to
match the shape of the containers. For
example, liquid takes the shape of the
glass when it is poured into a glass. A liquid changes its shape to match the shape
of the containers.
Liquid also changes its shape when
it is spilled on a table. A liquid has no
definite shape.
3. Gas
Gas has no de n te sh e. Gas
changes its shape as it takes the shape
of the container. If we fill the different gas e pands to fill the balloons and takes on
shaped balloons with air, the air the different shapes.

e pands to fill the balloons and takes

on different shapes. If the balloons
burst, air will escape and spread out. Air

If the balloon bursts, the air will escape.

70
Lesson 2 Volume of Three States of
Matter
Solid has a definite shape but li uid and gas have no definite shape.
How about the volume of solid, liquid and gas?

What characteristics of volume do the three

states of matter have?

Activity : Heating and cooling water

and air
What We Need:
cold water, hot water, plastic
bottle with its cap, straw, balloon,
two bowls, removable adhesive
What to Do:
1. Stretch the mouth of the balloon over the
top of an empty bottle. Place the bottle
in the bowl of hot water for a minute
and observe the size of the balloon.
Then place the same bottle into a bowl
of cold water for a minute and observe
the size of the balloon. Record your Hot Water Cold Water
observations.
2. Next, make a hole on the top of the
bott e p b g eno gh for str w to t Sealing

through. Put a straw through the cap and

seal around the hole in the cap using
Hole

removable adhesive. Fill the bottle with

water and screw on the bottle cap. Put
the bottle in the bowl and pour hot water
onto the bottle. Observe the water in the
straw and record your observations.
3. Share your results with your classmates.
Hot Water
Be very careful when
handling hot water!

71
 Discussion

Based on your results, think about the following questions.

1. What happened to the size of the balloon when the empty bottle was heated and
cooled? Explain why.
2. What happened to the water in the straw when hot water was poured on the
bottle? Explain why.

Summary
Solid, liquid and gas expand when heated. They contract
when cooled. The increase in volume of matter due to an
increase in temperature is called thermal expansion.
Metal parts allow the
1. Solid bridge to change length.

Solid expands very little when heated. Most large bridges include metal parts
which look like two metal combs. There are spaces between these metal
parts that allow the bridge to change length without breaking. If the bridge
material expands and the bridge gets longer, the parts move closer together.
If it contracts, they move further apart.
Water
2. Liquid level rises!

Liquid expands a little more than solid.

When hot water is poured on the bottle
filled with water, the water inside the
bottle becomes warmer and expands. Water level rises when hot water is poured.

As a result of this the water level in the straw rises.

The volume of water increases.
3. Gas Heating

Gas expands a lot more when heated. As the

air inside the bottle heats, the balloon begins to
expand. This is because the air inside the bottle Cooling

expands and it spreads out into the balloon.

As the air inside the bottle is heated,
72 the balloon begins to expand.
Lesson 3 Change in State of Matter
1: Solid and Liquid
Water can change its state by heating and cooling. How about other
matter?

How does matter change its state from a

solid to a liquid?

Activity : Heating and cooling a candle

What We Need:
thermometer, candle, burner, empty tin
can, bowl with water
What to Do:
. r w t be e the one on the r ght. Time Temperature Conditions
2. Break up the candle into small pieces and (mins) (°C) of Candle
put them in the empty tin can. 0
2
3. Place the thermometer in the tin and take
4
the rst re ng. e t the t n n s ng the 6
burner as shown in the picture below. 8
4. Measure the temperature of the candle 10
every two minutes and observe the candle 12
until it melts completely. …

5. Record the temperature and your

observations in the table after every two
minutes.
6. After melting, place the tin can in the bowl of
water. Measure the temperature of the candle
every two minutes and observe its hardness
until all the candle wax hardens completely.
7. Record the temperature and your
observations in the table.
8. Share your results with your classmates.

Be careful when using the

hot burner and water!
Water
73
 Discussion

Think about the following questions based on your results.

1. What was the state of the candle before and after heating?
2. How did the state of the candle change after Do you remember
placing it in the bowl? what caused the
3. What was the temperature of the candle when it change in the state
of water, from ice
completely melted and hardened? to water and from
4. How does the candle change its state from a water to ice?
solid to a liquid and from a liquid to a solid?

Summary
Matter can change its state from a solid to a liquid and from a liquid to a
solid when it is heated or cooled. For example, a candle is a solid because it
has a definite shape. hen a candle is heated, it starts to melt.
A candle changes its state from a
solid to a liquid by heating. When Heating
the melted candle is cooled, it
hardens. A candle changes its
Cooling
state from a liquid to a solid when
it is cooled. A candle changes its state by heating and cooling.

When heat is added to a solid, its

temperature will rise to a certain point where
the solid starts to melt. This point is called
the melting point. When heat is removed
from the liquid, its temperature drops to a
certain point where the liquid starts to freeze.
This point is called the freezing point. The
melting and freezing point of water is 0°C.
A liquid state of iron

Iron starts melting at about 1 500°C.

74
Lesson 4 Change in State of Matter
2: Liquid and Gas
Water can change its state from water to water vapour by heating
and from water vapour to water by cooling. How about other matter?

How does a matter change its state from a

liquid to a gas?

Activity : Change in state of ethanol

What We Need:
ethanol, zip lock bag, tray,
hot and cold water
What to Do:
. r w t be e the one shown be ow
What is happening to the zip lock bag and ethanol?
Before pouring the hot water
After pouring the hot water
After pouring the cold water

. o r m of eth no nto the p o b g p t rm y n obser e.

3. Place the zip lock bag in the tray and pour hot water onto it. Observe
the zip lock bag and the ethanol in it. Record your
observations in the table.
4. Pour cold water onto the zip lock bag. Observe
the zip lock bag and the ethanol. Record your
observations in the table. ?
5. Think about the following questions based on
your observations:
(1) What happened to the zip lock bag and the ethanol after
pouring the hot water? Explain why.
(2) What happened to the zip lock bag and the
ethanol after pouring cold water? Explain why.
(3) How did the ethanol change its state?
?
. h re yo r n ngs w th yo r ssm tes.

75
 Summary
Matter can change its state from a liquid to a gas and from a gas to a liquid
when it is heated or cooled. For example, ethanol is a liquid. When ethanol
in a zip lock bag is heated, the zip lock bag expands and the amount of liquid
ethanol decreases. This means that the ethanol changes its state from a
liquid to a gas. The temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas is called
the boiling point. When a gas state of ethanol in the zip lock bag is cooled,
the zip lock bag shrinks and the amount of liquid ethanol increases. This
means that the gas state of ethanol changes its state from a gas to a liquid.

Liquid state of ethanol Gas state of ethanol

Heating

Cooling

Ethanol changes its states by heating and cooling.

All matter can be solid, liquid or gas depending on their temperature. Matter
changes its state by heating or cooling. When heat is added to matter,
it changes its state from a solid to a liquid or from a liquid to a gas. The
process that causes a matter to change from a solid to a liquid is called
melting. The change of state from a liquid to a solid is called freezing.
When heat is removed from matter, it changes its state from a gas to a
liquid or from a liquid to a solid. The change of state from a liquid to a gas
is called evaporation. The change of state from a gas to a liquid is called
condensation.

Melting Evaporation

Freezing Condensation

Solid
Solid Liquid
Liquid GasGas

Matter can be a solid, liquid or gas depending on its temperature.

76
 m ary
Sum 5.1 Properties of Three States
and
ise
Summary of Matter
c
Exer

Shape of the Three States of Matter

Solid has a definite shape i uid has no definite shape. as has no definite shape. It
which does not change even It changes its shape when changes its shape as it takes
if it is pressed or placed pressed or placed in different the shape of the container.
anywhere. kinds of container.

Volume of Three States of Matter

Solid, liquid and gas expand when Volume of Matter when Heated
heated and contract when cooled. Solid Liquid Gas
Solid expands Liquid expands Gas expands
Thermal expansion is the increase very little. a little more greater than
in volume of matter due to the than solid. liquid and solid.
increase in its temperature.

Changes in States of Matter: Solid and Liquid, Liquid and Gas

Matter can change from one state to another by heating and cooling.

All matter can be solid, liquid or gas depending on their temperature.

Melting Evaporation

Freezing Condensation

Solid Liquid Gas

The melting point is the point in which solid starts to melt when the temperature
rises.

The freezing point is the point in which liquid starts to freeze when the
temperature drops.

The melting and freezing point of water is 0°C.

The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas. 77
 mary
Sum 5.1 Properties of Three States
and
cise
Exercise of Matter
Exer

Q1. Complete each sentence with the correct word.

(1) The three _________ of matter are solid, liquid and gas.
( ) nlike li uid and gas, ________ has a definite shape.
(3) Gas changes its ____________ as it takes the shape of different kind of
containers.
(4) The melting and freezing point of water is ______ °C.

Q2. Choose the letter with the correct answer.

(1) Solid, liquid and gas ___________ when they are heated.
A. contract
B. expand
C. disappear
D. burst

(2) Which of the following is a property of liquid?

A. All liquids have colour.
B. Liquid never expand when it is heated.
C. i uid has a definite shape.
D. Liquid increase its volume when its temperature increases.

Q3. Answer the following question.

What process of change in the state of matter is marked X?

Melting Evaporation

Freezing Condensation
X
Solid Liquid Gas

Q . Benny wanted to open the top of a cough mi ture bottle but it was too difficult to
open. The top is made of metal and the bottle is made of glass. He poured some
hot water over the bottle top and then he was able to open it. What made it easier
for him to open the top of the cough mixture bottle?

78
 Chapter 5
Science Extras

Do all substances change their state from

solid to liquid and liquid to gas?
All substances mainly have three different states at various temperatures.
The change from solid state to gas state requires the change of solid state to
liquid state and liquid state to gas state.
If solids have enough vapour pressure
Melting Evaporation
Melting
Sublimation Evaporation
at a particular temperature then they
can change directly into air. The direct
change of state from solid to gas isFreezing Condensation
Freezing Condensation

Solid Liquid
Solid Gas
Liquid
called sublimation.

Examples of Sublimation

One of the example of sublimation is dry

ice. It is a solid form of carbon dioxide. Its
temperature is less than -78oC. When dry ice
gets exposed to air, it directly changes its state
from solid to gas. When dry ice is placed in Solid state of carbon dioxide

water, sublimation is accelerated and smoke

like fog is created.The most common use of
dry ice is to preserve food to keep it cool.This
is because the temperature of dry ice is lower
than ice and it does not make the food wet
due to its sublimation process.
Another well-known example of sublimation
is a substance known as naphthalene.
Naphthalene is usually found in pesticides
such as mothball. When mothballs sublime,
they give off a pleasant fragrance which is
also irritating to pests like cockroaches. For Sublimation of carbon dioxide
this reason they are used in drawers, shelves,
wardrobes and suitcases in homes.
79
 Chapter Test

5. Three States of Matter

Q1 Complete each sentence with the correct word.
(1) Solid, liquid and gas increase its ___________ when heated.
( ) solid has a definite _____________.
(3) The point at which solid starts to melt is called ________
_________.
(4) A change of state from a liquid to a gas is called _____________.
(5) Gas expands much more than solid and _____________.

Q2 Choose the letter with the correct answer.

( ) hat happens when hot water is poured on a bottle filled with
water?
A. The volume of the water will decrease.
B. The water in the bottle becomes warmer and expands.
C. The water in the bottle cools and contracts.
. A w ter n the bott e e por tes.
( ) hich of the following matter has no definite shape
A. Oxygen and candle
B. Stone and water
C. Sand and sugar
. A r n w ter
(3) Which term best describes the process of change from solid to
liquid?
A. Freezing
B. Evaporation
C. Melting
. on ens t on
(4) Which of the following is the correct statement about the volume of
matter?
A. The volume of liquid increases when it is heated.
B. The volume of solid decreases when it is heated.
C. Gas never expands when it is heated.
. A m tter o not h nge the r o me when he te .

80
Q3 (1) Danny observed and sketched the state of the
candle as shown in the picture on the right.
Classify the state of the candle near the flame
as a solid, liquid or gas.
_____________________________________
A burning candle

(2) Study the diagram below.

Bowl of hot water

What will happen to the balloon when the bottle is placed into the
bowl of hot water?
_____________________________________________________

(3) Explain your answer for (2).

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

(4) Study the diagram shown on the Melting

X Evaporation

right. hat process is marked

___________________ Freezing Condensation

Solid Liquid Gas

Q4 Kim placed a cup of water in a warm place. One week later, there
was no water left in the cup. What happened to the water in the
cup?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

81
 Chapter 6

Reproduction
and Heredity in
Animals

She is a new born baby!

We learnt about the
How does a baby grow
life cycle of animals.
in a mother's body.

82
6. Reproduction and
❶ Heredity
All animals have life cycles. Different animals have different life
cycles, they all are born, grow and die. All living things produce young
ones similar to themselves. This process is called reproduction.
How do animals reproduce?

Lesson 1 Reproduction in Fish

Fish are animals. They have their own life cycles which begin with eggs.

How does the fe of sh eg n w th eggs?

Activity : he growth of sh n n egg

What to Do:
1. Study the pictures on the next page. The pictures show the growth
pro ess of sh n n egg.
2. Observe the inside of the egg in the pictures carefully. Sketch the inside
of the egg and write the characteristics in each stage.
3. Based on your observations, summarise the changes in the growth of
sh n n egg.
4. Share your ideas with your classmates. Growth of Fish in Eggs
s ss how sh grows n n egg. 5 days later

Can you guess how a

fish grows in an egg? Does an egg also become
bigger as the fish grows?

Characteristics of Eggs:
- Eyes are formed.

83
 Summary
The life of a fish starts when a sperm meets
with an egg and joins with it. This process
is called fertilisation. The egg is made
inside a female's body and the sperm is
made inside a male's body.
fter fertilisation, a fish grows in a Actual size 1 mm
of an egg fertilised fish egg
fertilised egg. The inside of the egg
changes its appearance day by day and becomes more like a fish. oung
fish hatches from the egg about two weeks after fertilisation.

Shortly after fertilisation

A few hours after fertilisation

A swelled part

2 days later

A swelled part is formed.

10 - 12 days after fertilisation

A shape of body
is formed.
oung fish hatch from the egg.

9 days later 5 days later 3 days later

Heart Eyes

Fish sometimes start to Shape of body becomes more like an The fish body parts are
move. The heart is pulsing. adult fish. Eyes are observed clearly. formed.
Stages of fish egg development
84
Lesson 2 Human Reproductive
System
Humans use their eyes to see. They breathe air using their nose, but
which body parts do humans use to reproduce?

h h ody rts re used for hu n

re rodu t on?

Activity : o r ng re rodu t e
ody rts
What to Do:
1. Study the pictures below. These pictures show the reproductive body
parts of a male and a female.
2. Observe the pictures carefully and think about the following questions.
(1) Name the male and female reproductive parts.
(2) How are the reproductive parts of a male and a female different?
(3) Can you guess in which body part is an egg and sperm produced?
3. Share your ideas with your classmates. Discuss which body parts
humans use to reproduce.

Male Female

85
 Summary
The reproductive system is the group of the body parts that work
together for the purpose of reproduction. Males and females have different
reproductive systems.
1. Female Reproductive System
The female reproductive system is made up of the ovaries, womb and
vagina. The ovary is a body part that contains thousands of eggs. Two
ovaries are located inside the female body. The wo is the place where a
baby grows until its birth. The g n is a muscular tube that connects the
womb to the outside of the body. It is the opening at the end of the path that
the baby takes to leave a female body during birth.
Womb

Ovaries

Vagina

Egg
Female Reproductive System

2. Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system includes the testes and penis. The testes
and penis are located outside of the body. The testes produce millions of
sperms. There are two testes that are contained in a bag of skin. The penis
is a body part that passes semen out of the man's body. Semen is a mixture
of sperm and fluids.

Penis

Testes
Sperm
Male Reproductive System

86
Lesson 3 Reproduction in Human
ife cycle of fish begins when fertilisation occurs. ow about
humans Is human reproduction similar to or different from fish ow
do humans begin their life cycle?

How does hu n fe eg n?

Activity : row ng y n other s

ody
What to Do:
1. Study the pictures on the next page. The pictures show the stages of
baby growth in the mother’s womb.
2. Observe the pictures carefully and think about the following questions.
(1) How does a baby change its size and shape?
(2) How long does a baby grow in the mother’s womb?
ow s m r or fferent s repro t on between h m ns n sh
3. Share your ideas with your classmates. Discuss how human life begins
and how a baby grows.
The mother’s abdomen gets
bigger and bigger. Can you
guess how a baby grows in
the mother’s womb?

87
 Summary
When a sperm meets with an egg, the egg becomes a fertilised egg. Human
life begins with a fertilised egg. In humans, fertilisation takes place inside the
body of the female, unlike fish. The fertilised egg develops and grows in the
mother s wo (uterus) and becomes an e ryo. The embryo gradually
turns into the shape of a human being eight weeks after fertilisation. This is
called the foetus. As the foetus grows into a baby, organs such as the spine
and heart, hair and nails begin to take shape. After about thirty-seven to forty
weeks in the mother s womb, the baby is born.

3 weeks after fertilisation About 8 weeks later

A shape of arms and

Embryo Foetus legs are formed.

Newborn Baby About 24 weeks later

A baby starts to
move. The muscles
and bones are
developed.

About 40 weeks later About 36 weeks later

Hair and nails

begin to take
shape.

rowth of a baby in a mother s womb

88
Lesson 4 ro rents to oung
Most animals look like their parents. Humans also look like their
parents.

hy do young n s oo e the r
rents?

Activity : Similarities and Differences

What to Do:
1. Study the picture below. The picture shows the members of a family.
2. Observe the picture and think about the following questions.
(1) Which children have curly hair? From which parent did the children
inherit curly hair?
(2) Which children inherit skin colour from their father?
(3) Which children inherit the dimple from their mother?
3. Share your ideas with your classmates. Discuss what
Which body
features or characteristics children inherit from parents parts of children
and why they look similar to their parents. are similar to or
different from
their parents?

Parents

Father Mother

Children

Child 1 Child 2 Child 3 Child 4

89
 Summary
oung animals look like their parents because parents pass traits to their
children when they reproduce. This process is called heredity. A trait
is a feature or characteristic of a living thing. The eye colour, hair colour,
blood type and the shape of the nose and ears are examples of the traits of
humans that are inherited by the children from their parents. Traits of animals
include the colour of fur and the shape of their ears or beaks.

Examples of Human Traits

Curly hair Straight hair Dimples Cross right Cross left thumb
No Dimples
thumb over left over right

Widow’s peak Straight Can roll Cannot roll Detached Attached

hairline hairline tongue tongue earlobe earlobe

oung animals inherit many traits from both parents. or e ample, a child
with curly hair has a parent or parents with curly hair. A child may have long
nose if their father or mother has long nose. A kitten with striped pattern of
fur usually has a parent with striped
fur. If puppies have floppy ears,
their parents may also have floppy
ears.

A puppy and its parent

have floppy ears. Children have traits similar to their mother or father.
90
 m ary
Sum 6.1 Reproduction and
and
ise
Summary Heredity
c
Exer

Reproduction
Reproduction is the process by which living things produce young ones similar to
themselves.

Fertilisation is the process by which joins a sperm with an egg.

An egg is produced inside a female's body and the sperm is produced inside the
male s body.
Egg
Reproduction in Fish
fter fertilisation, fish grows in the fertilised egg.

The inside of the egg becomes more like a fish.

oung fish hatch from the egg after about a few weeks.

Shape of body becomes more

Reproduction in Humans like adult fish in the egg.
Sexual reproduction takes place in humans between a male and a female.
Male reproductive organs are the testes and penis.
Female reproductive organs are the ovaries, womb and vagina.

A fertilised egg develops and grows in the

mother s womb and becomes an embryo.

The embryo turns into the shape of the human

body eight weeks after fertilisation and becomes
a foetus.

A foetus grows into a baby and after about

thirty-seven to forty weeks the baby is born. The fertilised egg develops and
grows in the mother s womb and

ro rents to oung
becomes a foetus.

Heredity is the process of parents passing traits to their children.

A trait is a feature or characteristic of a living thing.
Some examples of human traits are; eye colour, hair colour, blood type, the
shape of the nose and ears.

oung animals also inherit many traits from both parents.

91
 mary
Sum 6.1 Reproduction and
and
cise
Exercise Heredity
Exer

Q1. Complete each sentence with the correct word.

(1) The process that all living things produce young ones similar to themselves is
called _____________.
(2) The process of sperm joining with the eggs is ____________.
(3) In human, a fertilised egg develops in the mother s __________.
(4) The passing of traits from parents to young is called ____________.

Q2. Choose the letter with the correct answer.

( ) The picture shows a stage in the reproduction of a fish, where the egg starts
to swell up. When does the swelling part of the egg form?
A. Before the egg is about to hatch.
B. After the egg is already fertilised.
C. Before the egg is ready to be fertilised.
D. hen the egg is in the male fish body.

( ) In the life cycle of a fish, where does fertilisation take place

. In the female fish body.
B. In the male fish body.
C. Outside in the water.
D. On the land.

Q3. Answer the following questions.

(1) What makes children look like their parents?
(2) Write any two examples of human traits.

Q4. In humans, how does fertilisation occur?

92
 Chapter 6
Science Extras

How do Birds of Paradise reproduce

It is believed that Birds of Paradise are independent birds and some species
defend territories. Female birds of paradise reach sexual maturity at around
one year old and males at around two to three years old. Females enter the
males territories when they are interested to breed and choose the most
suitable mate. After the female chooses her mate, she will lay between one
depending on the species she admires.

Males build large, elaborate displays for females, perform acrobatic dances
or sing long and complicated songs. The males take part in various dance
rituals where they will display their additional coloured feathers. They may
do this type of dance for many hours before they give up if a female isn t
responsive to them. If a female does respond they will mate and then the
male uickly runs off. e will try to find several other females he can mate
with before the season ends.

Once mating has occurred the female will lay 2-3 eggs. They are small and
brownish orange in colour. She will do her best to hide them from predators.
She will only fly away from them when she has to get food. They will hatch
after about 20 days of development.

Most eggs will hatch within two to

four weeks. The newly hatched
chicks develop quickly and will
begin to learn to fly at around one
month old.

93
 Chapter Test

6. Reproduction and Heredity in Animals

Q1 Complete each sentence with the correct word.

(1) The womb, ovaries and vagina are organs found in the __________
reproductive system.
( ) oung fish hatch from the egg about two weeks after ________.
(3) Eye colour, hair colour, blood type and the shape of the nose are
some examples of the __________of human that are inherited.
(4) The female body part that contains thousands of eggs is called
___________.

Q2 Choose the letter with the correct answer.

(1) Which of the following is not part of a male reproductive system?
A. Testes
B. Uterus
C. Penis
(ii)
D. Sperm
(2) Study the picture of the female
reproductive organs on the right.
Where are the eggs produced? (iii)
A. (i) B. (ii)
(i) (iv)
C. (iii) D. (iv)
(3) Which of the following is not a trait inherited from parents?
A. Scratches
B. Spots on fur
C. Shape of beak
D. Eye colour
( ) Study the picture of a foetus in a female s
body. The foetus's arms and legs have
been formed. How old is the baby?
A. 3 days
B. 1 week
C. 8 weeks
D. 36 weeks

94
Q3 (1) Explain the work of the parts labeled A and B of
the male reproductive system?
A.____________________________________ B
____________________________________
B.____________________________________
____________________________________
A

(2) What is the difference between the ovary and the testes?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
(3) Where are the testes located?
_____________________________________________________
(4) What is the name of the process in which a sperm joins with an
egg?
__________________________

Q4 (1) Explain the process of heredity.

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

(2) Study the two pictures on the right. Explain

how the growths of fertilised eggs are
different between fish and human.
___________________________________
___________________________________
ert se eggs of sh
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

Foetus of human

95
 Chapter 7

Electricity 2

We learnt that electricity

can flow through a
circuit if the circuit is
complete.

What electrical device

are they using?

96
7. ❶ Electrical Circuit

Lesson 1 Direction of Electric

Current
Electricity can make a light bulb glow when electric current flows
through a complete circuit. A motor is an electrical device that
produces power to rotate things using electricity. hat happens
when electric current flows through a motor

How does electric current work in a circuit?

Activity : Rotating a propeller with a

motor
What We Need:
motor, propeller, dry cell, switch,
cell holder, pieces of electrical
wire and pieces of paper
What to Do:
1. Cut a paper into thin strips and stick them onto the
propeller. Attach the propeller to the motor.
2. Make the electric circuit as shown in the picture below.
3. Switch on and observe how the propeller moves.
4. Repeat Step 3 by changing the
direction of the dry cell.
5. Share your results with your
classmates.

Let’s predict how

the propeller moves
when the direction of
the dry cell changes.
Do not touch the propeller
when t s s nn ng
97
 Result
e found out that when we reversed the direction of the dry cell, the
propeller rotated in the opposite direction.
Changing positive and negative
terminals of dry cell changes the
direction of the rotation of the
propeller.

Discussion

sed on your resu ts th n out the fo ow ng uest ons

1. Why did the propeller rotate in the opposite direction when the direction of the dry
cell was reversed?
Electric current is the flow
. h t yo n o t bo t the of electricity in a circuit.
characteristics of electric current? What would happen to the
current when we change
the direction of a dry cell?
Summary
The flow of electricity is called electric current. Electric current has a
definite direction. In the circuit with the dry cell, the electric current flows from
the positive terminal to the negative terminal. hen positive and negative
terminals of the dry cell are reversed in the circuit, the electric current flows
in the opposite direction.

+ − − +
Electric current flows from the positive to the negative terminal.
98
Lesson 2 Series and Parallel Circuit
Electric current flows from the positive to the negative terminal in dry
cells. hen we use two dry cells, how should we connect them to
make a motor rotate

How can we connect two dry cells to make a

motor rotate?

Activity : Spinning a motor using two

dry cells
What We Need: Electric current flows from
the positive to the negative
2 dry cells, switch, motor,
terminal. If we connect two dry
propeller, electrical wire cells, what would happen to the
What to Do: direction of electric current?
1. Study the diagrams below. Predict which connections of two
dry cells will make a motor rotate. Record your prediction.
1) Connecting + and - terminals 2) Connecting - and - terminals 3) Connecting + and + terminals

2. Connect two dry cells according to the 4) Connecting same terminals

together
diagrams and try to rotate the motor.
3. Record your results in your exercise book.
4. Share your results with your classmates.

The connection in this picture is called a

short circuit that would make cells and
w re hot n th s se d s onne t the w re

99
 Connection of two dry cells which can make motor
Result rotate

e found out that the correct + - + -

ways of connecting two dry
cells to make the motor rotate
are shown in the diagrams on + - + -
the right.

Discussion

sed on your resu ts th n out the fo ow ng uest on

. ow oes the e e tr rrent flow n r t

Summary
The ways to connect two dry cells where electric current flows in a circuit are
classified as series circuit and parallel circuit. Electric current always flows
from positive to the negative terminal in both the series and parallel circuit.
Series circuit
A series circuit is a circuit in which the electric
current flows in one path. hen we connect two
dry cells in series, the positive terminal on one
dry cell is connected to the negative terminal on
the other dry cell.
Parallel circuit
A parallel circuit is a circuit in which the
electric current flows in two or more paths. The
current can split into several paths at the unction
and then oin again together at the other unction.
hen we connect two dry cells in parallel,
positive terminals of both dry cells connect
together as well as the negative terminals.

100
Lesson 3 Comparing Series and
Parallel Circuits
The path of electric current in a series and parallel circuit is different.
hat would be the difference between the connections of two dry
cells in series and parallel circuits
How is the amount of electric current different
between series and parallel connection of
two dry cells?

Activity : Comparing brightness of

bulbs
What We Need:
2 light bulbs, 4 dry cells, 4 cell holders, 2 switches, electric wire
What to Do:
1. Draw a table like the one shown below in your exercise book.
Comparison of brightness of bulbs hich one is brighter
( ) and ( )
( ) and (3)
( ) and (3)
2. Make circuits (1) and (2) as shown in the
Compare the brightness of the
diagrams below by connecting a bulb and bulbs of the series, parallel and
dry cells and compare the brightness of the with that of a single dry cell.
bulbs. Record your observations in the table.
3. Make circuit (3) and compare the brightness of the bulb
between (1) and (3), (2) and (3).
4. Record your observations in the table.
5. Share your results with your classmates. Discuss the
difference in the brightness of the bulbs in the different circuits.

(1) Two dry cells in series (2) Two dry cells in parallel (3) Single dry cell

101
 Result hich one is brighter
( ) and ( ) ( ) is brighter
e found out that the bulb in the circuit ( ) and (3) ( ) is brighter
( ) and (3) The brightness is same
using two dry cells connected in series
is brighter than that in parallel or in the connection using a single dry cell.
The brightness of the bulb in the circuit using two dry cells in parallel and the
one connected with a single dry cell is the same.

Summary
Series Connection
Compared to a single dry cell, a series
connection of two dry cells increases
the electric current in the circuit.
Therefore the bulb glows brighter.
Parallel Connection
Compared to a single dry cell, a parallel
connection of two dry cells does not
change the amount of electric current in
the circuit. Therefore the brightness
of the bulb does not change.
When you connect dry cells
in parallel, it lasts longer than
those connected in series.

Try it!

hn out the fo ow ng uest on

How would the motor
rotation be different
when two dry cells are
connected in series and
parallel?

Series connection Parallel connection

102
Lesson 4 Circuit Components and
their Symbols
To draw an electric circuit, you have to draw the electric circuit
components such as dry cell, bulb, switch and motor. Electric circuit
components are basically made of various parts and are very difficult
to draw.

How can an electric circuit be represented?

y o s of r ut o onents
sing symbols of Component Symbol E amples
components helps us
to simply draw within Bulb

a shorter time. Each

component that is used Dry cell
in an electrical circuit can (Battery) Positive Negative
terminal terminal
be drawn as a symbol as
shown in the table. Open
Switch
(1) Bulb
bulb is represented Close
Switch
as a circle with an
in the middle and two ire
lines connecting on
either side.
( ) Dry cell
The long line on the symbol of dry cell represents the positive terminal
and the short line represents the negative terminal.
(3) Switch
n open switch is generally represented by providing a break in a straight
line by lifting a part of the line upward.
( ) ire
straight line is used to represent a connecting wire between any two
components of the circuit, even if wires in actual circuit are bending.

103
 How to dr w r u t d gr
diagram representing an electrical circuit drawn with symbols is called a
circuit diagram. The following are some tips to draw a circuit diagram.
( ) ll components in an actual circuit such as a dry cell, a switch and a light
bulb are shown in a circuit diagram.
( ) Check the direction of the dry cells. It should be the same as the actual
circuit.
(3) Corners in a circuit diagram are drawn as right angles.
( ) umber of unctions in a circuit diagram should be the same as the one in
the actual circuit.

Actual Circuit Circuit Diagram

(a) Single dry cell circuit

(b) Series circuit

(c) Parallel circuit

104
Lesson 5 Daily Use of Electric
Circuit
e learnt about electric circuit but where can we find electric circuit
in our daily lives

Where are electric circuits used in our daily

lives?

Activity : Let's investigate an electric

r u t of fl sh ght
What We Need:
fl sh ght w th ry e s
What to Do:
. re t the omponents of fl sh ght n how they re onne te to
each other.
.T e p rt the omponents of the fl sh ght.
3. Observe and investigate how each component connects with the other
components to make the bulb light up. Pay attention to:
h t omponents o yo n n the fl sh ght
ow oes e e tr rrent flow n b b
(3) Are the dry cells connected in series or parallel?
. r w r t gr m of the fl sh ght n yo r e er se boo .
. h re yo r e s bo t the r t n the fl sh ght w th yo r ssm tes.

I can see some metal parts

Which part of a at the bottom of the cell
bulb connects to holder. Why is it there?
other components?

105
 Summary
flashlight has a simple electric circuit connecting the main components
such as light bulb, switch and dry cells. e can turn the light on and off by
using a switch to control the flow of electric current in the circuit. Connecting
several dry cells in series can provide brighter light because more electric
current flow through the bulb.
Cross section of a flashlight What would happen
if dry cells are
Light bulb
connected in parallel?
Dry cells

Switch

All electric circuit

Circuit diagram components for a
Dry cells
flashlight are connected
in the circuit.

Bulb

Switch

ll electrical appliances used in our daily

lives such as a flashlight, radio, cell phone,
television, computer and refrigerator contain
electric circuits. oom lights on the ceiling in a
house are also parts of a large electric circuit.
ll components are connected in series or
parallel in the circuit according to their own
purpose.

106
 m ary
Sum e tr r ut
and
e
Summary
Ex ercis

Electric Current
In the circuit with the dry cell, the electric
current flows from the positive terminal of
the dry cell to the negative terminal.
+ − − +

Series and Parallel Circuits

series circuit is a circuit in which the
electric current flows in one path.

parallel circuit is a circuit in which

the electric current flows in two or
more paths.

Comparing Series and Parallel Circuits

Series connection of two dry cells increases the electric current in
the circuit, causing the bulb to light up brightly.

arallel connection of two dry cells does not change the amount
of electric current in the circuit and therefore the brightness of the
bulbs does not change.

Circuit Components and their Symbols

Each component that is used in the electrical circuit
can be drawn as a symbol.

Circuit diagram is a diagram representing an

electrical circuit drawn using circuit symbols.

Daily Use of Electric Circuit

ll electrical appliances used in our daily lives contain electric circuit. Some
e amples are flashlight, radio and room lights on the ceiling in a house.

107
 mary
Sum
and Exercise e tr r ut
e
Ex ercis

Q . Complete each sentence with the correct word.

( ) _______ circuit is a circuit in which the electric current flows in one path.
( ) Each component that is used in the electrical circuit can be drawn as a
_________.
(3) ll electrical ___________ used in our daily lives contain electric circuit.
( ) The electric current flows from the ________ terminal of the dry cell to the
negative terminal.

Q . Choose the letter with the correct answer.

( ) If we connect two dry cells with a motor and a propeller to an electric circuit,
which connection would make the motor rotate
. Connecting and terminals of dry cells
B. Connecting and terminals of dry cells
C. Connecting and terminals of dry cells

( ) In which circuit is the bulb brighter than others

A. B. C. D.

(i)
Q3. Study the circuit diagram on the right and answer the
following uestions.
( ) hat type of circuit is shown in the diagram
( ) hat is the symbol labeled (i)
(3) hat is the symbol labeled (ii)
(ii)

Q . hmed set up three circuits. e connected one dry cell in a circuit, then two dry
cells in series and two dry cells in parallel. is aim is to compare the brightness
of the three connections. hich circuit has the brightest light

108
 Chapter 7
Science Extras

ture s ng ttery
ou wouldn t want to bump into an electric eel while swimming. It can olt
other animals with over volts of electricity That s more than enough to
stun or even kill its prey.
The electric eel uses thousands of specialised muscles to produce its
charge. These muscles cause a powerful electric current to flow from the
eel s body through the water and through whatever it wants to ap. Electric
eels use their electrical power to hunt small fish, shrimps, frogs and water
birds.
It would take about
A dry cell used in 400 dry cells to
flashlight produces produce the same
about 1.5 volts. charge as an adult
electric eel.

The head of the eel is the positive terminal and the long tail is the negative terminal.

109
 Chapter Test

7. Electricity 2
Q1 Complete each sentence with the correct word.
( ) Electric current flows from the positive to the __________ terminal
of the battery.
( ) Electric circuits can be classified as _________ and parallel
circuits.
(3) straight line is used to represent a connecting _______ in a circuit
diagram.
( ) flashlight generally has a simple _______ circuit.

Q2 Choose the letter with the correct answer.

( ) rom which direction does the electric current flow
A. Negative to positive terminal
B. Negative to negative terminal
C. Positive to negative terminal
D. Positive to positive terminal

( ) ow would a motor s rotation be different when connected in series

and parallel with two dry cells The motor in
A. series will be faster than the one in parallel.
B. series will be slower than the one in parallel.
C. parallel will be faster than the one in series.
D. both connections will turn with the same speed.

(3) hich of the following symbol represents a bulb

A. B. C. D.

( ) hich of the following connection has a much brighter light bulb

A. B. C. D.

110
Q3 ( ) Stefan took apart a flashlight to investigate how the electric circuit
components are connected in it. hat are the four components he
would find in the flashlight
______________________________________________

( ) hy are symbols and circuit diagrams used

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

(3) Study the picture on the right.

Draw the circuit diagram of the electrical circuit below.

Q4 ( ) hat is the difference between a series and a parallel circuit

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
( ) hat happens when more dry cells are added in a series circuit
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

111
 Chapter 8

Rocks, Minerals
and Fossils

These seem bones of These are fossil bones

an animal. What animal of a dinosaur that was
bones are these? discovered in rocks.

112
8. ❶ Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 1 Rocks
e can find different kinds of rocks around us. hy do rocks look
different hat are rocks made up of

What is a rock?

Activity : Grouping rocks

What We Need: Rocks are matter.

hand lens, different types of How can we
observe rocks?
rocks, markers
What to Do:
1. Draw a table like the one shown below.
roperties ock ock ock 3 ock ock
Colour
Te ture
attern
(regular or irregular)
roperty of grains
thers

2. Go out of the classroom and collect 5 different Do they have the

rocks. Number the rocks using the marker. same properties
such as colour and
3. Observe the properties of each rock with your texture? How about
eyes rst. e or yo r obser t ons n the t b e. the grains in rocks?
4. Observe the properties of grains in the rocks
g n s ng the h n ens. e or yo r obser t ons n the t b e.
5. Classify the rocks into some kinds of groups based on their properties.
. h re yo r n ngs w th yo r ssm tes. s ss the propert es of
rocks and how you can tell rocks apart.
113
 Summary
A rock is a naturally formed, non living
material of the Earth. rock is made up
of one or more minerals. mineral is a
material that is found in nature such as
gold and copper. Some rocks may be
made of one mineral type. ther rocks
Quart is made of one mineral.
may be made of a mi ture of different
mineral types.
There are many kinds of rocks. imestone
and sandstone are e amples of rocks.
ocks can be identified by the types, si e
and colour of mineral grains they contain.
The mineral grains in a rock may be white
and tiny or they may be red and as big as
your fingernail. This rock contains several different colours
and te tures of minerals.
ocks form within the Earth and make
up a large part of our
Earth. Earth is made Inside the Earth
of three layers crust,
mantle and core. The
crust is the thinnest Crust
antle
outer layer of the Earth.
The mantle is the
thick, hot layer of the Crust

Earth. The core is the antle

hottest, innermost layer uter core

of the Earth. The crust
Inner core
is made of rocks.

114
Lesson 2 Minerals
ocks are made up of one or more types of minerals. hat types of
minerals are there hat properties do minerals have

How can we classify minerals?

Activity : Properties of minerals

What We Need:
rock that includes different types of
minerals, hand lens, steel nail
What to Do:
1. Draw a table like the one shown below.
roperties ineral ineral ineral 3 …
Colour
litter
Te ture
ardness
. bser e the ro w th the h n ens n n fferent types of m ner s.
. e or the o o r g tter n te t re of e h m ner n the t b e.
4. Test each mineral to see if you can scratch it with
stee n . e or the res ts n the t b e.
. h re yo r n ngs w th yo r ssm tes.
Discuss how you can tell minerals apart.

We can find different

types of minerals in Do you remember the
a rock. How are they properties of matter?
different? Colour, size and ….

115
 Summary
A mineral is a solid non living material that is found in nature. inerals
make up rocks.
There are many kinds of
minerals on the Earth. Salt that
we put on food is a mineral.
etals such as gold and copper
old ock salt
are also minerals. The graphite
in our pencil is a mineral too.
Each mineral has its own
properties such as colour,
lustre and hardness. e can
use the properties to identify
Copper raphite
minerals. There are many kinds of minerals.
Colour inerals come in
many colours. ost minerals
come in ust one colour. Some
minerals such as uart come
in many colours.
ustre ustre describes how
Different colours of uart
light reflects off the surface of
a mineral. Some minerals are
shiny like silver. Some are dull.
ardness The hardness of
a mineral describes how easy
it is to scratch the surface Some minerals are shiny and others are dull.
of a mineral. Some minerals
are soft and others are much
harder. Diamond is the hardest
mineral on the Earth.

Diamond is the hardest mineral on the Earth.

116
Lesson 3 Types of Rock
ook around us. e can find many different types of rocks. hat
types of rocks are there on the Earth ow can we tell them apart

What types of rock are there?

Activity : How rocks are formed

What We Need:
three different colours of
crayons, cutter, aluminium foil,
mug, boiling water
What to Do:
To shave the crayons with 1
1. Make crayon the cutter, be careful with
shavings with the its sharp blade.

cutter.
2. Sprinkle a layer of each colour crayon on the
aluminium foil. Fold up the foil and press down
on it very hard. Unfold the foil and observe the 2
crayon to represent a rock.
3. Wrap the crayon that you made in Step 2 with
the aluminium foil. Put it in very hot water for 15
to 20 seconds until the crayon starts to melt.
emo e t from the hot w ter n s ee e t. et 3&4
it cool and observe the crayon to represent a
rock.
4. Wrap the crayon that you made in Step 3 with
aluminium foil. This time put it in the very
hot water for the crayon to melt completely. Crayon represents
emo e t n et the r yon oo . bser e a rock. From this
activity, can you guess
the crayon that represent a rock.
how rocks are formed?
. h re yo r n ngs w th yo r ssm tes.
Discuss how they are formed and their appearance.
Be careful when using hot water
117
 Summary
rock can be grouped according to how it
is formed. There are three kinds of rocks
on the Earth Sedimentary, etamorphic
and Igneous rocks.
Sedimentary Rock
A Sedimentary rock is formed
when sediments are glued together
Sediment piled up as layers.
and become hard. Sediment is sand
particles of rock and small bits of soil. It
is piled up over time, usually as layers
at the bottom of lakes and oceans.
Sandstone, limestone and conglomerate
are e amples of sedimentary rocks.
Metamorphic Rock
imestone
A Metamorphic rock is formed when a
rock inside the Earth has been changed
by heat and pressure. etamorphic rocks
are often made from other types of rocks.
or e ample, limestone can be changed
into marble. Slate and soapstone are
e amples of metamorphic rocks.
arble
Igneous Rock
An Igneous rock is formed when melted
rock from inside the Earth cools and
hardens. elted rock is called magma.
This can happen in many different places
on the Earth but one of the most common
places is at a volcano. ranite and basalt
are e amples of igneous rocks.
ranite

118
Lesson 4 Uses of Rocks and
Minerals
e have learnt about the properties of rocks and minerals. Each
rock and mineral has its own properties. ow are rocks and minerals
useful for our lives

How do we use rocks and minerals in daily

life?

Activity : Finding uses of rocks and

minerals
What to Do: We use minerals
1. Draw a table like the one shown below. to make
products. Can
ocation ow are rocks and minerals used
you name them?
In classroom
utside classroom
thers
. oo t yo r ssroom n n how ro s n m ner s re
used in the classroom. Do you use rocks
. o o t of the ssroom n n how ro s and minerals in
and minerals are used. your house too?

. e or yo r n ngs n the t b e.
5. If you have any ideas on the uses of rocks and minerals,
write your ideas in the table.
6. Share your ideas with your classmates. Discuss where and
how we use rocks and minerals.

119
 Summary
ocks and minerals are used to make products in many ways. The
properties of rocks and minerals help us decide how they can be used to
make products.
Uses of Rocks
e use rocks in many ways. ocks are
used for building roads, houses and
statues. ocks are also used for cooking.
imestone is used to make cement.
Coal is burnt for heat. e use marble for
building, sculpture and manufacture. Stone is used for cooking.
Cement

imestone is used for making cement. arble is used for building and sculpture.

Uses of Minerals
inerals are also useful for us. apua ew uinea is rich in gold, silver,
copper and nickel. e use gold and silver for ewellery and coins. Copper
is used in electric cables and wires. ickel is mainly used in making alloys
such as stainless steel. n alloy is a mi ture of two or more metals. Quart
is used in making glasses, watches, radios and electrical instruments.
old Copper Quart

Copper

old is used for ewellery and ires made from copper. Quart is used in the glass that
coins. covers the watch.
120
 m ary
Sum
and
e
Summary 8.1 Rocks and Minerals
Exercis

Minerals
There are many kinds of minerals on the Earth such as salt, gold and granite.

Each mineral has its own properties such as colour, lustre and hardness.

Colour ustre ardness

Different colours of minerals. Some minerals are shiny Some minerals are hard
others are dull. such as diamond.

Rocks
rock is made up of one or more minerals.
ocks can be identified by the types, si e and colour of mineral grains they
contain.

The Earth is made of three layers crust, mantle and core. The crust is made of
rocks.

Types of Rocks
ocks can be grouped according to how they are formed.
The three types of rocks are sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous.

Sedimentary rock etamorphic rock Igneous rock

It is formed when sediments It is formed when a rock It is formed when melted

are glued together and inside the Earth has been rock from inside the Earth
become hard. changed by heat and cools and hardens.
pressure.

Uses of Rocks and Minerals

ocks are used for building roads, house, statues, for cooking and making
cement.
inerals are used to make ewellery, coins, electric cables and wires, glasses,
watches, radios and electrical instruments.
121
 Sum

Ex
mary
and
ercis
e
Exercise 8.1 Rocks and Minerals
8
Q . Complete each sentence with the correct word.
( ) The thinnest outer layer of the Earth made of rock is __________.
( ) melted rock inside the Earth is called _____________.
(3) The three types of rocks are igneous, sedimentary and ____________ rock.
( ) ____________ rock is formed when sediments are glued together and
become hard.

Q . Choose the letter with the correct answer.

( ) hich of the following lists contains the correct order of the Earth s layers.
. Crust, inner core, outer core, mantle
B. antle, outer core, inner core, crust
C. uter core, mantle, inner core , crust
D. Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

( ) hich of the following is not a correct e planation about minerals

. inerals can be identified by its properties such as colour, lustre and
hardness.
B. Salt and gold are e amples of minerals.
C. ll minerals have the same colour.
D. inerals make up rocks.

Q3. Study the picture below. hat type of mineral was used to make the wires in the
electric cables

Q . hat type of rock is formed when hot magma cools and hardens

122
8. ❷ Fossils

Lesson 1 A Fossil
ook at the picture of the fossil on the right.
hat does it look like ow was it formed

What is a fossil?

Activity : Make a fossil

What We Need: How is the imprint

clay, plate, objects similar to a shell?
such as shell,
candle, tin-can
What to Do:
1. Flatten clay on a Be careful when you
plate and press an pour melted candle onto

object into the clay. the clay. It is very hot.

2. Slowly and carefully pull the object out of the clay.

3. Put some candle into the-tin can and heat it until
the candle melts completely. Pour the melted
candle over the imprint of the object in the clay.
. et t oo n ry. emo e the n e from the
clay carefully. The candle is your fossil.
5. Observe the imprint in the clay and the fossil and
think about how they are similar or different.
. h re yo r n ngs w th yo r ssm tes. s ss
how fossils are formed.

123
 Summary
A fossil is the remains of a once living thing. Studying fossils helps
scientists learn about the past history of life on Earth. ost fossils are found
in sedimentary rocks such as shale, limestone and
sandstone.

Tyrannosaurus Trilobite lant fossil

ossils form in different ways. hen a living thing dies, it is buried in

sediments such as sand and soil. The living thing presses down in sediment
and it leaves a shape in the sediment. The sediment turns into a rock. The
hard parts of the living thing dissolves completely and the shape is left in
the rock. The shape of a living thing found in a rock is called a mould. If
sediments or minerals fill the mould s empty space, a cast forms. cast is
the opposite of its mould.

Mould Cast

ormation of fossil ould and cast of ammonite

Some fossils are hard parts of living

things such as bones, teeth, shells
and leaves. fter living things die,
sediments cover them. The soft
parts rot away and the hard parts
turn into rocks.

Bone fossil Shark tooth fossil

124
Lesson 2 Learning from Fossils
Scientists study about fossils. hat do they learn from fossils hat
kind of information do fossils give us

What do fossils tell us?

Activity : Getting information from

fossils
What to Do: What does the
1. Draw a table like the one shown below. fossil look like?

Information our answer

Types of animal
Its food
Its habitat
ther ideas

2. Study the picture of the animal fossil below.

. Th n bo t the fo ow ng est ons.
h t n of n m s t s t m mm br sh mph b n or
reptile?
(2) What did it eat?
(3) Which habitat did it live in?
(4) What else can you infer from this fossil?
4. Write your answers in the table.
5. Share your ideas with your classmates. Discuss what kinds of
information a fossil gives us.

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 Summary
ossils give us so many clues. Studying
fossils helps us to learn about the past
history of life and environments on Earth. Some animals no longer live on the
Earth.
ossils give us information about organisms
that lived long ago. oulds and casts show
what kinds of plants and animals might have
lived and how they looked. Some fossils look
like animals and plants that are living today.
ost of them such as dinosaurs no longer live
on the Earth. ossil bones tell us about how
Some fossils are similar to ferns alive
large animals were. ossil teeth show what today.
they ate.
The body size of tyrannosaurus
was bigger than humans. Look
at the shape of its teeth. Can
you guess what food it ate?

ossils also tell us about the environments in which they lived. or e ample,
an ammonite lived in the sea. hen a fossil of an ammonite is found in the
mountains, we can infer that the mountains were once covered by the sea.
ong go ow

mmonite is found in the imalaya ountains. The mountains were once covered by the sea.
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 m ary
Sum
and
e
Summary 8.2 Fossils
Ex ercis

What is a fossil?
ossils are the remains of a once living thing.

ost fossils are found in sedimentary rocks such as shale,

limestone and sandstone.

mould is an empty shape of a living thing found in rocks.

cast is formed when sediments fill the mould s empty space.
ould and cast are both fossils.

Mould Cast

Some fossils are the hard part of living things such as bones, teeth, shells and
leaves.

Learning from Fossils

Studying fossils help scientists learn
about the past history of life on Earth.

ossil bones tell us about how large

animals were.

ossil teeth show what they ate.

ossils also tell us about the
environment which the animal once
lived in.

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 mary
Sum
and
e
Exercise 8.2 Fossils
Ex ercis

Q . Complete each sentence with the correct word.

( ) The remains of a once living thing is called a ____________.
( ) n empty shape of a fossil found in rocks is called a ____________.
(3) ossil __________ tells us about how large animals were.
( ) ossil ___________ show what type of food animals ate.

Q . Choose the letter with the correct answer.

( ) hat type of rocks often contain fossils
. Sedimentary
B. etamorphic
C. Igneous
D. Basalt

( ) hy do scientists study fossils It helps scientists learn about

. living things that live on Earth today.
B. the past history of life on the Earth.
C. sedimentary rocks.
D. the environment of today.

Q3. nswer the following uestions.

( ) hat type of fossil is shown in the picture on
the right

( ) Study the picture showing the

fossil bones on the right. hat is
the name of this type of animal
that no longer lives on Earth

(3) E plain how a mould is formed.

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 Chapter 8
Science Extras

o ro s flo t?
e know that heavy ob ects sink and light ob ects float. ocks of course, do
not float on water. They sink into water. But there is a special type of igneous
rock that floats on water. This rock is called umice. It is typically light
coloured rock that is formed during volcanic eruptions when lava and water
mi , which causes a rapid change in the material s pressure. s it hardens,
gases dissolve into the lava and leave behind small air pockets (holes) in the
pumice structure. This caused the rock to have a low density due to the air
bubbles inside of it. The less dense air offsets the more dense rock, causing
it to float. This makes pumice very light. It usually floats for a while but when
water gets into it, it starts to sink.
It is ground up and is used today in soaps, polishes, pencil erasers and
abrasive cleaners.
The pumice rock from ount ago in est ew Britian rovince.

umice rock with small air pockets loating umice in the water

umice rock

pumice rock has a lighter weigh than other rocks.

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 Chapter Test

8. Rocks, Minerals and Fossils

Q1 Complete each sentence with the correct word.
( ) rock that is formed inside the Earth that has been changed by
heat and pressure is called _______________ rock.
( ) ranite and basalt are e amples of __________ rock.
(3 The remains of a once living thing is called a ____________.
( ) The rock that is used for building and making sculpture is called
__________.

Q2 Choose the letter with the correct answer.

( ) hich type of rocks are formed when sediments are pressed and
cemented together
A. Igneous
B. Metamorphic
C. Sedimentary
D. Fossils

( ) hich of these is not a mineral property

A. Colour
. ster
C. Temperature
D. Hardness

(3) hich of the following is formed when a fossil mould is filled

A. Bones
B. Fossil cast
C. Tar pit
D. Plants

( ) hich of the following animal parts would most likely form a fossil
A. Blood
B. Fur
C. Bones
D. Skin

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Q3 Study the diagram on the right.
( ) rite the letter , B, C or D for the
A
B
correct layer of the Earth in the C
space provided. D
antle ________
Inner core ________
Crust ________
uter core ________

( ) hich part of the Earth layers is made of rocks

_____________________________

Q4 ( ) Scientists found fossils of shellfish in rocks on

the land. hat can we infer about the place
______________________________________
______________________________________
Shellfish

( ) group of students oberved five rocks samples with magnifying

hand lens. Study the table below and answer the following
uestions.
Sample ustre ardness Colour State rain
Shiny ard hite Solid Cannot be seen
Shiny ard old Soild Cannot be seen
Several Can be seen with
3 Dull ard Solid
colours different colour
Shiny ard Transparent Solid Cannot be seen
Shiny on Transparent i uid Cannot be seen

hich of the above samples would not be classified as minerals

E plain your answer.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
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