21 A transformer is made up of a 1200-tumn primary coil and an open-cireuited 75-turn secondary coil wound around a closed core of cross-sectional area 42 cm’. The core material can be considered to saturate when the rms applied flux density reaches 1.45 T. What maximum 60-Hz ms primary voltage is possible without reaching this saturation level? What is the corresponding secondary voltage? How are these values modified if the applied frequency is lowered to 50 Hz? Ans: (1) Rae 1.50 A Ens = NP ry e Eo ray = ZINA Bae = 2x (60120042 10 )(1.45) = 2755.12 V 1948.16 V Ernaxsconiay = HINA, Boys = 2 (60(75)(42 1071.45) =172.19 V SE, (2) f= 60H2— soz ARK 15030, Ey, = ONO gg, = 201NA. Boy a Era prmay = UNA Ba = 2 (50}(1200)(42 + 107* (1.45) 294.71 V Fexe pray 2 SE, 1622.61 V Eenaxsuconter, = 2AINA Bs, 2m (50)(75)(42 + 10~*)(.45) = 143.42 V E sesssonioy SE, see < 101.41 V sey ia2.2. A magnetic circuit with a cross-sectional area of 15 em’ is to be operated at 60 Hz from a 120-V mms supply. Calculate the number of tums required to achieve a peak magnetic flux density of 1.8 T in the core Ans: UE 1.50 K Egy, = ONG au: = 2HYNA, Bay a 120V2 = 2n(60)N(15 - 10 )(1.8) 1200? 6 tums 2m (60X15 - 10*)(1.8) 2.3 A transformer is to be used to transform the impedance of a 8-Q_ resistor to an impedance of 750 . Calculate the required turns ratio, assuming the transformer to be ideal. Ans: MIR ALE BoD RA [2.4. A 100-@. resister is connected to the secondary of an idea transformer with a tums ratio of 1:4 (primary to secondary). A 10-V rms , 1-kFIz voltage source is connected to the primary . Calculate the primary current and the voltage across the 100-0 resister, Ans: KERSAQRRES 18 10-Vims 1-kHz ER RSRA—AM > =k HAR — AH 100 Bea Ad A fos tb led Rn BL, RE Shee2.7 A single-phase 60Fiz transformer has a nameplate voltage rating of 7.97kv:266v , which is based on it winding tums ratio, The manufacturer calculates that the primary (7.97kv) leakage inductance is 165mH and the primary magnetizing inductance is 135H. For an applied primary voltage of 7970v at 60Hz,calculate the resultant open-circuit secondary voltage. Ans: Ly =165mE 7.9Tkv : 266¥ (00) o + ‘Vp=7970 V_ we e = 8 Wee L.=135H2.8 The manufacturer calculates that the transformer of Problem 2.7 has a secondary leakage inductance of 0.225mH. a. Calculate the magnetizing inductance as referred to the secondary side. b. A voltage of 266v,60H2z is applied to the secondary. Calculate (i) the resultant open-circuit primary voltage and (ii) the secondary current which would result ifthe primary were short-circuited. Aus: ppart(a): Referred to the secondary part(b): Referred to the secondary Xu =OLm2=2af + 150.38mi = 56.72 Li = 2af + 0.225mET = 84.822 Mn=oLn=2nf + 165mH = 62.22 M/ Xs Wi Se+Xe _ 7970 56.7 © 266 56.7 +0.0848 265.67 =7948 797k 260 1y70.225mHT 38 24 2 AC 265.670 50.38mHXp=84.82mQ A Xl Xen 3 O AC 265.670 32.9 A 12 (00-V, 60-Hz, SO-KVA transformer has magnetizing reactance (as measured from the 120-V terminals) of 34.62. The 120-V winding has a leakage reactance of 27.4 m0 and the 2400-V winding has @ leakage reactance of 11.20 a. With the secondary open- cieuited and 120V applied to the primary (120-V) winding, calculate the primary current and secondary voltage. b, With the secondary short - cireuited, calculate the primary voltage which will result in rate current in the primary winding. Calculate the corresponding current in the secondary winding 120 =4.6554 W=NY,- 120 a TO 'NB6 4274-10 “8 _ 416.66674 416.6667 - 0.0767 = 31.9584”2.10 A 460-V:2400-V transformer has a series leakage reactance of 37.20 as referred to the high-voltage side. A load connect to the low-voltage side is observed to be absorbing 25 KW, unity power factor, and the voltage is measures to be 450 V. Calculate the corresponding voltage and power factor as measured at the high-voltage terminals. Ams: SEH TRA 1, _ 555556 3217 Vg = NV, + iXgly = 10.6481, = 2380.729.5339V The power factor is cos (9.5339) = 0.9941 lagging2.13 A single-phase load is supplied through a 35-KV feeder whose impedance is 95+j3600 and a 35-kV:2400-V transformer whose equivalent impedance is 0.23+41.270 referred to its low-voltage side. The load is 160k at 0.89 leading power factor and 2340V. A. Compute the voltage at the high-voltage terminals of the transformer. B. Compute the voltage at the sending end of the feeder. (C. Compute the power and reactive power input at the sending end of the feeder. Ans: @) KARAT NES Toad = 160kw / 2340V=68.4 “oe BBR 0.89 TAF A271 FAM. Z10.23+)1.27 > AA VEN VHF33.7kV NO e+ (Z,+Z,M,) MRT EL RATA 334KV © BRA BK MR B+ tk op B Scan = Pant + IQcoua = V sont Lsont = 164Rw— 764.5KVAR BER) EA l64kw > & ti sh F B-64.5KVAR2.17 The following data were obtained for a 20-KVA , 60-Hz,2400:240-V distribution transformer tested at 60Hz : Voltage, Current, Power, A w With high-voltage winding open-circuited 240 1.038 122 With low-voltage terminals short-cireuited 613 8.33 287 a. Compute the efficiency at full-load current and the rated terminal voltage at 0.8 power factor. b. Assume that the load power factor is varied while the load current and secondary terminal voltage are held constant. Use a phasor diagram to «determine the load power factor for which the regulation is greatest. What is this regulation? Ans: (@ RADE SVT 2OKVA/2.4kV=28.338 Ploss = 122+257=379W P= S * cos P=0.8*20=16kW ABAD = REAL * HSER 16 es = 0977 =97. 76379 70977 = 97-Tpercent ROOM DR Ziggy = Res + Ng Rass D? sex .Pojy = 257 Lang = 833AR yg = 3.69.85 WAH: Sec ,H = Vsc, H = 61.38.33 = SIKVA Bab wats eB O.. = YS'n# ~ Pig =442VAR and hence2.20 A 120:480-V, 10-KVA transformer is to be used as an autotransformer to supply a 480-V circuit from 2 600-V source. When itis tested as a two-winding transformer at rated load, unity power factor, its efficiency is 0.979. = A Make a diagram of connections as an autotransformer. m= B. Determine its KVA rating as an autotransformer. = C. Find its efficiency as an autotransformer at full load, with 0.85 power factor lagging. Solve: @ Y8o ito : \ ‘4 A (b) Lang = 108 /120 = 83.34 The transformer is 600 - 83 © Pa, = (1-0.979)10KW 2K power factor=0.85 85+ SORT2.24 Three 100-MVA single-phase transformers, rated at 13.8KV:66.4KV, are t0 be connected in at three-phase bank. each transformer has a series impedance of 0.0045+30.190 referred to its 13.8-kV winding, A. Ifthe transformers are connected ¥-Y, calculate (i) the voltage and power rating of the three-phase connected, (ii) the equivalent impedance as referred to its high-voltage terminals, and (iii) the equivalent impedance as referred to its high-voltage terminals. B. Repeat part (a) if the transformer is connected Y on its low-voltage side and A on its high-voltage side. Solv m= part (a): (i) 23.9 KV-115 kV, 300 MV (ii) Zeq = 0.0045 + 70.19. 2 (iii) Zeq=0.104 + j4.30.2 m= part (b): (i) 23.9 KV.66.4 kV, 300 MVA (ii) Zeq = 0.0045 + 0.19 0 (ili) Zeq = 0.0347 ~ 1.4722.26 A three-phase YA transformer is rated 225-KV:22-KV400MVA and has a series reactance of 11.70 as referred to its high-voltage terminals. The transformer is supplying a load of 325 MVA, with 0.93 power factor lagging at a voltage of 24 kV. (line-to-line) on its low-voltage side. It is supplied from a feeder whose impedance is 0.11+j2.20 connected to its high-voltage terminals. For these conditions, calculate (a) the line-to-line voltage at the high-voltage terminals of the transformer and (b) the line-to-line voltage at the sending end of the feeder. Ans: PARRA Zeg= ZZ, 1. 740.11472.2 = O.114413.9 25 AOE we A Je” =7.8le"kA (a) SRM RNR EE V = N3|NVinns + Tiss Z| = 231.7hK¥ ) Sha CR V = V3NV pas + Tisat Za = 233.3KV2.32 A 200-A:5-A,60-Hz current transformer has the following parameters as seen from the 200-A (primary) winding: X= 7450 813 X, =307mQ R=13620 Ri =128:0 a. Assuming a current of 200 A in the primary and that the secondary is short-circuited, find the magnitude and phase angle of the secondary current. b. Repeat the calculation of part (a) if the CT is shorted through a 250 12 burden. SBE BR N=200/5=40 ) H24S)A TAG 2 AOD ER L JX, VR + i(X,, +X) 200 j307m 40° 128« + 707m +8132) =4.98720.02° (b) Ri =N°250«2 = 0.40 REMAZBRA IX RR + j(X, +X) 200 f307m 40 128% 404+ [307m +8132 =3.04252.43° )2.34 Ans: A IS-KV:I75-KV, I2SMVA, 60H single-phase transformer has primary and secondary impedances of 0.0095 + j0.063 per unit each, The magnetizing impedance is j148 per unit. All quantities are in per unit on the transformer base. Calculate the primary and secondary resistances and reactances and the magnetizing inductance (referred to the low-voltage side) in ohms and henrys. Visor _ 15K? 125M ee see 5 Ry =0.0095Zinsa 7. Imo Qpu= = 0.063Z 501 13mQ 0.00952, 330 base Xp = 0.063Zsc0e2 =15.40 My = 148 Ze = 2662 X_ 266 @ nf 20 +60 = 0.7182.35 The namplate on a 7.97-kV:460-V, 7SkVA, Ans: wgle-phase transformer indicates that it has a series reactance of 12 percent (0.12 per unit) 4. Calculate the series reactance in ohms as referred to (i) the low-voltage terminal and (ii) the high-voltage terminal. b. If three of these transformers are connected in a three-phase Y-Y connection, calculate (i) the three-phase voltage and power rating, (ii)the per unit impedance of the transformer band, (iii) the series reactance in ohms as referred to the high-voltage terminal, and (iv) the series reactance in ohms as referred to the low-volatge terminal ¢. Repeat part (b) if the three transformers are conneted in ¥ on their HIV side and A on their low-voltage side. (a) 460° ress = F55 = 2820 @ I2Z ge = 0.12 6 2.82 = 03390 ay y= O.12Z yes = 0.12 + 847 1020 ) @ ar-r 246003 797k eV3 797V : 13.8kVi Xy = 1020 (dy) X, = 0.3392 © @ AY 460:13.8kV 225KVA, (ity cuit) 102 (iy) X, = 0.11302.36 a. Consider the Y-Y transformer connection of Problem 2.35, part (b). If the rated voltage is applied to the high-voltage terminals and the three low-voltage terminals are short-circuited, calculate the magnitude of the phase current in per unit and in amperes on (i) the high-voltage side and (if) the low-voltage side. b. Repeat this calculation for the Y-. connection of Problem 2.35, part (c). [#£] 2.35 The nameplate on a 7.97-kV:460-V, 75-KVA, single-phase transformer indicates that it has a series reactance of 12 percent (0-12 per unit). b, If three of these transformers are connected in a three-phase Y-Y connection, calculate (f) the three-phase voltage and power rating, (ii) the series reactance in ohms as referred to the high-voltage terminal, and (ir) the series reactance in ohms as referred to the low-voltage terminal. . Repeat part (b) if the three transformers are connected in Y on their HV side and A. on their low-voltage side. Ans: @ St VaR: (a4 PA PREM BE OS hi Pre 3+ T5KVA OB Fn) J oor a)" Ui= Inu Iovet =8.33-163=13578 A Toe 4 (i) FE: HRA Poe 3. 7SKVA Tine = — —=941 4 (V3 -Pewaz) V3 - (7.977 - V3 Tis = Ipv + Ison tt =8.339.41=78.39 APAE OE a lini — (V3 + Vase Ue = Ipu Irae, =8,33 + 282 (ii) A: SRE Pras 3. TSkVA Tine = — aa (V3 - Peowe) V3 -(7.97KV - 3 Tis = Tye + Ison tt =8.33-9.41=7839 A 941 42.37 A three-phase generator step-up transformer is rated 26-KV:345-KV, 850 MVA and has a seties impedance of 0.0035+0.087 per unit on this base. Tt is connected to a 26-KV, 800 MVA generator, which can be represented as a voltage source in series with a reactance of j1.57 per unit on the generator base. a. Convert the per Unit generator reactance to the step-up transformer base. . The unit is supplying 700 MW at 345 kV and 0.95 power factor Ingging to the system at the transformer high-voltage terminals. (i) Calculate the transformer low-side voltage and the generator internal voltage behind its reactance in KV. ({i) Find the generator output power in MW and the power factor. Wee T= 0.86720 9 =cos*0.95 =-18.2 (lagging) Wisk T=08672-18.2 pu © PrLo+i-z RR Z=0,0035 + f0.087 = .087287.7 pu wisn P= 1.0 (08672 18.2 Yo.0s7 287.7") =1.0+0.0754269.5° =1.0+0.0264 + 70.0706 = 1.0264+ 70.0706 =1.0292393 pu=1.02923.93' - 26k =26.754 AV Ve=1.0+1(Z+Zs) R Zit Z = 030035 + j0.087 + j1.57 = 0.00: + 1.657 =1657289.9" pu firs Ve =1.0+ (0.8672 -18.2' {1.657289.9') =1.0+143727L.7 =1.0+0.4512 + j1.364 =14512+ j1.364 =20243.23° pu (ii) =F (1.02923.93° 0.8672 -18.2'] = (1.02923.93'\0.867218.2") = 0,992222.13 = 0.8263+ 0.336 =P+i0 0.8362 - 850MM = 702.36 MIFSp=0.892-850MV4=758.2 MYA 702. pf = 0080 = fe = a = =0.926 lagging