Discussion.
Using a reversible reaction which can determined in which both of the conversion of reactant can
produce more in product or known as forward reaction and the re-conversion of the product to
reactants which known as backward reaction. In which can be seen as:
A+B -> C+D
This is forward reaction where reactants will move forward and produce the products.
C+D -> A+B
This is backward reaction which products are more changing into reactants.
The direction of an particular shift can be ascertained by observing the changes that take place
(colour changes, precipitate formation). By carefully assessing the effects of the applied stress as
required by Le Chatelier's Principle, such movements can then be explained. Based on the
experiments results, we notice that Iron(III) Chloride with Potassium Thiosulfate resulted in four
different tube has indicated changes in color.
FE+3 +SCN- -> FeNCS+2
This ion complex are brown, in which this solution can be change in orange to brown back and forth.
In tube number1 , are control. A control is a component that doesn't vary or is unaffected by other
variables when conducting an experiment. It serves as a standard or point of reference by which other
test findings are evaluated. Thus, the color only stated as a plain orange. In tube number 2, the adding
of the Iron into the solution, and notice the color changing turn into slightly orange. Performing a
complex equilibrium which can be back and forth.This is because, the ion in FeSCN2+ was reacting to
left and increasing the Fe3+. Meanwhile, in tube number 3 it turn into more dark orange because
adding the thiosulfate which putting the high concentration effects. This occur because the
increasing of the concentration resulting equilibrium to right side to reduce the SCN- ion reaction. In
test tube 4, adding another chemicals which are silver nitrate as an interact in the substances. The
result shown are in white color, in this state an equilibrium are in balance because of the substance
are resulting in decreasing and thus move back again. Using the same test tube 4 and divided the
solution into 2 which are added with Pottasium and iron, the color change again resulting the high
concentration effects. Therefore, the white precipitation resulting at the end of the solution was from
the silver nitrate.
2. Copper (x) Sulphate solution w ammonia.
NH3(g) + H2O(l) ⇌ NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq)
Ammonia is a weak bas which forms a few ammonium and hyroxide ions in solution. Based on the
results,test tube 1 are control which does not affected by other test findings. In the test tube number
2, it can be seen by adding the solution of copper(II) sulphate +ammonia it turn into a pale blue color.
This reaction occurs because the ion in the H2O react with the hydroxide ion to form a precipitate
which involves two of the water ligand molecules. As the excess addition of ammonia. The pale blue
change into blue color which occurs due the increases of concentration. The copper(II) hydroxide
precipitate reacts with ammonia molecules to form tetra-amine-di-aqua-copper(II) ions. Thus, the
adding of dilute sulfuric acid resulted into pale blue color because of the H+ ions, which react with
NH3 molecules to form NH4+ ions, and this draws the equilibrium in 4 back to the left-hand side,
regenerating the hexa-aqua-copper(II) ions in the process.
3. Cobalt(II) chloride solution.
An equilibrium exists between a hydrated cobalt species and anhydrous cobalt chloride, both have an
oxidation state of 2+.
[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4 Cl- <–> [CoCl4]2-(aq) + 6H2O
Based on the result, the test tube 1 are control for comparing. As the test tube number 2, by adding
the HCL resulting a slightly purple meanwhile adding H2O resulting into plain purple back. In test tube
3, adding the NH4CL shows a dark purple with white precipitation. This is due to a change in
temperature or ion concentration will cause the equilibrium to shift. When heat is applied, the
equilibrium move to the right toward the blue cobalt chloride complex. Cooling will cause the
products to gravitate toward the hydrated complex, which is more pink. If the concentrations of
chloride or cobalt increase, the equilibrium will shift towards blue anhydrous cobalt chloride. When
water is added, the equilibrium shifts back towards the pink hydrated species.
4. Ammonia solution.
Based ont he results, the ammonia solution
