JEE 2023
Modern Physics
Class 1
Homework from “Modern Physics” module
Illustration 2,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14
In chapter exercise A (1,6,7,10,11,13,16)
Homework from “Modern Physics” workbook
Daily tutorial sheet-1 (2,3,6,7,9,10,14)
Modern Physics Subtopics
1. Basics
I
(A) Cathode Ray Experiment
Read from module section 1
(B) Thomson Experiment (Homework)
(C) Millikan Oil Drop Experiment
2. Photoelectric Effect
3. Radiation Pressure
4. Matter Wave
5. Atomic Structure
6. X-Rays
7. Nuclear Physics
Photoelectric Effect
electrons
-¥¥
"
-
low
light sufficiently
when
of
is
wanehgte incident on a hotel
electrons
surface ,
are
ejected .
Ejected electrons are called
photoelectron .
* Eapeninerlcldsservhs ?
PEE is observed
No if wavehghght
incident
of
light is above a
particular role .
( even if intensity is
increased )
PEE for low
If occurs
wauehgth ,
electrons are ejected instantly
l there is no time
leg )
Experimental observations of PEE can't
explained nature
be
by wane of light
Failure of Wave Nature in explaining Photoelectric Effect
work function (d) :
Miniver that needs to
energy
be
supplied
to a free .
electron of metal to make
it from metal It is
escape property
. a
of the metal
,
No electron in inns
◦ +
are of one
layer
15%7 → 1 electrons
I
Int → low electrons
Total electrons
no of
absorbing
.
the d- cidnt
energy
≥
= 2×10-4×5 ✗ 10° = to electro
E- cidnt wit tins
energy her
Intensity area
= ✗
I
10-5×2×154 W = 2×1-09 Jls
In wane
picture ,
the electrons absorb the
incident
energy continuously
Energy absorbed
by
an electron
her second
= -2×1-09 = 2×1-0
"
Jls
't
10
Energy repaired for emission
= Zev
= 2 ✗ 1^6×110-19 J
retired
2¥;¥!
i. time =
s
I 1^6 ✗ 107 Seconds
= 0.5
years
In
reality emission occurs
intently .
Einstein explained PEE
wig
panicle model .
Particle Nature of light
In nature is assured b-
particle , light
travel in the form of particles
called PHOTONS packet energy
→
of
Properties of phobic
1 .
They are
electrically neutral
particles ( they are not deflected
electric
magnetic field )
by
or
2 .
They travel at speed c= 3×1084
in Vacca .
3 Photon
.
has
energy
ʰ÷ energy of one
E = = hv :
photo _ of Waugh
✗ or
freeing u
h :
plank 's constant -
F- photon =
1240hL ev
✗ Lina)
✗ 300hm
eye =
F- photo _
=
'%÷ ev = 4 . er
4. Rest mess of photon is zero
( photons don't exist at rest )
They Lene relativistic wars
f- = more
'
← ↓
Energy of relativistic
photon wars
Mr = m_→ʳsthhˢ
Relation between rest
FÉ mess a relativistic
mass for a
moving
particle
for photons ; Mo =
mrFÉ = 0
5 .
Photon has momentum
p= were =
E- =
¥
of photo
¥ month one -
D=
a-
¥
, find no .
of photons
light been
passing though
(
intensity
= I a cross -
section
area = A per unit time
try = v7
unit fine
WHY shag her
' "
n = IA_
↓ HV
↳
energy of one photo -
he .
of photons
her second
crossing
increased
If
intensity is
keeping
sane
frequency ,
in will increase
Visible photons
Energy emitted in the form of light
per second =
% ✗ 100 = 5
Jls
F-photon =
1%%- e. u = 2.48 ell
w .
of emitted photos her secret
in =
{÷✗i6✗
Explanation of Photoelectric Effect using particle nature
When is
light incident on a metal
,
photons strike the metal and
transfers to electrons
energy .
One electron can
gain energy
-
from a
single photon only
a
photon transfers either all
-
of its to electron
energy a-
or home . Partial toaster of
energy is not allowed .
For PEE let occur ?
F- >
photon metal
¥ > a
wavelength
h¥
Threshold I ✗◦ =
✗ < do for PEE
hu > 10
No =
¥ : threshold
frequency
V7 V0 for PEE
Effi If f-
photo _
= Zev 4 Cheke -_3eu
→ No PEE
If f-
photon = GeV 7- dhefd =3eu
PEE occurs
If PEE occurs
,
then emitted
electrons kinetic
here
energies
in the
range to -
Kwea )
Kmea = F- photon - ①metal
not all emitted electrons has
this KE .
( electrons loose due
energies te
internal collisions different
by
amount)
photoelectric is
Efficiency of emission
low
very
.
no -
of emitted electrons
< < < < her
of incident photons
Quantum
efficiency is of the order
of 1 photoelectron per 10° incident
photons .
Question
'
m
Find minimum wavelength of light that can cause photoelectric effect in
lithium. Work function of lithium is 2.5eV
E photon > ctmetal
121,2% , > 2-5
/ MOO
> ✗ link )
✗ mean Ñ
lY!ˢ
=
= 4960
I 4000 Ñ
If =
,
which of these
ca - be the K E -
of emitted
electron ?
0 .
Zev # 0.6 e u
☒ 0 .
few * 0 . I e u
Ephoton
%◦_ev=
'
=
3. lev
knee = Epirote -
① = 3.1 -2.5
= o.be ✓
Oz
F-photo
1÷%
=
_
er = 3^1 ev
As
Epww _
> to PEE occurs .
I = (no .
of photoelectrons her see )
←
✗ ( Cheng o one electron )
Chugs
-
her see
= 1 me
F-
photon
=
✗ ✗ ¢
3. I
✗¢
= 5
✗ 10-5 Amperes
A°
✗ , = 4000 → E, =
17¥00 = 3. lev
✗2 4500 A° Ez
1,29%0 tsev
= =
→ = 2.
✗ 6000 Ñ
11%-0
→
z = Es = =
2.08 e u
✗ * die PEE
Ketel I cause
= 2.65 e u
✗ 3 can 't Cann PEE
him Quentin
efficiency for
: di 2- ✗ 2
Is 100%
nelecfras =
trphobns Me
=⇐÷←)ⁿ
No of electrons ejected de
by photos
.
per second
" =
'
:*
similarly fr a- : not ✗ 1
Retired ones = (hit his ✗ 2
Experimental setup to study Photoelectric Effect
killer plate Emitter plate
made of (E)
collector
is
[ plate
•
photosensitive
metal ( lewd)
µ > ,
vacuum tube we
ne
&
É i {
→ variable voltage battery
( photocurrent)
light is incident on F- and electrons
are
ejected due to PEE .
Ejected
electrons accelerated the B
by
are
and reach C-
In the external circuit ,
electrons
moves
from C to F-
through
the
ammeter A. current recorded
by
⑨ is called photocurrent .
Potential difference between R RE
varied
is in
magnitude as
well B
as
polarity by changing
and value of i is plotted
against Vc -
VE
i
to -
• >
-
V0 Ve VE
-
① Vc -
VE = 0
There is current in the Circuit ( io )
some
highly energetic electrons
are able to Ouercone the repulsion
of electron cloud and reach C.
② Ve -
VE = + we
Electric field is present in the
tube from C te f-
Electrons experience force towards G.
Due let this support by
the field ,
more electrons are able b- reach C
and i is more than do
As cc -
VE ) ↑ i ↑
But i saturates linnea )
finally
At this situation ,
all the electrons
emitted her emitter
plate
by
sea
( due b- PEE ) are able to reach C.
③ Ve -
Ve = -
ve
Electric field eh the tube is
from E to C
Electrons experience force away
from C
to this opposition field,
Due by
fewer electrons are able to reach
e. and i < to .
As / Ve VEI - ↑ ,
i to till it
becomes 2- en
.
At this situation even the
,
most
energetic photoelectron are
not able b- reach C .
No :
stopping potential /
Cut off potential
