162 Practical Physics and Electronics EXPERIMENT : 42 SPECTROMETER: (i-d) curve. Aim: To determine angle of deviation of a prism for various one of. incidence, tg draw i-d curve and hence to find the refractive index of the prism. Apparatus ; Spectrometer, prism, sodium vapour lamp, ete... Procedure : After the preliminary adjustments of the spectrometer, telescope is focused directly to see the image of the slit. By working on the tangential screw, vertical cross wire is made to coincide with the fixed edge of the image of the slit. At this position, the telescope is clamped rigidly. The two verniers are then fixed firmly to read 0° and 180° verniers remain same (0° and 180°). Next, the prism abe is mounted, as shown in Fig.42.1, with its base be almost parallel to the axis of the collimator. Now to set the prism so that a ray of light from collimator falls on the refracting face ab (say) with a particular angle of incidence i (for example, i = 30’), the telescope from its direct position, is rotated towards ab through an angle @ =180-2i(= 120°) and it is fixed [Fig. 42.1] in that position by using the radial screw. The prism is adjusted by slowly rotating the platform till the fixed edge of reflected image of the slit from the /) face ab coincides with the vertical ! cross wire. At this position, we note that the light ray is incident on ab at : Fig. 42.1 an angle i (= 30°) to the normal at the point of incidence, zt U= 180 -2i Pozi vy so that through out the experiment, the direct readings of the _Light 163 The telescope is released and now turned towards the base to observe the refracted image from the face ac. Fi ally adjusting the position of the telescope, Wire is made to coincide with the same fixed edge of image. The readings of verniers V, and V, are noted. The difference with the direct reading gives the angle of deviation d for given angle of incidence i. The experiment is performed for various angles of incidence i = 40°, 45°, etc., and the readings of the yerniers corresponding to respective refracted rays are tabulated, as given in Table 42.1. the vertical cro; Table 42.1: Angle of deviation d : EC Direct Reading V,- = Angle of Angle of Reading Incidence rotation of | refracted image Telescope i = 180-21 V, Vv, 30 120 35 110 40 - 100 45 90 50 80 55 70 60 60 Angle of prism A from the graph: A graph is drawn, taking i along x-axis and d along y-axis [Fig. 42.2]. As seen from the graph, i — d curve comes out to be a parabola with the axis Parallel to y-axis. Hence, in general, for given angle of deviation d, there are two distinct angles of incidence i and v such that d =i+i-A Where A is the angle of prism. Fig.42.2Practical Physics_and Electro): of the prism A = (+i)-d can be calcula; A straight line ABC is drawn, parallel to x-axis cutting a ‘come at Bang ¢ Then d= OA, i= OP andi’ = 0Q, giving angle of the prism — ti a aa number of parallel straight lines, cutting the curve at a points a rawn, : lengths OA, OP and OQ are measured in angles and mean value of angi, of prism A is determined [Table 42.2] 164 Therefore, from the graph, the angle Table 42.2; Angle of the prism - A a i y cae a oa | op | 0Q_ |oP+0Q Asta Mean A= Angle of Minimum Deviation D : When i =i’, the angle of deviation becomes minimum and is given by D=2i-A. From the graph, the angle of deviation D is noted. Also, since OR =i, the angle of minimum deviation D= 2i—A is determined. Thus the mean value of D is calculated. Using the formula, A+D Sin (F ee A Sin] 2 in( 3) the refractive index p of the prism is determined. ~ Result: From (i-d) graph, (i) Angle of prism = Gi) Angle of minimum deviation = (iii) _ Refractive index of the prism =