Geodetic Surveying (GEO320)

Geodetic
Control Survey

MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN PA’SUYA

Department Surveying Science and Geomatic
 Introduction
Definition of Geodesy
1. Classical
• According to Friedrich Robert Helmert (1880)
– “Geodesy is the science of the measurement and mapping of the
Earth’s surface by direct measurements, such as terrestrial
triangulation, leveling, and gravimetric observations”

• Committee of geodesy 1973

– “Geodesy is the discipline that deals with the measurement &
– representation of the earth including its gravity field in
– a three dimensional time varying space”
 Introduction

Modern Geodesy
• With the emergence of modern instruments and analytical
techniques, the scope of geodesy has become broader to include
the study of dynamical processes of the earth
• Rummel et. al. (2002) put forward the definition of Modern
Geodesy based on three pillars, namely:
i. The Earth’s time-dependent geometric shape (land, ice, and ocean
surface)
ii. The Earth’s orientation in space as a function of time (described by
the Earth rotation parameters; precession, nutation, length of day
and polar motion)
iii. The Earth’s gravitational field
 Introduction

Three Pillars of Geodesy

 Introduction

To get ACCURATE coordinates !

 Introduction
In geodesy, there are two important
component
a. Horizontal component (e.g. geographic coordinates
Latitude , Longitude, N,E)
b. Vertical component ( H,h)
 Introduction
Horizontal Datum
• realized by horizontal coordinates of a
series of geodetic control points
• usually through establishing horizontal
control networks
• basis for determining the horizontal
coordinates of points on the Earth’s surface
• includes a set of initial data, i.e., the
geodetic longitude and latitude of the
initial point - geodetic origin
Geodetic Control –
Horizontal Datum 7.00
P299
6.50 TG38
P298 S136
DOP5 TG56
P296 P304
P297P295 P249P250DOP4
TG35 P243
6.00 K350 P293
P305
P808
P248 P242
TG27 P244 TG61
P239
P289 P306 P809 P247 P245 TG28
P290P292 P307 P308 P309 TG31 P240 P238
P288P291 P246 P225 P241 P237
TG42 P236
5.50 P314
TG36 P287 P310
P283P285P286
P277 P222 P224 P235
P232
P234
T283
P282 P311 P107 P233
TG33 P276 P313 P223 P251 P231
P281 P280 P083 P106 P252 P230
P264
P279P275 P221P265 P253
P272P271
5.00 P278TG26 P273
P274P270
P263
P220
P267 P105 P254 P229
P214
P209 TG58 P268
P204 TG57 P500 P255P256
P213
P351 P228
P102 P205 P203P212TG59 P219
4.50 P207
P202
P352
P269
P216
P218 P261
P257
P227
P258P226
S290
P211P210
P101 P201 P215 P260
GP28 GP81 P259
GP02T200
GP07 GP26 GP27 TG13
TG25 TG24
TG14
4.00 GP82 T190 GP79
GP34

ITUDE
G003GP04 GP29 GP30 GP31 GP32 GP35
GP45 GP33
251.00
GP94

LAT
GP05 TG18 GP25
GP06 GP24 GP22DOP3 GP80 GP36 GP37
3.50 GP23
GP86 TG15
GP95
GP17
149B GP87GP21 GP88 GP99 GP38

DOP1 GP08 G100 TG11

GP19 GP20 GP40GP39
3.00 GP09
TG01
GP98
TG06
GP89
GP18 GP10 TG20 GP41GP42
TG05
GP14 GP43
GP44 TG09
GP11GP12 GP13
2.50 TG04 GP47 GP57 GP56
M331
TG03 GP61
GP16 GP58
GP15 GP55
GP48 GP59
GP90
2.00 GP85
GP84 GP60 GP91 GP54
13DJ GP53

GP51 TG07
GP49
GP50
TG19 J416 TG10
1.50 DOP2
TD01 GP52

99.50100.00
100.50
101.00
101.50
102.00
102.50
103.00
103.50
104.00
104.50
105.00
LONGITUDE
 Geodetic Control Point

Geodetic Control Point

• serves as a common reference system for
establishing coordinate positions for all
geographic data
• Traditionally, established as permanent
physical monuments placed in the ground
and precisely marked, located, and
documented
• As reference points, control the quality of
surveying
• Frame for coordinate system
 Geodetic Control Points
Techniques of Geodetic Control
Establishment
a. Classical Technique
 Triangulation
 Trilateration
 Precise Traversing

b. Modern Technique
 space geodesy, Satellite Laser Ranging
(SLR), Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR), Very
Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), and
Global Positioning System (GPS)
 Classical Technique

• Obtained by determining
with high precision the
astronomic longitude and
latitude of the geodetic
origin and the astronomical
azimuth
• transfer to another control
point using classical
geodetic
 Classical Technique

Triangulation Surveying
• Most common of geodetic surveying
technique
• Consists of the series of the angles
measurement of triangles
• Based on simple trigonometric
procedures
• based on the trigonometric proposition
when one side and three angles of
triangle are known, the remaining sides
can be determined by the law of sine
Classical Technique
 Classical Technique

Trigonometrical Principle
• Measured – one side of triangle
– angles of each end of the side
• Computed – other two sides
– remaining angle
• Using sine formulae C

a b
a b c
 
sin A sin B sin C
B A
 Classical Technique

Triangulation Principle
• Measured – all of the angles in triangles
• Needed – One known coordinate (φ and λ)
– length and direction of one side
• Computed – all of remaining stations

Φ, λ
 Classical Technique
Triangulation Figure
Double chain of triangles
Single of triangles

Braced quadrilaterals
Centered triangles and polygons
 Classical Technique

General specifications for the three types of triangulation systems

 Classical Technique

Length of Triangulation Lines

• Large country – up to 150 km (1st Order)
• Malaysia - ~50 km (1st Order)
~15 km (2nd Order)
~5 km (3rd Order)
 Classical Technique

• First-order triangulation - used to determine the shape and

size of the earth or to cover a vast area like a whole country
with control points to which a second-order triangulation
system can be connected.
• Second-order triangulation - system consists of a network
within a first-order triangulation. It is used to cover areas of
the order of a region, small country, or province.
• Third-order triangulation - a framework fixed within and
connected to a second-order triangulation system. It serves
the purpose of furnishing the immediate control for
detailed engineering and location surveys.
 Classical Technique
1. Calculate the lengths of all the lines in ABC
Example

2. Calculate the lengths of all the lines in BCD

3. Calculate the azimuths of all the lines

Classical Technique
4. Calculate the coordinates of the triangulation
stations B, C, and D
 Classical Technique

Objective of triangulation surveys

• establish accurate control for plane and
geodetic surveys of large areas
• establish accurate control for
photogrammetric surveys of large areas
• assist in the determination of the size and
shape of the earth by making observations
for latitude, longitude and gravity
• determine accurate locations of points in
engineering works
 Classical Technique

Trilateration Surveying
• very similar to the triangulation method but
measure the side lengths of the triangle in the
network.
• interior angles are obtained through
computation
• Simple trigonometric procedure
• For long distance/large area of network
especially, connected mainland and islands
• The existence of EDM devices made it more
practical
 Classical Technique

Trilateration Surveying
• Not popular in Malaysia
• Malaysia Network - short distance ~50km
• Instrument – too expensive
 Classical Technique

Trigometical Principle
• Measured – all sides of triangle C
• Computed – all angles of triangle
a b
• Using cosine formulae

a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc.CosA B A

b2  c2  a2 c
CosA 
2bc
 Classical Technique

Trilateration Principle
• Measured – all of the distances of triangles
• Needed – One known coordinate (φ and λ)
– length and direction of one side
• Computed – all of remaining stations

Φ, λ
 Classical Technique

Precise Traversing
• Simplest method
• Observe distances and directions
• Principles – same in engineering and cadastral
surveying
• But method is different
 Classical Technique

Travers
• A traverse consists of a series of straight lines connected
successively at established points, along the route of a survey.
• Traverse can be classified as:
i. Closed traverse.
ii. Open traverse
 Classical Technique
Closed traverse
• A closed traverse begin and end on the same point (polygon
traverse) or begin with known point and end at another known
point (link traverse).
• Errors can be distributed

Close Traverse Close Loop Traverse

 Classical Technique

Precise Traversing
• EDM Traverse – Electromagnetic Distance
Measurement
• MDM Traverse – Microwave Distance
Measurement
• EODM Traverse – Electro-Optical Distance
Measurement
EDM
Tellurometer

Geodimeter Total Station

NEXT…..Modern
Technique
 Modern Technique

Satellite Surveying Method

• common tool for surveying to determine coordinate-
millimetre, centimetre, metre level accuracy
• ability to perform geodetic control surveying in a
fraction of the time as compared to classical terrestrial
survey methods
• The GPS survey technique used in a given project
depends on:
i. Accuracy requirements
ii. Urgency of the project
iii. Local terrain conditions
iv. Available equipment, etc
 Modern Technique

Space Geodesy Techniques

 Hierarchy of GNSS Positioning

Surveying Navigation

Standalone Relative Relative Standalone

Post-Processed Real-Time

Carrier-Phase Pseudo-Range
Static Static-VRS
DGPS
Pseudo-Kinematic Rapid-Static
RTK RTK-VRS
Kinematic Stop & Go
 Modern Technique

GPS relative positioning

• Also called differential positioning and
employs two GPS receivers simultaneously
tracking the same satellites to determine their
relative coordinates- base (known) and rover
(unknown)
• Provides a higher accuracy - subcentimeter to
a few meters (depending on whether the
carrier-phase or the pseudorange
Correction
• Concept - “measurements of two (or more)
receivers simultaneously tracking a particular
satellite contain more or less the same errors
and biases” Known
Unknown
• Method- Post process or Real Time Kinematic
(RTK)
 Modern Technique

Relative Point
Positioning- Post
Process
 Modern Technique
Observation
Static Relative Positioning
• The most accurate positioning method and
depends on carrier phase measurement.
• It employs two (or more) stationary
receivers simultaneously tracking the
same satellites-one receiver (precisely Unknown
known point) and rover (unknown point)
• Based on collecting simultaneous Known Point
measurements at both the base and
remote receivers for a certain period of
time, which, after processing, yield the Correction Post-process
coordinates of the unknown point
• Differencing is used to remove any of the
bias introduced by imperfect clock and
Coordinate
atmosphere
 Modern Technique
Real Time Kinematic (RTK)
• Requires two receivers recording
observations simultaneously.
• Provide coordinates of the unknown
points in real time
• base receiver measurements and
coordinates are transmitted to the
rover receiver through the
communication link
• built-in software in a rover receiver
combines and processes the GPS
measurements collected at both the
base and the rover receivers to obtain
the rover coordinates
 Modern Technique
Real Time Kinematic (RTK)
• The main principle is that the known coordinates of the reference station are
used to calculate corrections to the observed carrier phase.
• Can instantly determine the position to centimeter-level accuracy using carrier
phase positioning.
• requires receivers that can use the dual frequency L1/L2 observations
 Modern Technique
Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS)
• Present trends
i. continuously observe and measure using
GNSS
ii. install permanent GNSS base stations or
networks
iii. provide real time accurate positioning
• Need advanced component of geoscience
infrastructure known as a GNSS CORS
Network
• CORS - need to have a geodetic datum,
meaning that they have to be linked to the
available terrestrial reference frames
 Modern Technique

International Terrestrial ReferenceFrames

International Terrestrial Reference System(ITRS)
• Ideal, mathematical, theoretical system
International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF)
• Numerical realization of the TRS to which users have access
 Modern Technique

Static Relative Positioning – CORS

• Not need to setup base station
• Post-process using CORS data

CORS 3
Rover CORS 1

Control Centre

Processing CORS 4
CORS 2
 Modern Technique

Virtual Reference Station (VRS)

• Main purpose of a VRS station is to reduce
the baseline distance between the rover
and the reference station
• Efficiently remove spatially correlated errors
using differential processing, and to
incorporate error corrections obtained from
the reference stations network.
• Observe static, RTK and DGPS technique
without setup base station
• Base station replace by VRS
 Modern Technique

VRS Concept
• The network of receivers is linked to a
computation center, and each station
contributes its raw data to help create
network-wide models of the distance-
dependent errors.
• The computation of errors based on the full
network’s carrier phase measurements
involves.
• Then, the rover calculates its approximate
position and transmits this information to
the computation server, for example, via
GSM or GPRS using a standard National
Marine Electronics Association (NMEA)
format..
 Modern Technique

VRS Concept
• The computation center
generates in real time
a virtual reference station at or
near the initial rover position.

• This is done by geometrically

translating the pseudorange and
carrier phase data from the closest
reference station to the virtual
location and then adding the
interpolated errors from the
network error models.
 Modern Technique

VRS Concept
• This generated VRS data is then sent
to the user through a wireless
connection, often using the
Networked Transport of RTCM via
Internet Protocol (NTRIP).
• Finally, the rover receiver uses
standard single-baseline algorithms to
determine the coordinates of the
user’s receiver, in near-real-time
kinematic or post-processed modes.
 Modern Technique

Static-VRS

Rover CORS 3
CORS 1

Control Centre

CORS 4
 Modern Technique

Static technique + VRS data

• Accuracy : centimeters level
• Use single receiver and VRS data download
from JUPEM server
• Fast Static observation : 3 to 10 minutes
• Post Processing
 Modern Technique

RTK-VRS
 Modern Technique

RTK-VRS Data Flow

Reference
stations data
streams back to
the server
through LAN,
Internet, or
radio links
 Modern Technique

RTK-VRS Data Flow

User’s receiver
sends an NMEA
string back to
server using
cellular modem.
Virtual Reference
Station position is
established.
 Modern Technique

• RTK-VRS Data Flow

Server uses VRS

position to create
corrected
observables and
broadcasts them to
the user end.
 Modern Technique

GPS Accuracy
Technique Accuracy Horizontal
Standalone (handheld) 10m – 30m
DGPS 50cm – 5m
RTK 1cm – 5cm ++
Rapid Static 1cm – 3cm
Static 5mm – 2cm ++
Static-VRS, RTK-VRS 1cm – 3cm