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Chapter 4 Part 2

The document discusses control structures in C++ for altering normal program flow, including selection structures like if/else statements and switch statements. If/else statements allow for one-way and two-way selection based on a logical expression. Switch statements provide an alternative for multiway selection where the selector value determines the code block executed. Proper use of logical/relational operators, blocks, and break statements is important for these control structures.

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ogata kini
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19 views

Chapter 4 Part 2

The document discusses control structures in C++ for altering normal program flow, including selection structures like if/else statements and switch statements. If/else statements allow for one-way and two-way selection based on a logical expression. Switch statements provide an alternative for multiway selection where the selector value determines the code block executed. Proper use of logical/relational operators, blocks, and break statements is important for these control structures.

Uploaded by

ogata kini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 32

Selection

• In C++, there are two selections or branch


control structures:
1- if statement.
requires evaluation of logical exp
one way, two way, or multiple (nested if)
selection
2- switch structure.
does not require evaluation.

1
One-Way Selection

• The syntax of one-way selection is:

• The statement is executed if the value of the


expression is true
• The statement is bypassed if the value is
false; program goes to the next statement
• if is a reserved word

2
One-Way Selection (continued)

3
One-Way Selection (continued)

4
5
One-Way Selection (continued)

6
Two-Way Selection
• Two-way selection takes the form:

• If expression is true, statement1 is


executed; otherwise, statement2 is
executed
• else is a reserved word

7
Two-Way Selection (continued)

8
Two-Way Selection (continued)

9
Two-Way Selection (continued)

10
Compound (Block of) Statement

• If and if …else control only one


statement.
• If you want to execute more statements , you
need to use braces.
• Compound statement (block of statements):

11
Compound (Block of) Statement
(continued)
if (age > 18)
{
cout << "Eligible to vote." << endl;
cout << "No longer a minor." << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "Not eligible to vote." << endl;
cout << "Still a minor." << endl;
}

12
Multiple Selections: Nested if

• Nesting: one control statement in another


• An else is associated with the most recent
if that has not been paired with an else

• Using else statement rather than multiple if


make execution faster because if exp is
evaluated to true, it skips the rest of
statements, as shown in next examples

13
14
15
Comparing if…else Statements
with a Series of if Statements

16
int x=7;

if (x>=3 && x<10)

x+=3;

else if (x==5)
x=7;

cout<<x;

17
int x=7, y=11;

if (x%y ==5)

if (y%11 == 0)

x+=2;

else
x-=2;

y=y+2;

cout<<x<<endl<<y<<endl;
18
Confusion Between == and =

• C++ allows you to use any expression that


can be evaluated to either true or false as
an expression in the if statement:
if (x = 5)
cout << "The value is five." << endl;
• The appearance of assignment operator (=)
in place of equality operator (==) resembles a
silent killer
− It is not a syntax error
− It is a logical error (typographical error).

19
Conditional Operator (?:)

• Conditional operator (?:) takes three arguments


− Ternary operator
• Syntax :
expression1 ? expression2 : expression3
• If expression1 is true, the result of the conditional
expression is expression2
− Otherwise, the result is expression3
• if (a >= b)
max = a; max = (a >= b) ? a : b;
else
max = b;

20
Exemple 1
int x=4;
x==5 ? cout<<x : cout<<++x;

Exemple 2
int x=3;
x==3 ? (x=6, cout<<x) :( x=5 ,cout<<x);

21
Exemple 3:

int x=10 , y=2;


x+= (x<3 ? y+=14 : 'A');
cout<<x<<endl<<y<<endl;

22
Example 4:
int x;
cin>>x;
cout<<(x>=50) ? "pass" : "fail";

Example 5:
int x;
cin>>x;
cout<<((x>=50) ? "pass" : "fail");

23
switch Structures

• switch structure: alternate to


if-else
• switch (expression) expression
is evaluated first
• Value of the expression determines
which corresponding action is
taken
• Expression is sometimes called the
selector, and it’s value can be only
of type integral (char, int, bool).

24
25
switch Structures (continued)

• One or more statements may follow a case


label
• When value of Exp is matched against a case
value (label), the statements execute until
either a break is found or the end of switch.
• If it doesn’t match any of the case values,
statements following the default label
execute, if no default label and no matching,
the entire switch statement is skipped.

26
switch Structures (continued)

• Braces are not needed to turn multiple


statements into a single compound statement
• The break statement (causes immediate exit
from switch structure) may or may not appear
after each case.
• Program executes all statements until a break
is encountered, skipping all case labels in
between.
• switch, case, break, and default are
reserved words

27
28
29
Summary

• Control structures alter normal control flow


• Most common control structures are selection
and repetition
• Relational operators: ==, <, <=, >, >=, !=
• Logical expressions evaluate to 1 (true) or 0
(false)
• Logical operators: ! (not), && (and), || (or)

30
Summary (continued)

• Two selection structures: one-way selection


and two-way selection
• The expression in an if or if...else
structure is usually a logical expression
• No stand-alone else statement in C++
− Every else has a related if
• A sequence of statements enclosed between
braces, { and }, is called a compound
statement or block of statements
31
Summary (continued)

• Using assignment in place of the equality


operator creates a semantic error
• switch structure handles multiway selection
• break statement ends switch statement

32

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