DBMS

UNIT -1
Introduction to Database and
Conceptual Design using ERD

feedback / corrections : [email protected] VIBHAMASTI

© vibha’s notes 2021
 Data
•

known facts that can be recorded

Database
•
collection of data

logically coherent collection

•

specific
°

purpose

Database Management system

software that data
manages
•

•
relational models ( RDBMS) , object-oriented COODBMS) ,
NOSQL etc .

•
allows user to

-
define datatypes q constraints
-
construct ( store) data
-

manipulate data
through queries

impact of database technology

businesses (
banking insurance transport manufacturing)
•

, , ,

industries ( financial real estate

service
legal healthcare)
•

, , ,
e-commerce
,
'
•

social networks vamshavruksha

•
science and research
•

education

personal apps
•

© vibha’s notes 2021

Database System Environment

users
/ programmers

Database v

system application programs/ queries

DBMS
software : query processing
software
and
programs
✓

Software : data access

n n

L ✓

database database
definition

Example of a Database with conceptual model

University mini world or universe of discourse CUOD)

•
students , courses , departments ,
instructors sections etc .
( different
,

entities)

Model diagram Entity Relationship data model

•

-
© vibha’s notes 2021
Characteristics of DB Approach

Self
describing nature of DB
system
•
-

-
metadata stored for each DB data definition
-

stored in a
catalog on disk
y language
datatypes constraints (specified DDL statements)
by
-

-
NOSQL DBS do not have structure and not have metadata
may

Insulation between and data

programs
•

program data independence

-
-

data and without

change structures
storing organisation changing
-

the DBMS access

programs

Data abstraction
users
provided only with conceptual view of DB ; internal
-

no

structures

data model constructs

-

access
programs

Support of multiple views of data

-
views differ based on user 's interest © vibha’s notes 2021
 Sharing of data and multi-user transaction
processing
•

ACID :
atomicity , concurrency isolation , durability
,

Atomicity transaction either

fully complete do
nothing
-

: or

concurrency multiple concurrent transactions

-

Isolation : all transactions isolated from one another (independence)

-
-

Durability : transactions reflected with permanent changes

fetch data transaction : data
query modify
-

:
,

OLTP
-

Database Users

1. Actors on the scene

•
use and control DB content
•
end users

-
casual users ( occasional use)

naive ( canned transactions)

parametric users
-

or

sophisticated end
-

users

standalone end user

-
DB admins C authorise DB access)

( convert
DB designers requirements to ☐ DL statements)
-

2. Workers behind the scene

system designers and implementers

tool developers
•

and maintenance
operators personnel
•

canned Application
transactions Query
programs
Cpre compiled ) n
,
CSQL)
r

DBMS

© vibha’s notes 2021

 Advantages of DBMS Approach

Redundancy of data is avoided

•

Restricted and protected access to data

°

Permanent / persistent storage for program objects

•

for efficient and

storage structures and indexes
query processing
•

retrieval

Backup and services

recovery
•

Efficient query
processing
•

Development of Database Technology

}
•
Hierarchical Data Model HDBMS 1960 's and 70's
•
Network Data Model NDBMS
•
Relational Data Model RDBMS } 1970 's and 80 's
•

Object oriented Data model OODBMS ( jagged array>

•
NOSQL Data model NOSQL

data models
•
Describes structure of DB

datatypes
-

relationship b/w entities

-
constraints
-

operations : retrievals and modifications

Operations
•
Basic operations leg insert delete
: , update )
,

•
User -
defined operations ( like user -
defined functions)

© vibha’s notes 2021

 CATEGORIES of DATA MODELS

data
1.
Conceptual or
High-level model
°
ER model
'
°

Concepts close to users perception of data

2-
Physical or low -
level Data Model
data structures for
storage
°

3.
Implementation or
Representational Data model
•
commercial DBMS ( relational)

Self
4. -

describing Data model

•
NOSQL databases

DATABASE SCHEMA

Description of database 4 database structure

Database is populated based schema

•
on

•
Also called intension

© vibha’s notes 2021

 Database State
Database content of
at
any given point time
•

•
Valid state : database state follows constraints
°
Initial state : state when loaded into the
system
•
Also called extension

© vibha’s notes 2021

 Three -
Schema Architecture

•
To ensure
-

program
-
data independence
multiple views
-

catalogs
-

•
end user → mini statement →
conceptual schema

end users

external < ^ 1 '

external
.

External view view

r n
level

v L

ER conceptual schema
conceptual
^
level

Internal
physical internal schema
level

storage

© vibha’s notes 2021

 •
Data independence change : one schema without
changing other

schemas

d) Logical independence
data

without to
change conceptual schema having change
-

external schema

di> Physical data independence

internal schema
change without
having to
change
-

schema
conceptual
DBMS
languages
d) Data Definition CDDL)
Language
•
DBA and DB
designers
°
Define schemas
°
DDL compiler

di> Data Manipulation CDML)

Language
level /
High non
procedural language C can be embedded SQL)
•
- -

,
•
Low level-

/ procedural language ( must be embedded in

prog Lang)

DBMS Interface

Stand alone
1-
query language interfaces
-

SQL queries in interactive interface

eg
-

interfaces
2.
Programmer to embed Dmt in
programming
languages

3.
User-friendly interfaces
-

menu based , form based , HUI based

eg
: - - -

4 . Mobile interfaces
mobile transactions © vibha’s notes 2021
-

eg :
 DATABASE SYSTEM UTILITIES

1.
Loading utility
•
Load data from files into a DB
°

Data conversion tools from old DB format to new DB

format

2. Backup Utility
Backing up the DB
periodically
•

Incremental or total
•

3.
Storage Reorganisation
Reorganising database file structures
•

•
Create new access paths

Performance
4.
monitoring
•
monitors DB use

•
sends stats to DBA

Other TOOLS

Data
dictionary / repository
•

-
schema descriptions , design decisions etc
-

active dictionary : DBMS software , users / DBA

-

passive dictionary : users / DBA only

Application Development Environment and Computer Aided

•

Software CCASE) tools

Engineering
Power Builder (
Sybase)
-

J Builder ( Borland)
-

J Developer IOG (Oracle )

© vibha’s notes 2021

 DBMS
component modules

© vibha’s notes 2021

centralised 4 Client-server DBMS Architectures

1. centralised Architecture

2. Two-tier Client-server Architecture

Client

distress machines / PCs

/ workstations
•

connected network CLAN wireless

to servers
through a
•

etc )
.

User machine that and local

•

provides UI capabilities
processing
 DBMS server

System that provides services to clients when requested

( file access
, printing, archiving)

3. three-Tier Client-server Architecture

☐
Intermediate layer between client and server

© vibha’s notes 2021

 Classification of DBMS

1. Based on data model

hierarchical
Legacy network
•
:
,

used : relational object-oriented object-relational

Currently
•

, ,

Recent : document based , column based ,

graph based key-value
• - -
-

based

2. Other classifications

single-user multi user

•

vs -

• centralised vs distributed
distributed
Homogeneous vs
heterogeneous DBMS
•

T T
same DBMS different DBMS
at all sites at all sites

Eg graph
: database CNeo4j) star wars

84
https://towardsdatascience.com/presenting-multiple-node-label-support-and-graph-mutability-features-of-the-neo4j-graph-data-a0b0ea7448

© vibha’s notes 2021

 Database Design Process

Requirements of the COMPANY Database

Company organised into DEPARTMENTS

•

°
Each department has a name , number and an employee who

manages the department

Keep track of start date of department
•

manager
Department may have several locations
•

•
Each department controls a number of PROJECTS
•
Each project has a
unique name number and location
,

•
DB stores each EMPLOYEE 's SSN address salary sex , birthdate
, , ,

for
Each employee works department but work
•
one
may on

several projects
•
DB keeps track of no .
of hours per week that an employee
works on a
project
© vibha’s notes 2021
 keep track of direct supervisor of each employee
•

°
Each employee has a number of DEPENDENTS
DB records each dependent 's name , sex birthplace relationship
•

,
,

with employee

Entity
•
Basic concept for ER model (relation)
world
•

specific things / object in the mini

of attributes)
Physical or conceptual (
degree no
•
: .

•
Entities have attributes
•

Entity set : collection of similar entities

( border) and ldouble line)

Strong single line weak
•

Rectangle
•

Type : class / abstract template

Attribute
•

Properties used to describe an

entity
•
Associated with a domain / value set
e
Oval
Each attribute has
type
•

Types of Attributes
is simple / composite Attributes
atomic valued attribute
Simple : single
°

eg Aadhaar number
-
:

composite composed of several components ; tree

•
:

eg Telephone number ( STD code , number)

-

© vibha’s notes 2021

 ④
Single valued / multi valued Attributes
-
-

for attributed ; oval

Single valued single value an
single
•
- :

DOB
eg
:
-

Multi valued:
may have multiple values ; two oval lines
•
-

eg : course set { DDCO AFLL DBMS }

=
, >

Liii> stored / derived Attributes

•

Age can be derived from DOB

•
Derived : dotted line

Iv> complex Attributes

•
combination of multi valued
-
and composite

© vibha’s notes 2021

 E- R Model

multi valued
attribute
✗

p
primary
derived
key ✗

© vibha’s notes 2021

 cardinality ratio

°
I :/ 1 : N N :| N : 1 M : N
, , , ,
•
Can also use 1min ,
Max)
representation

© vibha’s notes 2021

 d) I :|

-
1
employee manages 1 dept
1 dept
managed by 1
employee
-

pick a side
-

can

Tl

cii ) 1 : N
-
N students in 1 elective
-
1 elective can have N students
-

stored at N side
1 student has elective
only one
-

1 N
ELECTIVE ENROLS STUDENT

iii ) N :|
-

N students in 1 section
-
1 section has N students
-
stored at N side
-
1 student is in only 1 class

N 1
STUDENT IN SECTION

© vibha’s notes 2021

 Civ) M : N
students for N
M
register courses
-

N courses have M
registered students in total
-

-
create separate table

TI

Relationships

can be etc but advisable to

binary ternary only binary
•

, use

•
Recursive : one employee manages N
empolyees self-referential
relationship C
mandatory to
specify role names)

supervisor supervise
Empolyee
el ez

supervises
© vibha’s notes 2021
 Key Attribute

unique identifier for an attribute

can have than attribute
more one
key
•

specified with underline

•

manufacturer

vehicle regno

Disadvantages of E-R
Diagram
•
Normalisation Reduce : the NULL entries
;
cannot be achieved
with E-R
diagram

•
cannot represent datatypes in ER
diagram

weak
Entity
partial key : Dotted line ; not
always unique
•

weak entities do not unique must be

key
•

have a
;
associated with at least one
strong entity

called
identifying relationship
•

identifying
relationship
weak
employee depends dependent
partial entity
complete
participation
participation

79.ME partial key

© vibha’s notes 2021
 case study

• The university is organized into colleges (COLLEGE), and each college has a unique
name (CName), a main office (COffice) and phone (CPhone), and a particular faculty
member who is dean of the college. Each college adminis- ters a number of
academic departments (DEPT). Each department has a unique name (DName), a
unique code number (DCode), a main office (DOffice) and phone (DPhone), and a
particular faculty member who chairs the department. We keep track of the start date
(CStartDate) when that fac- ulty member began chairing the department.

• A department offers a number of courses (COURSE), each of which has a unique

course name (CoName), a unique code number (CCode), a course level (Level: this
can be coded as 1 for freshman level, 2 for sophomore, 3 for junior, 4 for senior, 5 for
MS level, and 6 for PhD level), a course credit hours (Credits), and a course
description (CDesc). The database also keeps track of instructors (INSTRUCTOR); and
each instructor has a unique iden- tifier (Id), name (IName), office (IOffice), phone
(IPhone), and rank (Rank); in addition, each instructor works for one primary academic
department.

• The database will keep student data (STUDENT) and stores each student’s name
(SName, composed of first name (FName), middle name (MName), last name
(LName)), student id (Sid, unique for every student), address (Addr), phone (Phone),
major code (Major), and date of birth (DoB). A stu- dent is assigned to one primary
academic department. It is required to keep track of the student’s grades in each
section the student has completed.

• Courses are offered as sections (SECTION). Each section is related to a single course
and a single instructor and has a unique section identifier (SecId). A section also has a
section number (SecNo: this is coded as 1, 2, 3, . . . for mul- tiple sections offered
during the same semester/year), semester (Sem), year (Year), classroom (CRoom: this
is coded as a combination of building code (Bldg) and room number (RoomNo) within
the building), and days/times (DaysTime: for example, ‘MWF 9am-9.50am’ or ‘TR
3.30pm-5.20pm’— restricted to only allowed days/time values). (Note: The database
will keep track of all the sections offered for the past several years, in addition to the
current offerings. The SecId is unique for all sections, not just the sections for a
particular semester.) The database keeps track of the students in each section, and
the grade is recorded when available (this is a many-to-many relationship between
students and sections). A section must have at least five students.

© vibha’s notes 2021

 1min, notation
Using Max )

•
min Ee Max no .
of relationship instances

© vibha’s notes 2021

 N -

Ary Relationships

Ternary relationships that can be represented by multiple

•

binary relationships are said to be redundant

In 3.17 , binary relationship cannot replace ternary relationship

•

can represent as a weak

entity type and associate it with
•

identifying relationship

© vibha’s notes 2021

 •
Another example

binary relationships
ternary relationship

Rt

© vibha’s notes 2021

 Recursive Relationship

•
Entities can be related to themselves

course #

Mature
study
students partner
Novice

name

Rl

T1

© vibha’s notes 2021