DECLARATION

I Isha Ahuja declare that, I have completed a project report titled as Audit Kalyani at
Kalyani Hospital Pvt.Ltd, Mehrauli Road, Gurugram. which is submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of bachelor of commerce (Honors) of
Amity University, Gurugram during 2019-2022.
The information presented in this project is original work and does not form any part
of the project undertaken previously to the best of my knowledge.

DATE SIGNATURE
PLACE ISHA AHUJA
A50004619005
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ms. Isha Ahuja, a student of Amity University of B.com (H)
program has completed the internship report titled “Audit Kalyani”, under my
supervision. Her internship placement was at Kalyani Hospital Pvt.Ltd. I was pleased
to state that she has worked hard in preparing this report and she has been able to
present a good picture of the concerned organization. The data and finding
presented in the report seem to be authentic.

Project guide: Mr. Shiv Swaroop

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is indeed a great plaesure and honour on mine to have the opportunity to express
my profound gratitude towards all the individuals who directly or indirectly
contributed towards practical orientation.
I convey my deepest appreciation to Mr. shiv Swaroop for his continuous guidance
and whole-hearted supervision and supporting me in preparing this internship
report. I thank him for being a constant source of inspriation. I would like to convey
my utmost appreciation to Prof. Shiv Swaroop for his sincere guidance and
supervision.
My successful completion of internship in KALYANI HOSPITAL PVT.LTD. would not
have been possible without the help of some kind-hearted people. My sincere
gratitude goes to Mr. Girish Goswami, Accounts head, for guiding me throughout the
training process and for giving me valuable advices and suggestions to complete the
whole internship inright manner. Last but not the least; I would like to express my
deepest gratitude to the officers and personnel of Kalyani Hospital Pvt.Ltd. for their
continous support and valuable suggestions, cooperation and assistance.
I would like to show my gratitude towards some of my friends who gave their selfless
efforts to conduct the study. Finally, I thank my college, Amity University, Gurugram
for giving me the opportunity of self-development through practical experience.

ISHA AHUJA

B.Com (H)

A50004619005
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATION FROM THE SIP ORGANISATION

DECLARATION
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
1.2 SCOPE OF STUDY
1.3
METHODOLOGY
1.4 SOURCES OF INFORMATION
1.4.1 PRIMARY SOURCES OF INFORMATION
1.4.2 SECONDARY SOURCE OF INFORMATION
1.5 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
CHAPTER 2. ORGANISATION'S PROFILE
2.1 FIRM'S
PROFILE
2.2 ABOUT THE FIRM
2.3 ABOUT THE CLIENTS
2.5 SERVICES PROVIDED
2.6 WHAT PEOPLE SAY ABOUT THEM
CHAPTER 3. CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
3.1 AUDIT PROCEDURE IN INDIA
3.1.1 GENERAL DEFINATION OF AUDIT PROCESS AND PROCEDURE
3.1.2 AUDIT PROCESS
3.1.3 AUDITING PROCEDURE
3.1.4 AUDIT PROCESS AND PROCEDURE IN INDIA
3.1.5 AUDIT PROCESS
3.2 AUDIT PROCEDURE FOLLOWED BY KALYANI HOSPITAL Pvt.Ltd.
3.2.1 ENGAGEMENT PROCEDURE
3.2.2 AUDIT PROCEDURE
CHAPTER 4 TRAINING AREAS
4.1 CENTRAL BANK OF INDIA- CONCURRENT AUDIT
4.1.1 JOB RESPONSIBILITY
4.1.2 PREPARATION OF AUDIT REPORTS
4.2 COPRORATION BANK- INCOME SEEPAGE AUDIT
4.2.1 SCOPE OD ICOME SEEPAGE AUDIT
4.3 OTHER TASK PERFORMED
CONCLUSIONS
BIBLOGRAPHY/ REFERENCES
 PREFACE

There is a vast difference between theory and practical applicability of auditing

concepts, principles and theories in any industry. This practical training program in
the course is designed with an objective of bridging the gap between the theory and
practical applicability of audit concepts and theories studied during the B. Com(H)
program and their applicability in an industry. I am very fortunate to have an
opportunity to undergo my project in on “Audit Kalyani”. This Project training has
been indeed a great learning experience which has provided a lot of exposure
regarding corporate functional environment in an industry. It has been a great
pleasure for me to do my project work in such an esteemed organization.
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The purpose of this study is to identify changes and trends in the auditing behaviour
of insurers in Kalyani Hospital. This research study is all about the feedback given by
respondent on various services of Kalyani Hospital. During research there were some
criteria of collecting the data from respondents.
This project gives us a detailed idea of auditing behaviour.
By looking at the starting of the project you will find-
 Why should one audit?
 Audit objectives
 Types of audits
 Audit process
This project also defines the objective of the study which includes,
 To study about audit behaviour
 Which group level matters while taking decision
 Time period for audit
 Factors affecting audit decision
The solution to above objectives is provided through detailed research. After the
theoretical part I have included the research part. A questionnaire has been
constructed for collecting primary data and secondary data through web,
newspapers, magazines, company 7 websites etc. Samples of 70 respondents have
been approached randomly for eliciting information, and few column and pie charts
are used for analysis and interpretation. However, the study is subjected to few
limitations such as time constraints, and the study is done only in Gurugram where
70 respondents were approached which is also a major limitation. This research was
conducted to analyse the audit need and wants and depending upon the needs, how
could we educate them to not just to rely on traditional audit option.
This study has given me a lot of practical knowledge about audit and audit behaviour
towards various services, and I have learnt a lot of things from respondents like
giving proper education to investors on investment products either by campaign or
mass target advertisement or through social media platform like You tube, Facebook
etc., is the way to make them participate in India in the capital market.
 CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION

In today’s world academic education is not adequate to enable a student to complete

with confidence and reach his/her goal without having experience with the outside
world. In order to have an idea and gain experiences, the students od Bachelor of
Commerce, Amity University Gurugram, have to undertake two months internship
program at any organization.
As a part of my Summer Internship Program, the two-month internship program gave
me the opportunity to have a practical knowledge on auditing procedure. The
assignment was how the private hospitals perform an audit and also to gain
knowledge on practical experiences on how audit work is performed in hospitals,
corporations, companies and non-profit making organizations. To face much more
complex and challenging business world in the challenging business areas, practical
knowledge is essential to expand our theoretical base.
To gather this practical knowledge, we were forwarded different organisation during
the SIP. As I have an intention to become a chartered accountant, I opted Kalyani
Hospital, Gurugram. This study gave me an opportunity to observe and perform real
world knowledge about audit procedure, which is followed by the hospitals. In the
internship period I could relate the theorical knowledge of auditing to practical
exposure.
The internship program is mandatory requirement for the students who are
graduating under the faculty of Commerce of Amity University, Gurugram.
In the internship program I was engaged with the accounts department for 2 months.
I have learned how the accounts department works and how audit is conducted. Also
learned about the audit procedure of hospitals and how the engagement is done in
case of an annual audit. As a result, I have decided to write a report about the AUDIT
PROCEDURE OF KALYANI HOSPITAL from practical knowledge that I have observed.
1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
 To have an overall idea about the Audit Procedure of Kalyani Hospital Pvt.Ltd.
 To gain the practical knowledge and experience on how the firm conducts an
audit and how audit work is conducted in hospitals
 To identify about how to accumlate and process supportive documents to
make an audit report.
1.2 SCOPE OF STUDY
I have been assigned in Kalyani Hospital Pvt.Ltd. that gave me tremendous scope to
familiarize with the audit procedure of the organisation.
Major parts of scope are point out below:
a) Background of the host organization.
b) Audit procedure, which is followed by the organisation for conducting audit.
1.3 METHODOLOGY
The present study has been made on the basis of both primary and secondary
data.
Throughout the internship period I worked in accounts department and earned
experience. By working as a member of this department, I had opportunity to
learn and gather knowledge, to some extent I had access to see the hospital’s
voucher, ledger, audit report and so forth. I communicated with the employees
and gathered the information.
1.4 SOURCES OF INFORMATION
In order to prepare the assigned project paper I have collected necessary
information from two types of sources as follow :
1.4.1 Primary sources information.
1.4.2 Secondary sources information.

1.4.1 PRIMARY SOURCES INFORMATION

1. I have collected primary information by working with accounts department.
2. Discussing with engagement partner, audit manager and staff.
1.4.2 SECONDARY SOURCES INFORMATION
1. I have also collected secondary information like annual audit report, management
audit report, accounting system and audit work paper.
2. The information was obtained from various cooresponding files of the firm.
LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
The study is being conducted with the objective to make a through study of external
audit procedure. I have availed many facilities and faced some obstacles during my
study. These obstacles may be termed as limitation of the study.
Despite the study has achieved the sole purpose of doing the best work, there were
certain limitations existed during the internship period.
These limitations are as follow:
a) Time frame to perform internship was short.
b) Banks and companies maintain some privacy while giving information, hence
they do not disclose many thing.
c) As internship was the first practical experience, it was not possible for me to
know all and everything of audit procedure.
In spite of, all these limitations, I have tries to put my best efforts as far as
possible.
 CHAPTER-2 ORGANIZATION’S PROFILE

2.1 FIRM’S PROFILE

NAME : KALYANI HOSPITAL

ADDRESS : MEHRAULI GURGAON ROAD, OPP. GOVT.GIRLS COLLEGE, NEAR SECTOR-14
TOWN : GURUGRAM
STATE : HARYANA
COUNTRY : INDIA
POST CODE : 122001
PHONE : 91-124-4666999
FAX : 91-124-4666999
EMAIL : [email protected]
2.2 ABOUT THE FIRM

Kalyani is the first super specialty hospital of Gurgaon Starting its operations 15 years
back the hospital has earned the trust of thousands of patients by treating them In
the year 1997 when the healthcare of Gurgaon was in a primitive state Kalyani
Hospital promoted by renowned GI and Laparoscopic surgeons Dr Sushil Khurana and
Dr Subhash Khanna Chartered Accountant Mr Rakesh Aggarwal and Paediatrician Dr
Rashmi Khurana opened its gates for the patients of Gurgaon The advent of Kalyani
Hospital was a boon for the residents of Gurgaon who earlier had to run to Delhi for
all their health needs specially super specialty treatment trauma management and
critical care Kalyani Hospital soon emerged as the destination for all seriously ill or
trauma patients giving it the status of one of the best trauma centre in Gurgaon with
24 hrs emergency services High quality treatment in the fields of Neurosurgery
Urology Cardiac Care Cancer Surgery and high end GI surgery made Kalyani a trusted
as a hospital in Gurgaon Today the healthcare of Gurgaon is world class with so many
corporate hospitals coming in Gurgaon and Kalyani Hospital remains one of the most
trusted hospital for the millions of people Kalyani Hospital Gurgaon is also unique
considering the large number of TPAs empanelled for cashless facility with the
hospital that includes TPA like ICICI Lombard ICICI Prudential Emeditek Vipul Alan kit
etc Besides Kalyani Hospital has also tie ups with all major PSUs and corporates like
Maruti Hero Honda ECHS CGHS etc. The hospital has evolved itself as a advanced
Trauma Centre over a period of time The hospital is well supported by Ambulance
service to cater to all kinds of trauma advanced ICU to take care of trauma patients
post-surgery and for those where recovery from trauma requires critical care
monitoring Apart from being an advanced trauma centre Kalyani Hospital is also one
of the best hospital for General amp Laparoscopic Surgery in Gurgaon that includes
surgery for appendix surgery for hernia surgery for gall bladder stones and other
gynae related surgeries like hysterectomy and ovarian cyst removal Dr Subhash
Khanna and Dr Sushil Khurana who are the two pillars of laparoscopic surgery in
Gurgaon head the department
With the sole aim of providing medical aid to the poor at an affordable cost, and

without compromising on the quality of service, Dr. Parcha Anjani Devi, after quitting

from government service in June 1983, started a 30 bedded maternity home in

rented premises near Vijaya talkies, Hanamkonda. Founded on November 3, 1983,

she named the place as Kalyani Hospital.  After 10 years, the hospital got shifted to its

present spacious premises on August 9, 1993.

 Kalyani hospital was one of the first few hospitals which acquired an ultrasound

scanner from Holland as early as 1986 when scanning was not yet known to the

people of Warangal.  As the days passed by, the hospital was adapting itself to the

changing scenario in the medical field by upgrading its infrastructure and equipment

with latest ones.  The hospital acquired a new Laparoscope in December 1998, when

Laparoscopic surgeries were limited to Hyderabad.  Dr. A. Sudhakar MS underwent

training in Chennai and started Laparoscopic surgeries in Kalyani Hospital in March

1999.  Now the hospital is also serving as a training centre for young surgeons under

the leadership and guidance of Dr. A. Sudhakar.  The credit of conducting total knee

joint replacement surgeries in private sector goes to Kalyani Hospital, as Dr Gopala

Krishna Pemmaraju, FRCS (ortho) performed the first surgery on October 5, 2010 on

a patient named Chanda Sudeshna Devi, at a much lesser cost than hospitals in

Hyderabad.

 This hospital has also got a neonatal Intensive Care Unit with 10 phototherapy and

baby warmers started by Dr. Pingali Gopal FRCS, who after returning from UK, joined

Kalyani Hospital in 2000 as a full-time consultant.  He was also responsible for saving

a premature baby weighing only 600 gm and also performed successful surgeries on

a number of new-borns.  The Orthopaedics wing is headed by a young doctor called

Shantan Gujjula who underwent advanced training programme in latest techniques

of Arthroscopy in Pune.  In addition to these departments, there are other

specialities like General Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Paediatric Surgery,

ENT, General Medicine and Spine Surgery which transformed Kalyani Hospital into a

multi-speciality 100 bedded hospital.

While Obstetrics department is headed by Dr. P. Anjani Devi, Dr Soumya Gujjula, MD,

and Dr.G. Keerthi Reddy, DGO, also work to take care of needy patients round the

clock.  Dr. G. Laxminaryana, Senior Surgeon, Dr Satish Kumar, Paediatrician, Dr G.

Shantan Kumar Ortho, Dr. T. Kalyani Physician, Dr. Ch. Suresh, Spine Surgeon, Dr. M.

Geeta, Lady Gen.Surgeon, Dr.Ch. AnjjiReddy, Senior Anaesthetist are available of the

needy patients of this hospital.  The hospital was recently fitted one of the Operation

Theatres with the latest laminar flow to enable the conducting of super speciality

surgeries.

Kalyani Hospital is committed to provide quality medicare to common people at an

affordable cost and with that aim, introduced Suguna Memorial Safe Motherhood

Card with which the cardholders can get 50 percent concession in hospital charges.

This is given only to those who are below the pverty line.  Every Saturday, free

tubectomy operations are being done.  Recently Dr. P. Anjani Devi started a

programme called “Kusalatha “” to tackle the problem of Anaemia among school

going children by visiting Govt. girls’ hostels.  Services of this hospital are available
under Aarogyasri and EHS schemes of the State Government and it is also

empanelled by several insurance companies.  

2.3 ABOUT THE DOCTORS

We have 35 doctors listed in Kalyani Hospital with comprehensive information

about the doctor including qualification, experience, education, procedures

and conditions treated, expertise and more.

1. Dr. Usha Sikhh

MBBS
Dr. Usha Sikhh is a Gynaecologist in Gurgaon Sector 14, Gurgaon Dr. Usha Sikhh
practices at Kalyani Hospital in Gurgaon Sector 14, Gurgaon. She completed MBBS
from Rehman Medical College in 1969. Service provided by the doctor is: fertility
Major Gynaecological & Obstetrical Surgery.

2. Dr. Joy Chakraborty

MBBS, MD - General Medicine Internal Medicine
25 Years’ Experience Overall (24 years as specialist)
Medical Registration Verified
Dr. Joy Chakraborty is an Internal Medicine in Gurgaon Sector 14, Gurgaon and has
an experience of 25 years in this field. Dr. Joy Chakraborty practices at Kalyani
Hospital in Gurgaon Sector 14, Gurgaon and Uma Jyoti Memorial Clinic in Sushant Lok
I, Gurgaon. He completed MBBS from Assam Medial College, Dibrugarh in 1992 and
MD - General Medicine from Assam Medial College, Dibrugarh in 1996.
He is a member of Indian Medical Association (IMA), Indian Society of Critical Care
Medicine (ISCCM),Association of Physicians of India (API) and Research Society for
the Study of Diabetes in India (RSSDI). Some of the services provided by the doctor
are: Preoperative treatment, Foot infection, Health Check-up (General), Diabetes
Care and Former Obese etc.

3. Dr. Dheeraj Gupta

MBBS, MS - Ophthalmology
Ophthalmologist/ Eye Surgeon
29 Years’ Experience Overall (25 years as specialist)
Medical Registration Verified
Dr. Dheeraj Gupta is a Ophthalmologist/ Eye Surgeon in Gurgaon Sector 12, Gurgaon
and has an experience of 29 years in this field. Dr. Dheeraj Gupta practices at Drishti
Eye Centre in Gurgaon Sector 12, Gurgaon Pratik Sha Hospital in Gurgaon Sector 56,
Gurgaon and Kalyani Hospital in Gurgaon Sector 14, Gurgaon. He completed MBBS
from Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER),
Puducherry in 1992 and MS - Ophthalmology from B J Medical College Ahmedabad in
1996.
He is a member of Delhi Medical Council. Some of the services provided by the
doctor are: Laser Refractive & Cataract Surgery, Bladeless Lasik Surgery,
Ophthalmologic examinations, Retina Surgery and Lasik and LASIK Eye Surgery etc.
4. Dr. Rupal Gupta
MBBS, MS - Ophthalmology
Ophthalmologist/ Eye Surgeon
28 Years’ Experience Overall (25 years as specialist)
Medical Registration Verified
Dr. Rupal Gupta is an Ophthalmologist/ Eye Surgeon in Adarsh Nagar, Gurgaon. Dr.
Rupal Gupta practices at Kalyani Fortis Hospital, Gurgaon, as well as in Drishti Eye
Centre and W by Pratik Sha Hospital, Gurgaon.

5. Dr. Ashok Raina

MBBS, MS - Ophthalmology
Ophthalmologist/ Eye Surgeon
43 Years’ Experience Overall (42 years as specialist)
Medical Registration Verified
Dr. Ashok Raina is a Ophthalmologist/ Eye Surgeon in Gurgaon Sector 14, Gurgaon
and has an experience of 43 years in this field. Dr. Ashok Raina practices at Kalyani
Hospital in Gurgaon Sector 14, Gurgaon and Ashok Raina Clinic in Arjun Nagar,
Gurgaon. He completed MBBS from Rabindranath Tagore Medical College, Udaipur in
1972 and MS - Ophthalmology from POSTGRADUATE INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL
EDUCATION AND RESEARCH, CHANDIGARH in 1978.
He is a member of Delhi Ophthalmological Society (DOS), Medical Council of India
(MCI), American Medical Society of Vienna, American Society of Cataract and
Refractive Surgery (ASCRS), Indian Medical Association (IMA) and IMA academy of
Medical Specialities. Some of the services provided by the doctor are:
Trabeculectomy, Retina Surgery and Lasik, Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction, Anterior
Segment Surgery and Cataract Surgery etc.

6. Dr. M K Gupta
MBBS, MS - Ophthalmology
Ophthalmologist/ Eye Surgeon
32 Years’ Experience Overall (31 years as specialist)
Medical Registration Verified
Dr. M K Gupta is an Ophthalmologist/ Eye Surgeon in Gurgaon Sector 14, Gurgaon
and has an experience of 32 years in this field. Dr. M K Gupta practices at Kalyani
Hospital in Gurgaon Sector 14, Gurgaon. He completed MBBS from University of
Delhi in 1985 and MS - Ophthalmology from G B Pant Hospital / Moulana Azad
Medical College, New Delhi in 1989.
He is a member of Delhi Ophthalmological Society (DOS), Houseman at Safdarjung
Hospital, New Delhi, All India Ophthalmological Society, Gurgaon Ophthalmological
Society, Glaucoma Society of India (GSI) and Strabismus and Paediatric
Ophthalmological Society of India.
7. Dr. Rashmi Khurana
MBBS, Diploma in Child Health (DCH)
Paediatrician
45 Years’ Experience Overall (40 years as specialist)
Medical Registration Verified
Dr. Rashmi Khurana MBBS, DCH, FIAMS, is a well-qualified experienced paediatrician
practicing Paediatrics for last 33 years. At present she is the Director and Head of
Paediatric Department in Kalyani Hospital and Consultant - Paediatrics at W Pratik
Sha Hospital.
She is taking care of wellbeing of Children from birth till the age of eighteen years. Dr.
Rashmi Khurana has widely travelled to various countries in the world and has also
studied their delivery system in Paediatrics

8. Dr. Sanjay Agarwal

MBBS, MD - Paediatrics
26 Years’ Experience Overall (24 years as specialist)
 Medical Registration Verified
Dr. Sanjay Agarwal is a paediatrician and Neonatologist in Gurgaon Sector 46,
Gurgaon and has an experience of 26 years in these fields. Dr. Sanjay Agarwal
practices at Hardwarimal Shishu Care Clinic in Gurgaon Sector 46, Gurgaon, Kalyani
Hospital in Gurgaon Sector 14, Gurgaon and Saraswati Hospital in Gurgaon Sector 14,
Gurgaon. He completed MBBS from University of Delhi in 1991 and MD - Paediatrics
from Chaudhary Charan Singh University in 1996.
He is a member of Indian Medical Association (IMA). Some of the services provided
by the doctor are: Tonsillitis Treatment, Children’s Health, Vaccination/
Immunization, Growth & Development Evaluation / Management and Health Check-
up (General) etc.

9. Dr. Namit Gupta

MBBS, MD - Medicine, DM - Neurology
Neurologist
14 Years’ Experience Overall (8 years as specialist)
Medical Registration Verified.
Dr. Namit Gupta is a senior consultant Neurologist with an experience of 9 years in
the field of neurology. He has done his DM - Neurology from Grant Medical College
and Sir J.J Group of Hospitals, Mumbai (one of the premier and top 10 medical
institutes of India).
He is an esteemed Neurologist who brings the highest quality health care services
and the best results in the field of neurosciences. He has experience in treating
Migraine & Headache Disorders, Epilepsy, Stroke, Parkinson's Disease, Dementia,
Movement Disorders, Neuromuscular Disorders, Cervical & Lumbar Spondylosis,
Backache, Sleep Disorders, Multiple Sclerosis and Much More. He Has Vast
Experience in Neurophysiological Procedures (NCV & EMG) and ECG, having
performed more than 15,000 cases.
He is a Member of Indian Academy of Neurology and Fellow of Academy of General
Education and has active participation in various national and international neurology
conferences.

10.Dr. Kailash Nath Gupta

MD - Physician, DNB - respiratory diseases
Pulmonologist, Tuberculous and chest Diseases Specialist
26 Years’ Experience Overall (17 years as specialist)
Medical Registration Verified
Dr. Kailash Nath Gupta is a Pulmonologist, Tuberculous and chest Diseases Specialist
and Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Specialist in Dwarka, Delhi
and has an experience of 26 years in these fields. Dr. Kailash Nath Gupta practices at
Centre for Chest Diseases in Dwarka, Delhi, Noble Medicare in Janakpur, Delhi and
Kalyani Hospital in Gurgaon Sector 14, Gurgaon. He completed MD - Physician from
Second Tashkent State Medical Institute in 1995, MNAMS - Respiratory Diseases from
National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) in 2001 and DNB - Respiratory Diseases
from National Board Of Examination in 2004.
He is a member of American College of Chest Physicians, Association of Physicians of
India (API), Indian association of brontology, Indian Chest Society, Indian Medical
Association (IMA), European Respiratory Society (ERS),Indian Society of Critical Care
Medicine (ISCCM) and National College of Chest Physician. Some of the services
provided by the doctor are: Critical Care, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD) Treatment, Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment, Obstructive Sleep Apnea and
Pneumonia Treatment etc.

11.Dr. Sonali Walia

BDS, MDS - Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics
Orthodontist
10 Years’ Experience Overall (5 years as specialist)
 Medical Registration Verified
Dr. Sonali Walia is a practising Dentist and an Orthodontist with an experience of 9
years. She is located in Delhi NCR. She completed BDS from Maharshi Dayanand
University, Rohtak in 2011 and MDS - Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics
from Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences Rohtak in 2015. She
is a member of the Indian Orthodontic Society.
She is a committed and dynamic dental surgeon specializing in orthodontic treatment
such as metallic braces, ceramic braces, self-ligation braces and clear aligners.

12.Dr. Neha Arora

MBBS, DNB - General Medicine, Fellowship in Rheumatology
Rheumatologist
16 Years’ Experience Overall (6 years as specialist)
 Medical Registration Verified
Dr. Neha Arora Possess rich experience in the field of Rheumatology and Clinical
Immunology. She is Consultant Rheumatologist with Columbia Asia Hospital, Kalyani
Hospital and Miracles Mediclinic, Gurgaon.
Also served as Attending Consultant Rheumatologist at Artemis Hospital, Gurgaon for
3 years.
Has done DNB in Internal Medicine and Fellowship Rheumatology from the
prestigious Sir Ganga ram Hospital (SGRH, New Delhi).
She has extensive knowledge in the management of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Ankylosing
Spondylitis, Gout, Vasculitis, SLE, Myositis, Osteoporosis and Various Autoimmune
and Rheumatologic Disorders and use of Biologics. She is trained to perform various
intraarticular injections.
She has many publications to her credit and has represented in various national and
international conferences.

13.Dr. Priyanka Gupta

MD - Obstetrics & Gynaecology, MBBS
Gynaecologist Obstetrician
18 Years’ Experience Overall (12 years as specialist)
Medical Registration Verified
Dr. Priyanka Gupta is a Gynaecologist of over 10 years’ experience of providing
quality Obstetrics and Gynaecological care across various cities in India. After
practicing in Delhi and Bengaluru, she is now providing quality female care to women
of all age groups in Gurugram.
Having the fortune of helping more than 5000 mothers deliver and attain
motherhood across various cities, she believes in not only providing medical help but
also emotional support to all the would-be mothers so that it's not a mere treatment
but a beautiful experience for them.
She is carrying out all gynaecological surgeries for the last many years and being
proficient in laparoscopic surgeries. She is able to provide "Safe and Short Hospital
Stay" to all her patients.
She is committed to helping girls, women of all age group to discuss various female
related issues and in turn, guide the population regarding prevention of different
Gynaecological ailments.
Presently she is giving consultation at Women's Clinic, Nidaan Hospital, Jharsa Road
Sector 15 Gurugram. She is working as a consultant Gynaecologist at Kalyani Hospital
and she is associated with Cradle Hospital, Sector 14 & Artemis Hospital, Sector 51
Gurugram.
14. Dr. Anjali Bugga
MBBS, MS - Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Gynaecologist
36 Years’ Experience Overall (36 years as specialist)
 Medical Registration Verified
Dr. Anjali Bugga is a well-known and experienced Gynaecologist in Gurgaon area. She
is trained in all kinds of gynae surgery and is adept in handling high risk pregnancies.
She has an experience of 32 years in the field of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. She has
served in Indian Air force Hospital for several years and has an in-depth knowledge of
the field.

15.Dr. Ashish Kalla

MBBS, DNB - General Medicine, FCCM
General Physician, Internal Medicine, Consultant Physician
14 Years’ Experience Overall (12 years as specialist)
Medical Registration Verified
"Dr. Ashish Kalla, General physician and consultation doctor in Gurgaon".
He is known for managing serious patients and long-standing uncontrolled diabetes.
He has good experience in the Internal Medicine field and his areas of interest
include Diabetes, Respiratory Diseases, Rheumatology, Renal, Gastrointestinal,
Cardiac diseases, Infectious diseases, and critical care management. He has worked in
prestigious institutes like Dr. RML Hospital, Bombay Hospital, Jaipur Golden Hospital,
and Medanta, The Medicity Hospital.
Now, you can book an instant appointment with Dr. Ashish Kalla on Practo.com

16. Dr. Sushil Khurana

Dr. Sushil Khurana is one of the most distinguished Laparoscopic and General
Surgeon of Gurgaon. Having graduated in the year 1971, Dr. Khurana has been
practicing in Gurgaon for the last 25 years of which the last 15 years has been at
Kalyani Hospital. Dr. Khurana was elected as the Governor of the Rotary Club
District 3010 in the year 2007, a position which took him to all parts of the world.
Dr. Khurana has been associated with several social organizations which provide
succour to the underprivileged sections of the society. Consultant Laparoscopic &
General Surgeon Director Kalyani Hospital Pvt. Ltd. 0Director of Fortis Escorts
Kalyani Heart Centre at Gurgaon Senior Resident LMC & Hospital, New Delhi.
Lecturer of Surgery Medical College and Hospital, Basra, Iraq
Specialities: General & Laparoscopic Surgery

Expertise: Laparoscopic GI Surgeries, Single Port Sleeve Gastrectomy’s

Education: FIAGES from Fellow Indian Association of Gastro Endoscopic Surgeons.

FIAS fr0m Founder Fellow Indian Association of Surgeons – 1993 . FIAMS from
Fellow of Indian Academy of Medical Specialities †“1992 .MS (Master of
Surgery) from Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, 1976 . MBBS
from Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, 1971.

17.Dr. Subhash Khanna

Dr Subhash Khanna is the pioneer of Laparoscopic surgery in Gurgaon. Dr.

Khanna started Lap Surgeries when very few surgeons in the country were doing
minimal invasive surgeries. Dr. Khanna has done more than 30000 surgeries in a
career spanning over 35 years which include Laparoscopic and Open General
Surgeries. Dr. Subhash Khanna has done his studies and specialisations from
Rohtak Medical College. Dr. Subhash Khanna has been president of prestigious
Indian Medical Association. Dr. Khanna has been recognized world over for his
extraordinary skills in the field of Surgery for Appendicitis and has several
international papers to his credit. 0He is considered as one of the best
laparoscopic surgeons in Gurgaon for appendix surgery, hernia surgery, gall
bladder surgery, ovarian cyst surgery and fibroid surgery. Chief Consultant
Laparoscopic Surgery & Joint Replacement in Kalyani Hospital. Director at Kalyani
Hospital, Gurgaon. Surgeon with Haryana Government Hospital. Senior Resident
in Orthopaedics at Rohtak Medical College. 
Specialities: General Surgery and Orthopaedic Surgery

Expertise:

 Laparoscopic Appendix Surgery

 Laparoscopic Hernia Surgery
 Laparoscopic Gall Bladder Surgery
 Single Port Sleeve Gastrectomy’s 
 Abdominal Trauma Surgery
 Laparoscopic Ovarian Cyst Surgery
 Laparoscopic Fibroid Surgery 
Education: MS (General Surgery) from Rohtak Medical College, MBBS from
Rohtak Medical College.

2.3 ABOUT THE CLIENT AND STAFF REVIEWS

2.4 SERVICES PROVIDED
1. Cardiology: Cardiology is the study and treatment of disorders of the heart and
the blood vessels. A person with heart disease or cardiovascular disease may be
referred to a cardiologist. Cardiology is a branch of internal medicine. A
cardiologist is not the same as a cardiac surgeon. A cardiac surgeon opens the
chest and performs heart surgery. A cardiologist specializes in diagnosing and
treating diseases of the cardiovascular system. The cardiologist will carry out
tests, and they may perform some procedures, such as heart catheterizations,
angioplasty, or inserting a pacemaker. Heart disease relates specifically to the
heart, while cardiovascular disease affects the heart, the blood vessels, or both.
To become a cardiologist in the United States, it is necessary to complete 4 years
of medical school, 3 years of training in internal medicine, and at least 3 years
specializing in cardiology.

Heart diseases that a cardiologist can help with include:

 Atherosclerosis
 Atrial fibrillation
 Arrhythmias
 Congenital heart disease
 Coronary heart disease
 Congestive heart disease
 High blood cholesterol and triglycerides
 Hypertension
 Pericarditis
 Ventricular tachycardia
 High blood pressure, or hypertension

2. Dentistry: Dentistry, the profession concerned with the prevention

and treatment of oral disease, including diseases of the teeth and supporting
structures and diseases of the soft tissues of the mouth. Dentistry
also encompasses the treatment and correction of malformation of the jaws,
misalignment of the teeth, and birth anomalies of the oral cavity such as cleft
palate. In addition to general practice, dentistry includes many specialties and
 subspecialties, including orthodontics and
dental orthopaedics, paediatric, periodontics, prosthodontics, oral and
maxillofacial surgery, oral and maxillofacial pathology, endodontics, public health
dentistry, and oral and maxillofacial radiology. In most countries that recognize
specialties in dentistry, the specialist is limited to practice in the specialty and
cannot carry out the practice of general dentistry. Where the specialty is thus
limited, the general dentist may refer patients, and a specialist’s practice is mainly
on a referral basis. In Britain and in certain provinces in Canada, specialists may
conduct a general practice. In the United States nine specialties are recognized by
the American Dental Association: orthodontics and dentofacial orthopaedics;
paediatric dentistry; periodontics; prosthodontics; oral and maxillofacial surgery;
oral and maxillofacial pathology; endodontics; public health dentistry; and oral
and maxillofacial radiology.

3. ENT: ENTs Treat the Fundamental Functions of Life

Imagine a singer not being able to sing, or you not being able to hear her beautiful
music. Imagine not being able to smell the earth after a spring rain, or not being able
to taste and enjoy your favourite holiday meal. Imagine not being able to sleep
through the night next to your loved one because they snore. These are some of the
fundamental functions of life that make living so rich and wonderful. Yet when one or
more of these functions no longer work the way they should, living is diminished or
even jeopardized. Hearing and balance, swallowing and speech, breathing and sleep
issues, allergies and sinuses, head and neck cancer, skin disorders, even facial plastic
surgery are just some of the conditions that “ENT” (ear, nose, and throat) specialists
treat.

ENT specialists are not only medical doctors who can treat your sinus headache, your
child’s swimmer’s ear, or your dad’s sleep apnea. They are also surgeons who can
perform extremely delicate operations to restore hearing of the middle ear, open
blocked airways, remove head, neck, and throat cancers, and rebuild these essential
structures. This requires an additional five to eight years of intensive, post-graduate
training beyond medical school.
What Conditions Do ENTs Treat?
General otolaryngologists do not limit their practice to any one portion of the head
and neck, and can treat a variety of conditions. Some ENT specialists, however,
pursue additional training in one of these subspecialty areas:

 Ear (otology/neurotology)—Hearing and balance are critical to how we

conduct our daily lives. ENT specialists treat conditions such as ear infection,
hearing loss, dizziness, ringing in the ears (called tinnitus), ear, face, or neck
pain, and more.
 Nose (rhinology)—Our noses facilitate breathing by helping to keep out
potentially harmful dirt, allergens, and other agents. In addition to allergies,
ENT specialists treat deviated septum, rhinitis, sinusitis, sinus headaches
and migraines, nasal obstruction and surgery, skull-base tumours including
those inside the cranial cavity, and more.
 Throat (laryngology)—Disorders that affect our ability to speak and swallow
properly can have a tremendous impact on our lives and livelihoods. ENT
specialists treat sore throat, hoarseness, gastroesophageal reflux disease
(GERD), infections, throat tumours, airway and vocal cord disorders, and
more.
 Head and Neck/Thyroid—The head and neck include some of our body’s
most vital organs, which can be especially susceptible to tumours and
cancer. In addition to cancers of the head and neck, ENT specialists treat
benign neck masses, thyroid disorders such as benign and malignant
tumours, Grave’s disease, enlarged thyroid glands, parathyroid disease, and
more.
 Sleep—Being able to breathe and sleep well through the night has an
impact on the way we experience life and perform our work. ENT specialists
treat sleep-disordered breathing, nasal and airway obstruction, snoring and
sleep apnea, and more.
  Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery—Facial trauma and the resulting
change in appearance caused by an accident, injury, birth defect, or medical
condition side effect can be distressing. ENT specialists in facial plastic
surgery treat cleft palates, drooping eyelids, hair loss, ear deformities, facial
paralysis, trauma reconstruction, head and neck cancer reconstruction, and
cosmetic surgery of the face.
 Paediatrics—Children and their developing bodies and senses often need
special attention. ENT specialists treat birth defects of the head and neck,
developmental delays, ear infection, tonsil and adenoid infection, airway
problems, asthma and allergy, and more.

4. Gastro-enterology: Gastroenterology is the study of the normal function and

diseases of the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon and rectum, pancreas,
gallbladder, bile ducts and liver. It involves a detailed understanding of the normal
action (physiology) of the gastrointestinal organs including the movement of
material through the stomach and intestine (motility), the digestion and
absorption of nutrients into the body, removal of waste from the system, and the
function of the liver as a digestive organ. It includes common and important
conditions such as colon polyps and cancer, hepatitis, gastroesophageal reflux
(heartburn), peptic ulcer disease, colitis, gallbladder and biliary tract disease,
nutritional problems, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and pancreatitis. In essence,
all normal activity and disease of the digestive organs is part of the study of
Gastroenterology.
The unique training that Gastroenterologists complete provides them with the
ability to provide high quality, comprehensive care for patients with a wide
variety of gastrointestinal ailments. Gastroenterologists perform the bulk of
research involving gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures as well as the
interpretation of results, and are considered experts in the field. Studies have
shown that Gastroenterologists perform higher quality colonoscopy
examinations and comprehensive consultative services when compared to
other physicians. This translates into more accurate detection of polyps and
cancer by colonoscopy when performed by Gastroenterologists, fewer
complications from procedures and fewer days in the hospital for many
gastrointestinal conditions managed by trained gastroenterology specialists. It
 is this ability to provide more complete, accurate, and thorough care for
patients with gastrointestinal conditions, which distinguishes
Gastroenterologists from other physicians that provide some similar services.

5. Gynaecology: Gynaecology is the clinical area focused on the health of the

female reproductive system and covers a wide range of different conditions and
age groups.
The common problems include issues related to irregular periods, menstrual pain,
heavy menstrual bleeding, endometriosis, fibroids, pelvic pain, infertility and pelvic
floor problems causing incontinence or prolapse. Beginning from problems in pre-
puberty to post-menopause, we offer care to women through Out Patient, day care
surgery and inpatient services. The Out Patient services are offered at Units 3, 4 and
5 and inpatient care including surgeries at Units 2 and 5 (details on schedules and
appointments can be accessed at the call centre).
Our team of gynaecologists are well-versed in diagnosing and treating a wide range
of medical conditions that affect women. The doctors bring with them expertise,
experience and compassion. They are also well versed with the latest technologies
(surgical and non-surgical) and current trends. Many conditions can be addressed
through medication and lifestyle changes instead of a surgery. Our main aim is to
provide the most up-to-date care in the complete range of gynaecological problems.
This care is provided by a team of specialists who have expertise in their particular
field of interest, and includes doctors and nurses who strive to provide the best care
in a clean and comfortable environment. All doctors are competent and offer
counselling to enable women make the right choices. We also have an active ongoing
programme for research and development.
We undertake consultation, investigation and treatment of a wide range of
gynaecological conditions including:

 General gynaecology: including screening for genital cancers, cervical cancer

vaccination, etc.
 Emergency gynaecology round-the-clock: ectopic pregnancy, twisted ovarian
cyst, etc.
 Reproductive medicine services: ovulation induction and intrauterine
insemination
 Abnormal vaginal bleeding
 Urogynaecology
  Preventive gynaecology and Well Woman checks incorporating clinical
examination, Pap smear, laboratory investigations, pelvic ultrasonography and
mammography.

The team specializes in modern minimally invasive techniques for surgery, enabling a
shorter stay in hospital and a quicker recovery to normal activities. The
gynaecological service has well equipped operation theatres in Fernandez Hospital IP
units with the latest anaesthetic and surgical equipment. We have a dedicated post
operative ICU for high-risk cases and well-trained nurses who offer excellent post
operative care.

6. Internal Medicine: Internal medicine or general internal

medicine (in Commonwealth nations) is the medical specialty dealing with the
prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of internal diseases. Physicians specializing
in internal medicine are called internists, or physicians (without a modifier) in
Commonwealth nations. Internists are skilled in the management of patients who
have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes. Internists care for
hospitalized and ambulatory patients and may play a major role in teaching and
research. Internal medicine and family medicine are often confused as equivalent
in the Commonwealth nations (see below).
Because internal medicine patients are often seriously ill or require complex
investigations, internists do much of their work in hospitals. Internists often have
subspecialty interests in diseases affecting particular organs or organ systems.
Internal medicine is also a specialty within clinical pharmacy and veterinary medicine.
Internal medicine specialists, also known as general internal medicine specialists or
general medicine physicians in Commonwealth countries, are specialist physicians
trained to manage particularly complex or multisystem disease conditions that single-
organ-disease specialists may not be trained to deal with. They may be asked to
tackle undifferentiated presentations that cannot be easily fitted within the expertise
of a single-organ specialty, such as dyspnoea, fatigue, weight loss, chest pain,
confusion or change in conscious state. They may manage serious acute illnesses that
affect multiple organ systems at the same time in a single patient, and they may
manage multiple chronic diseases or "comorbidities" that a single patient may have.
General internal medicine specialists do not provide necessarily less expertise than
single-organ specialists, rather, they are trained for a specific role of caring for
patients with multiple simultaneous problems or complex comorbidities.
Perhaps because it is complex to explain treatment of diseases that are not localised
to a single-organ, there has been confusion about the meaning of internal medicine
and the role of an "internist". Internists are qualified physicians
with postgraduate training in internal medicine and should not be confused with
"interns", who are doctors in their first year of residency training (officially the term
intern is no longer in use). Although internists may act as primary care physicians,
they are not "family physicians", "family practitioners", or "general practitioners", or
"GPs", whose training is not solely concentrated on adults and may
include surgery, obstetrics, and paediatrics. The American College of
Physicians defines internists as "physicians who specialize in the prevention,
detection and treatment of illnesses in adults".

Dialysis Unit: A medical procedure to remove fluid and waste products from the
blood and to correct electrolyte imbalances. This is accomplished using a machine
and a dialyzer, also referred to as an “artificial kidney.” Hemodialysis is used to treat
both acute (temporary) and chronic (permanent) kidney failure.

Peritoneal dialysis:

This is a type of dialysis which uses the peritoneum in a person’s abdomen as the
membrane through which fluid and dissolved substances are exchanged with the
blood. It is used to remove excess fluid, correct electrolyte problems, and remove
toxins in those with kidney failure.

Paediatric dialysis:

Haemodialysis is rarely used in neonates and infants due to the risk of major
complications in the very young. Nevertheless, there are clinical situations where
haemodialysis is needed and may be helpful in small children. Recently, new
developments in specialized haemodialysis equipment and specifically trained
personnel have made it possible to implement haemodialysis in neonates and
infants.

 Our Dialysis unit currently has 20 machines for the Out Patients and 2
machines for regular dialysis of the inpatients and 2 Hybrid Machines
(Hemodiafiltration -HDF) for the critically ill and those who are
compromised hemodynamically.
 We currently do close to 1200 dialysis per month including dialysis in
critical care units.
  The water for dialysis is purified by double Reverse Osmosis to enable us
performs Hemodiafiltration with Ultra-pure water by international
standards. We follow stringent quality control measures by monitoring the
nutritional status, AV-fistula penetrance, adequacy of dialysis,
haemoglobin targets, and catheter infection episodes. Currently we have
achieved more than 70% of all the quality indices.
 We have dedicated machines and room for Hepatitis-B & C patients. Our
infection control practices are so stringent that we can perhaps at present
boast that our unit has ‘zero’ Hepatitis-C outbreak! And our dialysis
catheter infection episodes are under 1% which is on par with any other
international dialysis unit.
 We currently have 2 Dialysis Reprocessing Machines (and in the process of
acquiring the third one) which can reprocess 4 dialyzers at the same time
and gives us vital information about the quality of the dialyzers after each
wash.
 All Intensive Care Units (including the General ICU, Paediatric ICU, Cardiac
ICU and Cardio-thoracic ICU) has the facility to dialyse critically ill patients.
We currently have the facility to dialyse even critically ill children with
compromised hemodynamic. GKNMH’s Isolation Unit has the facility to
dialyse patients with viral infections like Hepatitis C, B and other
contagious infections. All Intensive Care Units (including the General ICU,
Paediatric ICU, Cardiac ICU and Cardio-thoracic ICU) has the facility to
dialyse critically ill patients.
 We perform regular Plasma Exchange sessions for renal and non-renal
indications like GBS with excellent result and safety. And with our recent
acquisition of the Body Composition Monitor we are able to do
appropriate fluid removal during dialysis and to fix the patients Dry weight
with excellent precision. Our staffs are continually updated with regular
renal nurses training sessions.
 We are currently expanding the Dialysis Unit with 10 more machines and
state of the art infrastructure to house them which will be operational in
January 2019.

7. Obstetrician/Gynaecologist: A specialist in Obstetrics and Gynaecology is a

medical Doctor with special education and expertise in the field of women’s
health and reproduction. He/she has the appropriate medical, surgical and
obstetrical and gynaecologic knowledge and skills for the prevention, diagnosis
and management of a broad range of conditions affecting women's reproductive
health.
What is Obstetrics?
Obstetrics is the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of women during
pregnancy, labour, childbirth, and the time after childbirth. Obstetricians work to
ensure that pregnancy culminates in the delivery of a healthy baby, without
impairing the health of the mother. The mother's medical history and health status
are initially evaluated. Physical examination discloses the mother's uterine size and
estimates the length of her pregnancy.
If the obstetrician detects abnormalities, prenatal testing may need to be done on
the fetus. An important modern development has been ultrasonography, which
allows the obstetrician to non-invasively diagnose intra-uterine conditions.
Delivery of the baby is helped by the use of a Friedman's chart, which shows the
patterns of cervical dilation. The care of women during childbirth was originally in the
hands of women (midwifery), but in the 16th century physicians grew interested in
the field.
Of special importance were the invention of the delivery forceps by Peter
Chamberlen in the 17th century and the introduction of anaesthesia in the 19th cent.
The adoption of antiseptic methods according to the theories of Joseph Lister and
Ignaz Semmelweis reduced the incidence of infection in childbirth and made possible
successful caesarean section. Obstetrics is often combined with gynaecology as a
medical specialty.

What is Gynaecology?
Gynaecology is the branch of medicine specializing in the disorders of the female
reproductive system. Modern gynaecology deals with menstrual disorders,
menopause, infectious disease and maldevelopment of the reproductive organs,
disturbances of the sex hormones, benign and malignant tumour formation, and the
prescription of contraceptive devices.
A branch of gynaecology, reproductive medicine, deals with infertility and utilizes
artificial insemination and in-vitro fertilizations, where a human egg is harvested,
fertilized in a test tube, and then implanted into the womb.
Some gynaecologists also practice obstetrics. Surgical gynaecology began to make
progress in the 19th century, when the introduction of anaesthesia and antisepsis
paved the way for many advances.

8. Ophthalmology: Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine dealing with the

diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases of the eye and visual system.
The eye, its surrounding structures and the visual system can be affected by a
number of clinical conditions. Ophthalmology involves diagnosis and therapy of such
conditions, along with microsurgery.

Eye health services are becoming more and more important as the UK population
ages. An ageing population means there are more and more incidences of age-
related diseases of the eye, such as age-related macular degeneration. These eye
diseases can be successfully treated if caught early, and can be managed effectively
with existing treatments and medicines.
Cataracts are the main cause of impaired vision worldwide, and in England and Wales
it is estimated that around 2.5 million people aged 65 or older have some degree of
visual impairment caused by cataracts. Cataract surgery is the second most common
operation performed in the NHS in England – over 300,000 procedures are
performed each year.
Patients and members of the general public can view more information about eye
conditions and treatments in our ‘For Patients‘ section.
If you are in medical training and thinking of choosing ophthalmology as a specialism,
visit our training section or download our short guide to a career in ophthalmology in
the UK.

9. Orthopaedics: Orthopaedic surgery or orthopaedics, is the branch

of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system.
Orthopaedic surgeons use both surgical and nonsurgical means to treat
musculoskeletal trauma, spine diseases, sports injuries, degenerative
diseases, infections, tumours, and congenital disorders.

Knee arthroscopy and meniscectomy

Shoulder arthroscopy and decompression

Carpal tunnel release

Knee arthroscopy and chondroplasty

Removal of support implant

Knee arthroscopy and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Knee replacement

Repair of femoral neck fracture

 Repair of trochanteric fracture

Debridement of skin/muscle/bone/ fracture

Knee arthroscopy repair of both menisci

Hip replacement

Shoulder arthroscopy/distal clavicle excision

Repair of rotator cuff tendon

Repair fracture of radius (bone)/ulna

Laminectomy

Repair of ankle fracture (bimalleolar type)

Shoulder arthroscopy and debridement

Lumbar spinal fusion

Repair fracture of the distal part of radius

Low back intervertebral disc surgery

Incise finger tendon sheath

Repair of ankle fracture (fibula)

Repair of femoral shaft fracture

Repair of trochanteric fracture

A typical schedule for a practicing orthopaedic surgeon involves 50–55 hours of work
per week divided among clinic, surgery, various administrative duties, and possibly
teaching and/or research if in an academic setting.

10.Pathology Lab: Health care providers may be unfamiliar with the workings of
the pathology laboratory. The delivery of a specimen to the pathology laboratory
initiates a complex series of events resulting in a pathologic
diagnosis/interpretation. The following section reviews the importance and key
 objectives in the pathologic evaluation of tissue and provides information on the
types and members of the pathology laboratory.

Types of pathology labs

Hospital labs
Almost all hospitals contain a laboratory to support the clinical services offered at the
hospital. The specific pathology services would include both anatomic (surgical
pathology, cytopathology, autopsy) and clinical (laboratory medicine) pathology at
most hospitals. Most, if not all, inpatient and many outpatients seen by hospital-
affiliated physicians require tests performed by hospital labs.

Reference labs
Reference labs are usually private, commercial facilities that do both high volume and
specialty (high complexity and/or rare) laboratory testing. Most of these tests are
referred from physician’s offices, hospital facilities and other patient care facilities
such as nursing homes. Reference labs, typically located at a site other than the
healthcare facilities, are often used for specialized tests that are ordered only
occasionally or require special equipment for analysis.

Public health labs

Public health laboratories are typically run by state and local health departments to
diagnosis and protect the public from health threats such as outbreaks of infectious
disease. These labs perform tests to monitor the prevalence of certain diseases in the
community which are a public health concern, such as outbreaks of foodborne or
waterborne illnesses or detection of unique infectious agents.

11.Urology: Urology is a part of health care that deals with diseases of the male and
female urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra). It also deals with the
male organs that are able to make babies (penis, testes, scrotum, prostate, etc.).
Since health problems in these body parts can happen to everyone, urologic health
is important. Urology is known as a surgical specialty. Besides surgery, a urologist is
a doctor with wisdom of internal medicine, paediatrics, gynaecology and other
parts of health care. This is because a urologist encounters a wide range of clinical
problems. The scope of urology is big and the American Urological Association has
named seven subspecialty parts:

 Paediatric Urology (children's urology)

 Urologic Oncology (urologic cancers)
 Renal (kidney) Transplant
  Male Infertility
 Calculi (urinary tract stones)
 Female Urology
 Neurourology (nervous system control of genitourinary organs)

12.Pharmacy: Pharmacy is the clinical health science that links medical

science with chemistry and it is charged with the discovery, production, disposal,
safe and effective use, and control of medications and drugs. The practice of
pharmacy requires excellent knowledge of drugs, their mechanism of action, side
effects, interactions, mobility and toxicity. At the same time, it requires
knowledge of treatment and understanding of the pathological process. Some
specialties of pharmacists, such as that of clinical pharmacists, require other skills,
e.g. knowledge about the acquisition and evaluation of physical and laboratory
data. [1]
The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such
as compounding and dispensing of medications, and it also includes more modern
services related to health care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for
safety and efficacy, and providing drug information. Pharmacists, therefore, are the
experts on drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who optimize the
use of medication for the benefit of the patients.
An establishment in which pharmacy (in the first sense) is practiced is called
a pharmacy (this term is more common in the United States) or a chemist's (which is
more common in Great Britain, though pharmacy is also used). In the United States
and Canada, drugstores commonly sell medicines, as well as miscellaneous items
such as confectionery, cosmetics, office supplies, toys, hair care products
and magazines and occasionally refreshments and groceries.
In its investigation of herbal and chemical ingredients, the work of the apothecary
may be regarded as a precursor of the modern sciences
of chemistry and pharmacology, prior to the formulation of the scientific method.
 CHAPTER 3: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
3.1 AUDIT PROCEDURE IN INDIA
For any foreign executive operating in India, it is beneficial to have a basic
understanding of audit procedures in the country. We have
previously introduced audit in India for non-auditors. In this article, we provide an
overview of the different types of audits and audit reporting in India.

Audits are generally classified into two types:

 Statutory audits; and
 Internal audits.

Statutory audits are conducted in order to report the state of a company’s finances

and accounts to the Indian government. Such audits are performed by
qualified auditors who are working as external and independent parties.
The audit report of a statutory audit is made in the form prescribed by the
government department. Internal audits are conducted at the bequest of internal
management in order to check the health of a company’s finances and analyse the
operational efficiency of the organization. Internal audits may be performed by an
independent party or by the company’s own internal staff. As per India’s Companies
Act, 2013, the following companies must have an internal auditing system.

1. Every company whose shares are registered on the stock exchange.

2. Companies whose shares are not listed on the stock exchange and have:

 Paid up share capital of Rs 500 million (US$6.7 million) or more during the
preceding financial year;
 Turnover of Rs 2 billion (US$26.9 million) or more during the preceding
financial year;
 Outstanding loans or borrowings from banks or public financial institutions
exceeding Rs 1 billion (US$13.4 million) or more at any point in time during the
preceding financial year; or
 Outstanding deposits of Rs 250 million (US$3.3 million) or more at any point in
time during the preceding financial year. 

3. Every private company with: 

  Turnover of Rs 2 billion (US$26.9 million) or more during the preceding
financial year; or
 Outstanding loans or borrowings from banks or public financial institutions
exceeding Rs 1 billion (US$13.4 million) or more at any point in time during the
preceding financial year.

The statutory auditor of the company must report on the internal auditing system of

the company in the audit report.

Statutory audits in India

In India, statutory audits are conducted for each fiscal year (April 1 to March 31) and
not the calendar year. The two most common types of statutory audits in India are:

 Tax audits; and
 Company audits.

Tax audits

Tax audits are required under Section 44AB of India’s Income Tax Act 1961. This
section mandates that every person whose business turnover exceeds Rs 10 million
(US$ 134,508) in any previous year, and every person working in a profession with
gross receipts exceeding Rs 5 million (US$ 67,254) must have their accounts audited
by an independent chartered accountant. It should be noted that the provision of
tax audits are applicable to everyone, be it an individual, a partnership firm, a
company or any other entity. The tax audit report is to be obtained by September 30
after the end of the previous fiscal year. Non-compliance with the tax audit
provisions may attract a penalty of 0.5 percent of turnover or Rs 100,000 (US$1,345),
whichever is lower. There are no specific rules regarding the appointment or removal
of a tax auditor.

Company audits

The provisions for a company audit are contained in the Companies Act, 2013. Every
company, irrespective of its nature of business or turnover, must have its annual
accounts audited each financial year. For this purpose, the company and its directors
have to first appoint an auditor at the outset.
Thereafter, at each annual general meeting (AGM), an auditor is appointed by the
shareholders of the company who will hold the position from one AGM to the
conclusion of the next AGM. The Companies (Amendment) Act, 2017 provides
that auditors can be appointed for a term of five consecutive AGMs and their
appointment need not be ratified in each of the AGMs. Individuals and partnership
firms, auditors cannot be appointed for more than one or two terms, respectively.
After the completion of the term, the auditor must be changed. Only an independent
chartered accountant or a partnership firm of chartered accountants can be
appointed as the auditor of a company. The following persons are specifically
disqualified from becoming an auditor per the Companies Act:

 A body corporate;
 An officer or employee of the company;
 A person who is a partner with an employee of the company or employee of an
employee of the company;
 Any person who is indebted to a company for a sum exceeding Rs 1,000
(US$13) or who have guaranteed to the company on behalf of another person
a sum exceeding Rs 1,000 (US$13); or
 A person who has held any securities in the company after one year from the
date of commencement of the Companies (Amendment) Act, 2000.

The auditor is required to prepare the audit report in accordance with

the Company Auditor’s Report Order (CARO), 2016. CARO requires an auditor to
report on various aspects of the company, such as fixed assets, inventories,
internal audit standards, internal controls, statutory dues, among others.
The audit report must be obtained before holding the AGM, which itself should be
held within six months from the end of the financial year.

Audit reporting: Audits are conducted to express a true and fair view of a company’s
financial statements. Therefore, the auditor’s opinion expressed in the ultimate
report is based on the information reviewed and analyzed during the verification of
financial statements. Upon completing the report, the auditor may express one of
the following four opinions:

 Unqualified opinion;
 Qualified opinion;
 Disclaimer of opinion; and
 Adverse opinion.
Unqualified opinion: When an independent auditor concludes that the financial
records and statements of a company are present fairly and appropriately, in
accordance with the financial reporting framework, the judgment is called an
unqualified opinion.

An unqualified opinion generally indicates the following points:

 Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are consistently applied in

the preparation of financial statements;
 Financial statements comply with the relevant statutory requirements and
regulations;
 There is adequate disclosure of all material matters relevant to the proper
presentation of financial information (subject to statutory requirements); and
 If there are any changes in the accounting principles or in the application
method, then it has been properly checked and determined in the financial
statement of the company.

Qualified opinion: An auditor expresses a qualified opinion when according to him or

her, the financial statements of the company – as a whole – are not free from
material misstatements, and the misstatements are material but not pervasive in
nature. The effect of misstatement is material when information with such
misstatement can affect the decisions of the users of the financial statements.
The effect of misstatement is pervasive when such misstatement is not confined to
one element, account or item of financial statement and reflects the widespread
effect of misstatement.

Pervasive effects on the financial statements are those that, in the auditor’s
judgment:

 Are not confined to specific elements, accounts or items of the financial

statements;
 If so confined, represent or could represent a substantial proportion of the
financial statements; or
 In relation to disclosures, are fundamental to users’ understanding of the
financial statements.

Disclaimer of opinion: A disclaimer of opinion is expressed when the possible effect

of a limitation on scope is material and pervasive to the extent that the auditor is
unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence. As a result, the auditor is
unable to express an opinion on the financial statements.
Adverse opinion: An adverse opinion is issued when there are limitations on the
scope of the auditor’s work. It is also issued when there is disagreement with
management regarding the acceptability of the accounting policies selected, the
method of their application, or the adequacy of the financial statement disclosure.
When an auditor expresses an adverse opinion, a clear description of all the
substantive reasons is included in the audit report.

3.1.1 GENERAL DEFINATION OF AUDIT PROCESS AND PROCEDURE

Audit procedures are the processes, techniques, and methods that auditors perform
to obtain audit evidence, enabling them to conclude the set audit objective and
express their opinion. Sometimes we call audit procedures audit programs.
These two terms are referring to the same thing.
Auditors normally prepare audit procedures at the planning stages once they
identified audit objectives, audit scope, audit approach, and audit risks.
Auditors design audit procedures to detect all kinds of risks identified and ensure
that the required audit evidence is obtained sufficiently and appropriately.
Normally, audit partners need to approve audit plans and audit procedures before
the audit team performs their testing. This is to make sure that all concerns or risks
are address in the procedures.
Audit procedures might be different from client to client and period to period. This is
because internal control over financial reporting is different from one client to
another, and the control might be change from time to time.
The auditor might need to update audit procedures from time to time even though
its firm or team had audited current financial statements.
Typically, five types of audit procedures normally use by auditors to obtain audit
evidence. Those five audit procedures include Analytical review, inquiry, observation,
inspection, and recalculation.

3.1.2 AUDIT PROCESS

 An audit is a report given from the analysis of particular business

operations. Business operations are scrutinized alongside set standards.
These standards are either set by governmental, regulatory bodies, or the
audited business itself. The term audit is derived from Latin? Audire means
to hear. In the past, books would be read out aurally and the auditor would
listen for fraudulent and negligent behavior. A process is a series of tasks,
combined to deliver the required result.
An audit can cover any business operation or subject matter, such as:

 Financial

 project management

 Energy conservation

 quality management

3.13 Audit Procedures

Audit procedures are the methods that auditors use for obtaining audit evidence to
form a basis for their opinion on financial statements. Likewise, audit procedures are
performed in order to test various audit assertions related to different class of
transactions and account balances.

Auditors need to perform different types of audit procedures in order to obtain

sufficient appropriate audit evidence. In this case, the procedures that auditors
perform usually depend on the associated risks that auditors face.
Auditors will need to use their professional judgment to design suitable audit
procedures to properly respond to the assessed risks. Also, different types of audit
procedures are usually based on the different types of audit evidence that auditors
seek to obtain.

8 Types of Audit Procedures and Examples

Eight types of audit procedures include:

 inquiry
 confirmation
 inspection of records or documents
 inspection of tangible assets
 observation
 recalculation
 re-performance
 analytical procedures
Inquiry

Inquiry is the process of asking the clients for an explanation of the process or
transactions related to financial statements. This type of audit procedure usually
involves collecting verbal evidence. Likewise, auditors use inquiry procedure for a
wide range in the audit process.

For example, auditors may inquire clients to understand the business and control
environment; or they may inquire about transactions or balances of financial
statement line items.

Evidence gathered by formal or informal inquiry generally cannot stand alone as

convincing. Hence, auditors usually perform other procedures together with the
inquiry such as inspecting the supporting documents to ensure that the explanation
provided by clients can be relied upon.

Confirmation

Confirmation is similar to the inquiry as it is also the procedure of asking for the
information. However, confirmation is usually done by asking the third party, instead
of the client, to confirm transactions and balances.

This type of audit procedures is usually done through formal written letters. Auditors
usually perform the confirmation procedure for testing account balances such as
accounts receivable, accounts payable, and bank balances, etc.

For example, auditors usually perform confirmation on the client’s bank balances in
order to obtain evidence about its existence as well as rights and obligations
assertion.

Inspection of records or documents

Inspection of records or documents is the process of gathering evidence by

examining the records or documents. This type of audit procedures may be done by
vouching the transaction records to the supporting documents or tracing the
supporting documents to transaction records.
For example, auditor may use the inspection procedure to test the occurrence
assertion of expense transactions by vouching them to receiving reports, supplier’s
invoice and purchase orders.

Audit assertions such as occurrence, accuracy, and cut-off are usually tested by
inspecting the documents to support the accounting transactions in the company’s
records (vouching). And completeness assertion is usually tested by selecting
documents and trace them back to the company’s records (tracing).

Inspection of tangible assets

Inspection of tangible assets is the process of physical examination of the company’s

tangible assets such as property, plant and equipment. This type of audit procedures
can provide the evidence of tangible assets’ existence.

For example, auditors may test the existence assertion of fixed assets by performing
physical inspection of assets that are recorded in the fixed assets register.

Also, it is useful to note that the inspection alone will not provide evidence about the
rights and obligations. For this audit assertion, auditors may need to inspect the legal
documents of the assets.

Observation

Observation is the process that the auditors perform by looking at the procedures
being performed by the client. This type of audit procedures provides evidence that
the client’s procedures actually take place at the time the auditors perform the
observation.
Observation is different from physical examination of assets as the physical
examination of assets is actually the same as counting assets while observation
focuses only on the client’s activities.

For example, the auditor may perform an observation procedure by witnessing the
counting of inventories by the client. This observation procedure is to test the
existence of the client’s inventories counting procedures, not the accuracy of the
client’s inventory.
 Recalculation

Recalculation is the process of re-compute the work that the client has already done
to see if there are different results between auditor’s work and the client’s work. This
type of audit procedures is usually used to test the valuation and allocation assertion
of the financial statements.

For example, auditors may perform recalculation on the depreciation of fixed assets
to test their valuation assertion.
Re-performance

Re-performance is the process that auditors independently perform the control

procedures that were originally done as part of the internal control system by the
client. This type of audit procedures is used to test the client’s control procedures.
For example, auditors may use a re-performance audit procedure in the test of
controls on the bank reconciliation procedure that the client already has done.
Analytical procedures

Analytical procedures are the processes of evaluating financial information through

analysis of trend, ratio or relationship between data including both financial and non-
financial data. Auditors usually perform this type of audit procedures by building
their expectations about typical transactions or account balances and comparing
them to the client’s record.

If auditors find that the client’s record is inconsistent with their expectations, they
will investigate further on the variance that exists. The investigation might involve
performing more substantive tests.

Class of transactions Account balances Present and disclosure

 Occurrence  Existence  Occurrence
 Completeness  Rights and  Completeness
 Accuracy obligations  Classification and
 Cut-off  Completeness understandability
 Classification  Valuation and  Accuracy and
allocation valuation

For example, auditor may perform the analytical procedure on interest expense
account by multiplying the average interest rate with the average outstanding
balance of the borrowings. Then, the auditor will use the result to compare with the
amount recorded by the client. Any significant difference will be investigated further.
Audit Procedures and Assertions

Audit assertions can provide auditors the clues on potential misstatement that may
occur on the financial statements. Likewise, auditors usually perform different types
of audit procedures in order to test various audit assertions.
Audit assertions that auditors need to test in the audit procedures include:

For example, auditors may perform the audit procedure on fixed assets addition by
vouching a sample of new items in fixed assets register to the supporting documents.
This procedure tests the occurrence assertion of fixed assets addition.

Meanwhile, auditors may test the completeness assertion of fixed assets by

performing audit procedure of:

 tracing the physical fixed assets to fixed assets register and

 reconciling the fixed assets register to the general ledger
In summary, it is important for auditors to be aware of what types of audit
procedures are suitable for testing different audit assertions. This may also depend
on different levels of assessed risks and quality of audit evidence that auditors seek
to obtain.
Audit Procedures and Evidence

Auditors have the responsibility to obtain sufficient appropriate audit

evidence before they can give an opinion in the audit report. And in order to obtain
sufficient appropriate evidence, auditors need to design suitable audit procedures.
Auditors can gather evidence by using various audit procedures such as examining
various records and supporting documents. These documents and records can be
either from internal or external sources.

However, external sources usually provide a better quality of evidence. They are
more reliable comparing to the internal source of evidence that is provided by the
client.
Audit procedures for obtaining audit evidence are usually performed in the audit
evidence gathering stage that may include both test of controls and substantive
procedures.

In the test of controls, audit procedures are performed to obtain evidence about the
effectiveness of the client’s internal control.

On the other hand, audit procedures in the substantive procedures are performed to
gather evidence about various audit assertions of different classes of transactions
and account balances.

Audit Procedures and Sampling

Audit sampling is the method of audit procedure where auditors test less than 100%
of items within the population of account balance or class of transaction. Auditors
usually use audit sampling techniques when performing the audit examination on the
client’s financial statements.
This is due to it is impractical for auditors to examine all items in the client’s record.
Hence, audit procedures and sampling techniques are usually used together.

Also, it is important that auditors use audit sampling in a way that all sampling units
in the population have a chance of being selected.

When performing audit procedures and sampling, auditors usually need to determine
what is their sample of the records or documents to review. Likewise, auditors may
use different sampling methods to determine their sample.

These audit sampling methods may include:

 random selection
 systematic selection
 monetary unit sampling
 haphazard sampling
 block selection

3.1.4 Audit Process of India

Auditing or auditing is considered as a system of reviewing the records and

activities of various books of a company. Basically, auditing is the checking and
inspection of accounts of various books, followed by the physical checking of
goods and inventories to ensure that all departments of the company are
following a documented system of recording transactions. Auditing is done to
ascertain the complete accuracy of the financial statements provided by the
company.

An auditor is called an independent professional who is qualified to audit a

company. In accounting, an auditor is someone who is responsible for the
evaluation of the validity and reliability of financial statements of a company or
organization. The term auditor is sometimes synonymous with ‘comptroller’.

Concept and meaning of audit process

The audit process can be defined as a set of processes and tasks to control an
organization. Their aim is to test and prove that the processes are being operated
effectively and a controlled control mechanism is followed. They also aim to
explore opportunities for improvement in the audit process. The different types
of audit processes are:

Preventive audit process

It is a way of estimating problems, it is possible to present a series of guidelines

for this process and the best way is, for example, the responsibilities and
responsibilities inherent to it.

Detective audit process

It is used to find out if there are discrepancies in the process, but without
indicating ways to fix them.

Corrective audit process

In this case, once the audit process detects a problem, it should investigate its
reasons for suggesting ways to fix it.

Objectives of auditing

The basic objective of auditing is to express opinions on financial statements,

profit and loss statements and balance sheets of companies. The objectives of an
audit can be sub-classified into two parts:

 Primary objectives.
 Subsidiary objectives.

Primary objectives of auditing

The main objectives of the audit are known as the primary objectives of the audit.
They are:
  Examining the internal probe system.
 Checking the arithmetic accuracy of books of accounts, verifying them,
casting them and balancing them.
 To verify the authenticity and validity of the transaction.
 To confirm the existence and value of liabilities and assets.
 To examine the proper difference between the nature of transactions and
capital and revenue.

Subsidiary objectives of auditing

These are objectives that have been established to help achieve the primary
objectives. They are:

  Over and under-valuation of stock.

  Identification and prevention of errors.
  Detection and prevention of fraud.

Types of audits

Statutory audit

Statutory audits are audits conducted by the Government of India to check the
financial position of a company/organization. For this auditing, qualified auditors
who are acting as independent or external parties perform the statutory audit.
The statutory audit report has been prepared according to the forms and
instructions laid down by the Government of India.

Tax audits

Tax Audit is compulsory for every business with an annual turnover of more than
1 crore and every professional earning more than 50 lakh rupees per year as
required under Section 44AM of the Income Tax Act of India, 1989. After the end
of the last financial year, the tax audit report is to be filed in the scheduled audit
until September 30. If the required person or business fails to file that report,
they face a fine equal to 0.5 percent turnover.

Company audits
The details and provisions of the company audit are detailed in the Companies
Act, 2013. It says that every company, irrespective of its annual turnover or type
of business, has to have its financial accounts audited by a qualified professional
(auditor).

As per company laws, you can appoint an auditor for a period of 6 annual general
meetings. If you are a partnership / sole proprietorship, you cannot have the
same auditor for more than two terms.

Internal audit

A company or business may conduct an internal audit to check and verify the
financial health of a company. Internal audit is performed by the company’s
internal employees or an independent contractor.

Types of internal audit

Compliance audit

There are several types of compliance that a company or any other type of
business has to follow to stay in business. A compliance audit is done to
determine whether the company/partnership / sole proprietorship is following
the rules and regulations established by the government.

Investigative auditing

An investigative audit takes place when there is some suspicious activity in the
finances of a business entity. In other words, if there is something wrong with the
financial statements of the business it is done. Another reason for conducting
exploratory audits is to assess the risk factors of the business.

Operational audit
Operational audit is done to evaluate the efficiency of a particular aspect,
function or department of a business. This does not always require financial data,
but information about whether departments/functions/aspects are performing
their tasks properly.

Financial audit

A financial audit is done to check the fairness, accuracy and reliability of financial
data. There are many companies that misrepresent their financial information to
get better PR. Financial auditing ensures that this type of fraud strategy does not
occur. Because accuracy and fairness are required, independent contractors work
to conduct unbiased financial auditing.

Management audit

The management audit is conducted by independent contractors who provide

insight into the management structure of the business. Similar to an operational
audit, management audit is done to check the performance of the business as a
whole.

Role of auditors

An auditor is called a professional who evaluates and accumulates evidence to

report on the degree of a company’s claim that they comply with an established
set of norms or standards procedures.

A skilled auditor must possess certain qualities in addition to his professional

qualifications. He needs to conduct auditing effectively and efficiently.

Section 139 to 148 of The Companies Act 2013 deals with the provisions of

Auditors, Auditing and Accounting.

Eligibility and qualification of auditors

A person is called an auditor of a company if he is a chartered accountant. When
a firm is appointed as the auditor of a company, only persons who are chartered
accountants act and sign on behalf of the firm.

Disqualification of auditors

A person is disqualified from the position of an auditor if he is:

 Any officer or employee of the company.

 A person whose relative is a director of the company or is in the
employment of a director or principal managerial personnel of the
company.
 A person who has been convicted by the court for the offence of fraud and
the term of 10 years has not expired from the date of such sentence.

Removal of auditors

 The company must obtain prior approval from the National Company Law
Tribunal (NCLT). A form of ADT-2 is to be filed within 30 days after the
board resolution is passed. After the approval of the central government,
the company will pass a special resolution at the general meeting within 60
days.

 If the auditor resigns himself, a form ADT-3 has to be filled and submitted
to the Registrar of Companies (ROC).

Powers of auditors

There are certain powers of the Auditors as follows:

 Right to Access – The Auditor’s right to access includes:

o Transaction by book entries.
o Loan and Advance made shown as deposits.
o Proper security for loan and advances.
o Sale of Assets in Securities in a loan.
o Personal expenses change to a revenue account.
 Auditor to sign audit reports.
 Right to remuneration.
 The auditor shall be in General Meeting.
 Consent of Auditor (while making prospectus etc.)
Duties of an auditor

There are following duties of an auditor:

 Auditor’s duty to make reports which state:

o He has sought and obtained all information and explanation.
o Whether proper books of account have been kept.
o Whether a company’s balance sheet and profit and loss account are
in agreement with books of account.

 Form a negative opinion where necessary: There is a high degree of

assurance and reliability in the auditor’s report as it includes the auditor’s
opinion on the financial statements. Where the auditor feels that the
statements do not reflect a true and fair view of the financial condition of
the business, he is also entitled to form an adverse opinion on the same.
 Auditing standards: Auditing standards are issued by the Central
Government in consultation with the National Financial Reporting
Authority. These standards assist the auditor to perform his audit duties
with relevant ease and accuracy. It is the duty of the auditor to follow the
standards while performing his duties as this increases his efficiency
comparatively.
 Fraud reporting: Generally, while performing their duties, the auditor may
have some doubts regarding fraud occurring within the company, certain
situations where the financial statements and figures contained therein are
not included. When he finds himself in such situations, he must
immediately report the matter to the central government and in the
manner prescribed by the act.

Audit and auditing standards in India

To ensure that the information in the financial statements is of high quality and
acceptable worldwide, the Auditing and Assurance Standards Board under the
Council of Institute of Chartered Accountants (ICAI) has formulated certain
standards. These conform to international standards issued by the International
Auditing and Assurance Board (IAASB). Standards issued by IAASB include:

 Standard of Quality Control (SQCs) – For all services under engagement

standards. These standards apply to all auditing firms that conduct audits
and review historical financial information and assurance and related
service attachments.
  Standards on Auditing (SAs) -For an audit of historical financial information.
These apply whenever an independent audit is conducted.
 Standards on Review Engagements (SREs) – To review historical financial
information.
 Standards on Assurance Engagements (SAE) – For assurances other than
audit and review of financial information.
 Standards on Related Services (SRSs) – For all attachments regarding the
application of agreed procedures for information, compilation attachments
and other related services.

Regulations governing audit process in India

Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)

The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) is an authority, established

by the Constitution under the Constitution of India / Part V Chapter V / Sub-Part
7B / Article 148, which provides for all receipts and expenditure of the
Government of India. is. state. Maintains accounts The government financed the
government and body officials to a large extent.

The CAG is also an external auditor of state-owned corporations and conducts

supplementary audits of government companies, i.e. any non-banking / non-
insurance company comprising at least 51 percent of the existing or subsidiaries
of the central government. Government companies should have an equity stake.

The CAG report is taken into consideration by the Committees of Public Accounts
Committees (PACs) and Public Undertakings (COPUs), which are specialized in
India’s Parliament and State Legislatures.

The CAG is also the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department, whose
affairs are managed by officers of the Indian Audit and Accounts Service, and has
more than 58,000 employees across the country 

Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI)

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India was established in 1949 under

the Chartered Accountants Act in India, which was passed by the Parliament of
India for the purpose of regulating the profession of accountancy. ICAI is the
second largest professional accounting body in the world, second only to AICPA. It
determines eligibility for a chartered accountant, provides necessary
examinations and grants licenses in the form of a certificate of practice.

Basic Principles governing an audit process

 Independence, integrity and objectivity

 Skill and competence
 Documentation
 Audit evidence
 Audit conclusions and reporting
 Accounting systems and internal controls
 Planning
 Work performed by others
 Confidentiality

Impact of Covid-19 on audit of financial statements

Covid-19 (Coronavirus) is having a worldwide impact which in turn has affected

individuals, families, businesses, governments in such a deeply negative way that
its effect is not yet known to all. Covid-19 has an impact on every part of society,
which may include social, economic or geographic and every affected area and it
will take time and cost to return to normal. As we speak, the virus is spreading
and we are at such a turn, that we ourselves do not know how deep we will go.
The Covid-19 outbreak has implications for areas such as accounting and auditing.
Areas of constraint are:

Cash management

The quarantine situation of Covid-19 poses the biggest challenge of the cash
management cycle for each business, resulting in loan instalments that cannot be
repaid, concern over the submission of data required by lenders, inventions of
working capital requirements (stock) Accounting, and payment of salaries which
in turn affects the production cycle.

Statutory dues

Cash flow issues will also affect the submission of statutory dues such as
provident funds, employee provident funds, and goods and services tax. This may
result in adverse opinions by auditors in their audit report.
Presentation of financial statements

COVID 19 is a period of significant economic, political and technological change.

Expectations from all organizations are increasing rapidly. This is as true for the
professional services sector as for the companies we work with. The audit
profession is under much scrutiny and has been the subject of much commentary
and challenge in the public domain, including being in the news headlines, not
always for positive reasons. All stakeholders involved in the audit process must
contribute to ensure that the auditor’s rules and standards are understood by the
general public as there is still a gap to be audited and what an audit can achieve.
Audit firms are working on enhancing audit quality and increasing use of
technology, with core training.

The technology will enable auditors to audit 100% of the company’s available
information and provide more benchmarking and market analysis. However,
technology will be unable to change the critical decision element of an audit,
leaving one key element to the professional skills and competence of more senior
members of audit firms. This means that the traditional model has come to an
end and auditors will have to build their capabilities to a more varied, exciting
and rewarding career.

Conclusion

No doubt, auditing is a tool to give a true and fair picture of a company’s finances,
but either way, it has always fallen short. With the extension of deadlines
provided by regulators related to financial results, submission of Corporate
Governance Reports, GST Returns etc. will help resolve issues to some extent,
though some relief in terms of extension of time by financial institutions Banks
will be provided. NBFCs should be provided for non-performing non-asset
valuations, which will provide some relief to companies and lenders in times of
liquidity crisis.

3.1.5 AUDIT PROCESS

This is a procedure that organizations should use more often because an audit
process is quite effective in finding bottlenecks and wastes, helping to continuously
improve productivity in an organization.

Definition
A set of actions and procedures to control an organization. They aim to test and
prove that processes are being conducted effectively and follow due control
mechanisms. They also aim to detect opportunities for improvement in the audit
process.

Objectives

Every organization has strategic objectives to achieve.

One of the objectives of the audit process is to verify that all company processes are
aligned with this strategic vision and that they deliver the value that internal
customers need and external ones want.

You could say this is the central objective of the audit process, but it’s necessary to
list others:

 Evaluate the operational efficiency of processes

 Verify that the process chain provides protection for company assets
 Find out if your company information and data is secure and reliable
 Evaluate processes to determine if they’re reliable
 Check for incorrect procedures during processes
 Report detected failures and non-conformities
 Provide recommendations for appropriate corrections

See more: Compliance: Less risk and more transparency

Types of audit processes

As we warned at the beginning, audit processes don’t always have audit motivations,
here are their three main types:

1- Preventive Audit Process:

This is a way of anticipating problems, presenting a series of guidelines for the

process to take place in the best possible way and indicating, for example, the
attributions and responsibilities inherent to it.

2- Detective Audit Process:

Used to detect if there are anomalies in the process, but without pointing out ways
to correct them.

3- Corrective Audit Process:

In this case, once the audit process detects a problem, it should investigate its
causes to suggest ways to correct it.

Check also: Governance, risk and compliance: All there is to know

Best audit process practices

In order to assist those engaged in an audit process, or who will be submitted to it,
we have listed a number of best practices that you should follow:

 The auditor should be aware of the process as a whole, as well as of the other
processes of the company, and identify the importance of each one, its phases
and correlations with these other processes.
 The auditor must make sure that their tests cover the audited process in its
entirety.
 It’s necessary to develop a macro process vision and show how each adopted
procedure interferes with it.
 You should document the process through a flow of procedures and controls.
 Use generated documentation to verify that the routines practiced in the
company match what the auditor defined in the process flow.
 The auditor should indicate points where possible process improvements can
be developed.
 They may also highlight processes that he believes should be the subject of
further audits.
 The audit process should be extremely clear about the risks of each process
and whether the controls developed are sufficient to cover those risks.
3.2 AUDIT PROCESS OF KALYANI HOSPITAL

Being non-profit organization, Kalyani hospital prepares Receipt & Payment account,
Income & Expenditure account and Balance Sheet; following are various items that
fall under income and expenditure in the hospitals.

Main Items of Income

 Room Rent
 Medical Care
 Dentistry Charges
 Delivery Room Charges
 Anesthesia Charges
  Laboratory Charges
 Grants for Operating Needs of Hospital
 Grants for Fixed Assets
 Donations
 Miscellaneous Income
 Interest on Investments
 Fees from Nursing Training School
 Bed Charges
 Operating Room Charges
 X-ray Charges
 Pharmacy Charges
 Physiotherapy Charges

Types of Expenses/ Payments

 Electricity & Water Charges

 Pharmacy Charges
 Salaries and Wages
 Pharmacy Expenses
 Building Repair & Maintenance
 Laundry Charges
 Rent for Nursing Hostel Accommodation (In case of rented premises)
 Telephone Expenses
 Laboratory Expenses
 Surgery Expenses
 Operation Tools and Equipment Expenses
 Depreciation

Preliminary Audit of kalyani Hospital

An Auditor should follow the below mentioned procedure while conducting Audit of
a hospital −
 He should obtain a list of books, documents, register and other records as
maintained by the Hospitals.
  He should examine the audit report of last year and should note down
qualifications, if any.
 He should examine the system of receiving grants and donations, whether
received through cheque or otherwise.
 According to the overall objectives of audit, he should examine the scope of
responsibilities.
 He should note down the important clause of Trust Deed or Charter, which
may affect the audit and accounts of hospitals.
 He should examine the Minutes of Meetings of the Board of
Directors/Trustees or the Managing Committee. He should note down the
important decisions concerning the financial transactions relating to fixed
assets, investment and financial powers as required by him during his audit.
 He should examine the internal control system regarding purchase of fixed
assets, medicines, stores, consumables, clothing and provisions, etc.
 He should examine the internal control system for recording of purchases,
issue and storage of all items and physical verification of them.
 He should obtain the rate structure for fees, medicine and other services,
power to do concession or waiver of fees. There should be adequate system
for charges and waiver.
 He should calculate and examine the input-output ratios.

Audit of Expenses of Hospitals

Vouching of expenses in hospitals is almost the same as in other organizations;

however, the following points need to be considered by an Auditor are given below
−
 An Auditor should adopt the usual way to vouch purchases and other
expenses of the hospitals.
 Clear distinction should be made between capital and revenue expenses.
 Salary of staff should be vouched according to general auditing principles.

Audit of Assets and Liabilities of Hospitals

The Auditor should consider the following points and carefully examine the assets
and liabilities of the Hospitals −
  Title documents and other records relating to land and building should be
carefully examined by the Auditor.
 Resolution of Trustees/Managing committee should be verified for sale and
purchase of fixed assets.
 Depreciation should be charged on the basis of the policies of the Managing
Committee.
 Liabilities should be verified in the usual manner.
 An Auditor should physically verify the investments like shares, debentures,
bonds and security certificates. He should also verify them with the
investment register.
 Stock and stores of medicines, clothing, consumables, etc. should be physically
verified at the end of the year.

Audit of Income of Hospitals

An Auditor should consider the following points and carefully examine the
income/receipts of the hospitals −
 An Auditor should check the bill book, bill register and copy of bills.
 It should be verified that bills are prepared properly according to visit charges
of doctors, medicine, stay charges, room rent, etc.
 Bills should be verified with the fees/charges structure.
 Concession and waiver on account of fees and other charges should be
verified.
 Bills should be verified with cash receipt book, counterfoil of receipts and cash
book.
 Verification of arrears of bills should be done.
 Unrecoverable arrears should be written off with the approval and consent of
proper authority.
 Rental income should be properly verified. He should properly vouch property
register, arrear of rent, advance rent and provisions for the same.
 Interest and dividend income should be verified with investment register, cash
book and share warrants, etc.
 Documents and correspondence relating to donations and grants should be
verified; the list of donors, grant sanction letter should be obtained to verify
the same.
 Unutilized grant should be verified at the end of the year. In case of non-
fulfillment of conditions, grant will be taken back by the authority.
  Distinction between revenue and capital donation should be checked and
verified. In case donation is for some specific purpose, the Auditor should
assure that the money is used for the same purpose only.

CHAPTER: 4 TRAINING AREAS

In the course of my internship period, I was assigned as an audit staff for performing
the audit of:
A. Head office of Central Bank of India.
B. Branch Office of Corporation Bank.
 I was being engaged to audit this institution from last many years. There they
send an audit team where I was one of them. I am giving a small overview on
audit conducted.

4.1 CENTRAL BANK OF INDIA ‘S CONCURRENT AUDIT

The following norms shall be applicable for appointment of firms of Chartered Accountants as
Concurrent Auditors:
I. The firm should be either a partnership firm or proprietary firm having Chartered Accountant(s)
as partner(s) / proprietor, duly empanelled with RBI;
II. The firm or its partner(s) / proprietor have not been subject of inquiry(s) in the past by the
Institute of Chartered Accountants of India as per the provisions of Section 21 of the Chartered
Accountants Act, 1949, and no such inquiry is pending, initiated, or contemplated by the Institute as
on the date of application as well as date of acceptance of assignment;
III. Where there are group of firms of Chartered Accountants having common partners, only one of
the firms in the group will be eligible for assignment of Concurrent Audit;
IV. The Firm would be allotted Concurrent Audit of only one branch of the Bank under normal
circumstances;
V. Besides Chartered Accountants, the firm should have other qualified and experienced staff,
infrastructure and office within an approachable distance from the location of the auditee branch /
office to undertake Concurrent Audit;
VI. The firm which conducts Statutory Audit of Central Bank of India shall not be considered for
appointment as Concurrent Auditor by the Bank during that year and the next year;
VII. The firm should not have any professional or commercial relationship either direct or indirect
with borrowers! beneficiaries of the branch ! department under audit and also shall not have in
future, as far as possible, for a minimum period of three years;
VIII. The firm which has partner / proprietor who is also a partner / proprietor of the firm entrusted
with the Statutory Audit of Central Bank of India shall not be considered for appointment as
Concurrent Auditors in Central Bank of India. In other words, associate concerns of the firm carrying
out Statutory Audit of Central Bank of India shall not to be considered for appointment as
Concurrent Auditors as in (vi) above;
IX. If any of the Directors of Central Bank of India is a partner / proprietor in a firm, such firm shall
not be considered for appointment as Concurrent Auditor;
X. In case the performance of the Concurrent Auditor falls short of the expectation of the
Management or the Audit Committee of the Board, the Management may replace the Concurrent
Auditor at any time. The performance shall be evaluated on adequacy of coverage and quality of
report, attendance of assistant & visits of partner/prop, timely submission of reports & inspection
of units etc.
XI. The Concurrent Audit should be conducted on daily basis (on all working days) by audit assistant;
XII. Ideally the Partner/Proprietor should get the concurrent audit conducted under their direct
supervision daily.
XIII. Depending on the size of the branch eligibility criteria will be as under: -

Sr. Branch Category Category of the CA Firm, assigned

No by RBI
1 CFB / Treasury branch I
2 MCB / ELB I & II
3 VLB / NBO & other branches located at I, II & III
Metro & Dist. HQ
4 All branches not covered above I, II, III & IV

The assignment of concurrent audit shall not be given to anybody on sub-contract basis;
XIV. Mere submission of application for Concurrent Audit & fulfilling the criteria thereof does not, in
any way, constitute guarantee for assigning any type of audit of the Bank;
XV. The online applications only shall be considered. Allotment will be made for the listed branches
in the area of applicant’s choice, prioritizing and selecting from the online applications. The Bank
reserves the right to add / delete name of branch(s) from the list. No correspondence shall be
entertained in the matter.
XVI. If firm or partners are availing any credit facility(s) from any branch of Central Bank of India or
have guaranteed any credit facility in favour of a third party exceeding `10000/-, the same shall be a
disqualification;
XVII. Concurrent Auditors shall provide various Certifications done earlier by Branch Statutory
Auditors, covering NPA provisioning, Insurance coverage, P&L Account, ALM, CRAR, DICGC, LFAR
etc. Similarly, certification regarding Tax Audit shall also be provided by the Concurrent Auditors. It
is pertinent to note that the Concurrent Auditors are carrying out all the verifications on a
continuous basis which the Branch Statutory Auditors, at year end, are giving as Certificates. These
Certificates, as a part of the Concurrent Audit assignment, would be given by the Concurrent
Auditors on their letter head without any additional certification fee;
XVIII. Payable monthly fee shall be ranging from `12000/- to `30000/- based on the business figures
of the branch as on 3 1/03/2013. Service Tax, if applicable, shall be paid separately provided the
firm furnishes the Service Tax registration number. TDS shall be deducted as per rules. The monthly
fee shall be paid through electronic mode by the branches. All concurrent auditors shall submit
details to the auditee branch for payment by NEFT; The Concurrent Auditor shall not be entitled for
any additional benefits or perquisites;
XIX. Concurrent Auditors shall submit findings every week to auditee branch, findings every month
to respective controller. The quarterly reports shall be submitted, within 7 days of the close of the
quarter. The Bank reserves the right to change the reporting format, at any time.
XX. The firm shall be required to conduct credit audit along with concurrent audit for the accounts
with sanctioned limit of ` 1.0 crore & above.
Important:
1. The online application may be considered even for another branch at same or nearby station, if
opted by applicant.
2. If we do not receive complete set of documents in a single lot as mentioned in assignment letter
within 15 days of receipt of the mail, assignment shall stand cancelled automatically, without giving
any reason thereof, and no correspondence shall be entertained in the matter.
3. If above terms and conditions are acceptable to you, then only file your application ‘On-line’.
Please do not send hard copy of the On-line application to our office.
4. Please furnish address for communication only in the ‘on-line’ application.
5. Online Applications can be submitted up to 13/06/2013 only.
6. The Bank shall communicate, on or before 01.07.2013, on email address provided in online
application, to the firms to whom concurrent audit assignments are awarded.
7. Bank reserves the right to change/ delete/ add any term and condition at any stage regarding
assignment of Concurrent Audit.

4.2 COPRORATION BANK- INCOME SEEPAGE AUDIT

Concurrent audit means doing the examination of the financial transactions at the

time of happening or parallel with the transaction. It is part of a bank’s early warning
system to ensure timely detection of irregularities and lapses. It helps in preventing
fraudulent transactions at branches. here the check list and procedure, I hope you
will find this information helpful
Index:-
√ Savings Account opening forms (SB)
√ Current account opening forms (CA)
√ Deposits opening forms
 Fixed Deposits (FD)
 Recurring Deposits (RD)
 Other Deposits
√ Loans:
 Home Loans
 Personal Loans
 Pension Loans (Same as Personal Loan)
 Vehicle Loans
 Educational Loans
 Gold Loans
  Loan on Deposits/Term Loan
 Mortgage Loans (Same as Home Loan)
 Cash Credit
 Over Draft
 Secured Over Draft
√ TDS & GST (Check Timely filed or not)
√ Vouchers
√ Forex
√ Gold loan Verification
√ Cash Verification
√ Locker summary
√ Income Leakage
Savings Account opening forms:
1. Check application duly filled or not
2. Application Signed by the manager or officer
3. Proofs Should be verified with originals by the Manager or Officer
4. Address in application should be as in address proof submitted with the application
5. Account number, Customer ID and account opening date is entered in application
or not
6. Check PAN or Form 60 have been taken or not ‘
7. Check in CBS with account number PAN or Form 60 is entered or not and signature
and photo is scanned in CBS
Current account opening forms:
1. If current account opened in the name of individual the procedure is same as SB
but PAN must be taken here
2. If current account opened in the name of business or firm or any other body by
individual the procedure is same as SB but here PAN of individual and business or
firm of any other body proof should be taken EX: PAN, GST, Firm registration
3. If current account opened in the name of business or firm or any other body by
partners the procedure is same as SB but here PAN and Address proofs of the all
partners also taken and all partners agreed for one managing partner in their letter
head, and business or firm of any other body proof should be taken EX: PAN, GST,
Firm registration
Deposits:
1. Check whether application is duly filled
2. Check whether Customer ID, account number and date of deposit should be in
application
3. Interest rate amount of deposit is same as in CBS and application
4. Interest rate should be applicable as per bank circular
5. If the Customer is already done KYC with the bank, then no need to take again KYC
again.
6. If the Customer is new, then KYC should be in record
Loans:
Home Loans:
Verify the below mentioned documents are submitted by the borrower at the time
of taking loan from bank
1. Borrower & Guarantors’ profile with Photographs, ID & Address proof copy.
2. PAN Card copy of borrower & guarantors.
3. CIBIL of borrower & guarantors.
4. Documents should be self-attested & verified with original.
5. 3 years ITR of borrower & guarantors.
6. Salary slips of borrower & guarantors.
7. Bank pass sheet for the last 6 months are obtained and verified.
8. Legal opinion (as the case)
9. Property Valuation Report (not more than 3 years old)
10. Creation of EM (Equitable Mortgage)
11. CERSAI
12. Pre sanction & Post sanction Inspection report
13. Approval of the name of the builder from circle head is available in case of
purchase of house/flat from a builder.
14. Insurance policy of building with bank clause.
15. Appropriate ROI & Proper margin is stipulated.
16. DPN (Demand Promissory note)
17. Check whether the following charges are duly collected or not
Processing charges
Documentation charges
Inspection charges
Mortgage charges
In case of building under construction:
21 .Limit will be disbursed stage by stage.
22. Photo of the building / flat under construction are obtained at each stage of
construction and countersigned by branch official who has visited the site with DATE
& SEAL.
23. The site inspection is done on a rotation basis by the branch officials at each stage
of construction.
24. The work completion certificate issued by the builder is countersigned by the
architect at each stage of disbursement.
25. Bills/vouchers (in detail) are submitted at the time of each disbursement.
26. Valuation report to be obtained after completion of construction.
27. Building will be insured after completion.
28. Check repayment schedule. Repayment should be start after 12/15/18 months.
As the case may be.
Financial Documents:
For Salaried Individual: 3 month salary slip, Form 16 and bank statement
For Self-Employed Individual: IT returns for last 2 years along with computation of
income tax for past 2 years certified by a Chartered accountant
For Self-Employed Non- Professionals: IT returns for last 3 years along with
computation of income tax for past 2 years certified by a Chartered accountant
Personal Loans:
Verify the below mentioned documents are submitted by the borrower at the time
of taking loan from bank
1. Borrower & Guarantors’ profile with Photographs, ID & Address proof copy.
2. PAN Card copy of borrower & guarantors.
3. CIBIL of borrower & guarantors.
4. Documents should be self-attested & verified with original.
5. 3 years ITR of borrower & guarantors.
6. Salary slips of borrower & guarantor.
7. Bank pass sheet for the last 6 months are obtained and verified.
Salaried Individuals: Latest 3 month’s Salary Slips and Form 16, Bank Statements of 6
months
Self Employed Individuals: Latest 1 year bank statement for both savings and current
account
8. Check whether the following charges are duly collected or not
Processing charges
Documentation charges
Inspection charges
Vehicle Loans:
Verify the below mentioned documents are submitted by the borrower at the time
of taking loan from bank
1. Borrower & Guarantors’ profile with Photographs, ID & Address proof copy.
2. PAN Card copy of borrower & guarantor.
3. CIBIL of borrower & guarantor.
4. Documents should be self-attested & verified with original.
5. 3 years ITR of borrower & guarantor.
6. Salary slips of borrower & guarantor.
7. Original Invoices.
8. Copy of RC
9. Insurance policy of vehicle with bank clause.
10. Hypothecation agreement.
11. DPN
12. Vehicle should be inspected once in 12 month.
13. Check processing charges are taken.
14. Appropriate ROI has been stipulated.
15. In case of second hand vehicles, valuation certificate from reputed automobile
industry.
14. Check whether the following charges are duly collected or not
Processing charges
Documentation charges
Inspection charges
Mortgage charges
Loan on Deposits/Term Loan:
1. Check whether Application duly filled by the borrower
2. Deposit bond or Passbook should be surrender to the bank by the customer who
are taking loan from bank.
3. Checking of Lien Marking in CBS
4. Interest Rate should be greater than the deposit interest as per bank norms
Cash Credit:
Verify the below mentioned documents are submitted by the borrower at the time
of taking loan from bank
1. Sanction letter.
2. Borrower & Guarantors’ profile with Photographs, ID & Address proof copy.
3. PAN Card copy of borrower & guarantors.
4. CIBIL of borrower & guarantors.
5. Documents should be self-attested & verified with original.
6. 3 years ITR of borrower & guarantors.
7. Proprietorship letter/ Partnership deed/ MOA/AOA (as the case may be)
8. Financial Statements of the firm/business/company
9. Proper margin & Appropriate ROI is stipulated.
10. Pre-sanction inspection report.
11. Post-sanction inspection report.
12. Primary security details
13. Check that stock, creditors & book debts statements submitted by the borrower
is in prescribed format.
14. Ensure that Debtors are classified age-wise & only below 90 days (in most cases)
debtors are allowed for DP(Drawing Power) purpose.
15. Check that drawing power is calculated correctly.
16. CA certified debtors statements/QIS (Quarterly Information System) are obtained
quarterly/half yearly (as the case)
17. Verify Stock, Creditors & Book Debts statements from financial statements.
18. Hypothecation agreement of stock
19. Ensure that stock/book debts statements are submitted timely by the borrower.
Otherwise charge penal interest on daily o/s balance.
20. Collateral security details
21. Valuation Report (not more than 3 years old)
22. Legal Opinion
23. Search report (In Case of Company)
24. Creation of EM (Equitable Mortgage)
25. CERSAI of collateral securities
26. Check that primary security (stock) & collateral security (buildings etc) is
adequately insured with bank clause.
27. Check that inspections are carried out at periodic intervals & inspection report is
on record.
28. PPC, Documentation charges & Inspection charges.
29. Annual Review Charges are taken, even if review is due.
30. Extension of limit permitted is as per the guidelines.
31. Check that party is utilizing the limit. (Otherwise commitment charges)
32. Turnover in the account.
33. Position of stock audit. (If applicable)
34. If account is running overlimit for more than 90 days, ensure that account is
treated as NPA.
35. If review due / stock statements not submitted by the borrower for more than
180 days, ensure that account is treated as NPA.
36. Other sanction terms as stated in sanction letter.
37. Check whether the following charges are duly collected or not
Processing charges
Documentation charges
Inspection charges
Mortgage charges
TDS & GST:
1. Verifying whether the deduction of tax at source (TDS) from interest income on
Term Deposits is done as per laid down procedure. If not deducted, then verify
whether Form 15H/15G received or not.
2. Verifying whether TDS has been deducted on salaries made by the bank
3. Verifying whether appropriate GST has been collected on concerned items
correctly such as If branch is running in rented premises then GST has been paid on
rent by the branch likewise….
4. Both TDS & GST challans has to be verified by the concerned person every month
Voucher:  
1. The auditor should see whether the voucher is on a printed form.
2. The auditor should see whether all vouchers are consecutively numbered.
3. The auditor should check date, name of the party to whom the voucher is issued,
the name of the party issuing the voucher, and the amounts, etc.
4. The vouchers, which are inspected by the auditor, should be cancelled by a stamp
so that it cannot be produced again
5. The auditor should pay special attention to those vouchers, which are in the
personal name of one of the employees or manager of the bank.
6. In case of vouchers, which require detailed checking, the auditor should put special
mark on them. He should check such vouchers carefully.
7. The auditor should see that a responsible senior officer of the concern passes
every voucher correctly and the rubber stamps are affixed. He should also see
whether the responsible official signs them.
8. The auditor should see whether the voucher must be stamped.
9. The auditor should not take the help of the employees of the concern while
checking the vouchers
10. The auditor should also see that the figures and words of the amount in the
vouchers are the same.
11. The vouchers for insurances, rates, and taxes, etc. should be checked by the
auditor with reference to the period for which the payment has been made. In case
of payments in advance, the auditor should see whether correct adjustments have
been made.
12. The auditor should check whether the borrower is mentioning pan numbers on
deposits which are >50,000/-.
13. The auditor should check whether the borrower has signed properly in the
voucher at appropriate places and that signature has been crossed by the
appropriate banker or not
14. The auditor should check whether daily vouchers have been updated in CBS or
not.
Forex:
1. In forex, we look through the exchange rate change and their correct valuation in
books.
2. Check whether any availability of foreign exchange with bank & check calculation
of profit and loss in foreign exchange.
3. There are some RBI guidelines regarding foreign exchange and we have to see the
adherence of same.
Cash Balance:
1. Every morning we have to check the cash balance of Cash Book of Bank in which all
details regarding cash balances are written on daily basis which is authorized by
manager and cashier.
2. Once in the month we have to do physical verification of cash in hand with bank
and ATM (if any) surprisingly and if any discrepancy found shall be reported in the
report.
Income Leakage:
This is the most important and sensitive part of concurrent audit. In most of the
banks there are some income leakages and we have to find out that.
Generally, income leakage arises due to following reasons and we have to look
that:
1. Undercharge of processing fee, upfront fee and other charges by the bank during
disbursement of loans.
2. Wrong feeding of interest rates in the system.
3. Wrong calculation of profit in forex transaction etc.
To overcome these types of revenue loss of bank
As an auditor →
Go through the calculation and genuineness of the different charges. .
We have to generate various MIS reports from the system and analyze them.
If bank undercharges the fees then it lost its income & the performance of the bank
looks very weak which leads to downfall in market share.
On the other hand, if bank does overcharge of such things then the false
performance of bank is shown and customer may be misguided due to this.
It is the prima facial duty of auditor to shoe the true and fair performance of the
clients.

4.3 Other task performed by audit team

You can use the Task Audit feature to view the tasks performed by users. You can
filter audited tasks by date range, application server, user, and task performed.

If you are assigned the Application Administrator role, you can view, export, and
delete task audit information. If you are not an administrator, but have the View Task
Audit role, you can view and export task audit information.

These user activities are logged in the task audit:

 Idle

 Rules Load

 Rules Scan

 Rules Extract

 Consolidation

 Chart Logic (Calculate)

 Translation

 Custom Logic

 Allocate

 Data Load

 Data Extract

 Data Entry

 Data Retrieval

 Data Clear

 Data Copy

 Journal Entry

 Journal Retrieval

 Journal Posting

 Journal Unposting

 Journal Template Entry

 Metadata Load

 Metadata Extract

 Member List Load

 Member List Scan

 Member List Extract

 Security Load

 Security Scan

 Security Extract
 Logon

 Logon Failure

 Logoff

 Metadata Scan

 Data Scan

 Extract Data to Database Export

 Extract Data to Database Schema Delete

 Transactions Load

 Transactions Extract

 Document Attachments

 Document Detachments

 Create Transactions

 Edit Transactions

 Delete Transactions

 Post Transactions

 Unpost Transactions

 Delete Invalid Records

 Data Audit Purged

 Task Audit Purged

 Post All Transactions

 Unpost All Transactions

 Delete All Transactions

  Unmatch All Transactions

 AutoMatch by ID

 AutoMatch by Account

 IC Matching Report by ID

 IC Matching Report by Acct

 IC Transaction Report

The task audit log includes this information:

 Username

 Activity performed

 Activity start time

 Activity end time

 Server name

 Description

 Current module

CONCLUSIONS

Kalyani Hospital internship program has offered me a great opportunity to grow and
develop. It has propelled me to be able to overcome challenges to develop my
career. I learnt extensively about audits, the importance of audit, learn efficiently
MS-Excel, got aware about many concepts.
The program has enhanced my knowledge and skills as well as improved my
professional ability to work in multi-culture environment. Working with Kalyani
Hospital as an intern was not only honour and privilege but a lifelong experience that
will forever shape my professional life. This was a great experience.
The Executive director has inspired me to serve rather than to be served by sub-
ordinated. I am very appreciated of this opportunity and forever grateful to Kalyani
Hospital for giving the opportunity to not only work as an intern but also enabled me
to enhance my abilities, to take the responsibility and accomplish it. This internship
has boosted my confidence to work with responsibility and accomplish every
assignment efficiently.