Apache Spark - Quick Guide

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Apache Spark - Introduction

Industries are using Hadoop extensively to analyze their data sets. The reason is that
Hadoop framework is based on a simple programming model (MapReduce) and it
enables a computing solution that is scalable, flexible, fault-tolerant and cost effective.
Here, the main concern is to maintain speed in processing large datasets in terms of
waiting time between queries and waiting time to run the program.

Spark was introduced by Apache Software Foundation for speeding up the Hadoop
computational computing software process.

As against a common belief, Spark is not a modified version of Hadoop and is not,
really, dependent on Hadoop because it has its own cluster management. Hadoop is just
one of the ways to implement Spark.

Spark uses Hadoop in two ways – one is storage and second is processing. Since
Spark has its own cluster management computation, it uses Hadoop for storage
purpose only.

Apache Spark
Apache Spark is a lightning-fast cluster computing technology, designed for fast
computation. It is based on Hadoop MapReduce and it extends the MapReduce model to
efficiently use it for more types of computations, which includes interactive queries and
stream processing. The main feature of Spark is its in-memory cluster computing
that increases the processing speed of an application.

Spark is designed to cover a wide range of workloads such as batch applications,

iterative algorithms, interactive queries and streaming. Apart from supporting all these
workload in a respective system, it reduces the management burden of maintaining
separate tools.

Evolution of Apache Spark

Spark is one of Hadoop’s sub project developed in 2009 in UC Berkeley’s AMPLab by
Matei Zaharia. It was Open Sourced in 2010 under a BSD license. It was donated to
Apache software foundation in 2013, and now Apache Spark has become a top level
Apache project from Feb-2014.

Features of Apache Spark

Apache Spark has following features.

Speed − Spark helps to run an application in Hadoop cluster, up to 100 times

faster in memory, and 10 times faster when running on disk. This is possible by
reducing number of read/write operations to disk. It stores the intermediate
processing data in memory.

Supports multiple languages − Spark provides built-in APIs in Java, Scala, or

Python. Therefore, you can write applications in different languages. Spark
comes up with 80 high-level operators for interactive querying.

Advanced Analytics − Spark not only supports ‘Map’ and ‘reduce’. It also
supports SQL queries, Streaming data, Machine learning (ML), and Graph
algorithms.

Spark Built on Hadoop

The following diagram shows three ways of how Spark can be built with Hadoop
components.

There are three ways of Spark deployment as explained below.

Standalone − Spark Standalone deployment means Spark occupies the place

on top of HDFS(Hadoop Distributed File System) and space is allocated for
HDFS, explicitly. Here, Spark and MapReduce will run side by side to cover all
spark jobs on cluster.
 Hadoop Yarn − Hadoop Yarn deployment means, simply, spark runs on Yarn
without any pre-installation or root access required. It helps to integrate Spark
into Hadoop ecosystem or Hadoop stack. It allows other components to run on
top of stack.

Spark in MapReduce (SIMR) − Spark in MapReduce is used to launch spark

job in addition to standalone deployment. With SIMR, user can start Spark and
uses its shell without any administrative access.

Components of Spark
The following illustration depicts the different components of Spark.

Apache Spark Core

Spark Core is the underlying general execution engine for spark platform that all other
functionality is built upon. It provides In-Memory computing and referencing datasets in
external storage systems.

Spark SQL
Spark SQL is a component on top of Spark Core that introduces a new data abstraction
called SchemaRDD, which provides support for structured and semi-structured data.

Spark Streaming
Spark Streaming leverages Spark Core's fast scheduling capability to perform streaming
analytics. It ingests data in mini-batches and performs RDD (Resilient Distributed
Datasets) transformations on those mini-batches of data.

MLlib (Machine Learning Library)

MLlib is a distributed machine learning framework above Spark because of the
distributed memory-based Spark architecture. It is, according to benchmarks, done by
the MLlib developers against the Alternating Least Squares (ALS) implementations.
Spark MLlib is nine times as fast as the Hadoop disk-based version of Apache Mahout
(before Mahout gained a Spark interface).
GraphX
GraphX is a distributed graph-processing framework on top of Spark. It provides an API
for expressing graph computation that can model the user-defined graphs by using
Pregel abstraction API. It also provides an optimized runtime for this abstraction.

Apache Spark - RDD

Resilient Distributed Datasets
Resilient Distributed Datasets (RDD) is a fundamental data structure of Spark. It is an
immutable distributed collection of objects. Each dataset in RDD is divided into logical
partitions, which may be computed on different nodes of the cluster. RDDs can contain
any type of Python, Java, or Scala objects, including user-defined classes.

Formally, an RDD is a read-only, partitioned collection of records. RDDs can be created

through deterministic operations on either data on stable storage or other RDDs. RDD is
a fault-tolerant collection of elements that can be operated on in parallel.

There are two ways to create RDDs − parallelizing an existing collection in your driver
program, or referencing a dataset in an external storage system, such as a shared
file system, HDFS, HBase, or any data source offering a Hadoop Input Format.

Spark makes use of the concept of RDD to achieve faster and efficient MapReduce
operations. Let us first discuss how MapReduce operations take place and why they are
not so efficient.

Data Sharing is Slow in MapReduce

MapReduce is widely adopted for processing and generating large datasets with a
parallel, distributed algorithm on a cluster. It allows users to write parallel
computations, using a set of high-level operators, without having to worry about work
distribution and fault tolerance.

Unfortunately, in most current frameworks, the only way to reuse data between
computations (Ex − between two MapReduce jobs) is to write it to an external stable
storage system (Ex − HDFS). Although this framework provides numerous abstractions
for accessing a cluster’s computational resources, users still want more.

Both Iterative and Interactive applications require faster data sharing across parallel
jobs. Data sharing is slow in MapReduce due to replication, serialization, and disk
IO. Regarding storage system, most of the Hadoop applications, they spend more than
90% of the time doing HDFS read-write operations.

Iterative Operations on MapReduce

Reuse intermediate results across multiple computations in multi-stage applications.
The following illustration explains how the current framework works, while doing the
iterative operations on MapReduce. This incurs substantial overheads due to data
replication, disk I/O, and serialization, which makes the system slow.

Interactive Operations on MapReduce

User runs ad-hoc queries on the same subset of data. Each query will do the disk I/O
on the stable storage, which can dominate application execution time.

The following illustration explains how the current framework works while doing the
interactive queries on MapReduce.

Data Sharing using Spark RDD

Data sharing is slow in MapReduce due to replication, serialization, and disk IO.
Most of the Hadoop applications, they spend more than 90% of the time doing HDFS
read-write operations.

Recognizing this problem, researchers developed a specialized framework called Apache

Spark. The key idea of spark is Resilient Distributed Datasets (RDD); it supports in-
memory processing computation. This means, it stores the state of memory as an
object across the jobs and the object is sharable between those jobs. Data sharing in
memory is 10 to 100 times faster than network and Disk.
Let us now try to find out how iterative and interactive operations take place in Spark
RDD.

Iterative Operations on Spark RDD

The illustration given below shows the iterative operations on Spark RDD. It will store
intermediate results in a distributed memory instead of Stable storage (Disk) and make
the system faster.

Note − If the Distributed memory (RAM) is sufficient to store intermediate results

(State of the JOB), then it will store those results on the disk.

Interactive Operations on Spark RDD

This illustration shows interactive operations on Spark RDD. If different queries are run
on the same set of data repeatedly, this particular data can be kept in memory for
better execution times.

By default, each transformed RDD may be recomputed each time you run an action on
it. However, you may also persist an RDD in memory, in which case Spark will keep the
elements around on the cluster for much faster access, the next time you query it.
There is also support for persisting RDDs on disk, or replicated across multiple nodes.

Apache Spark - Installation

Spark is Hadoop’s sub-project. Therefore, it is better to install Spark into a Linux based
system. The following steps show how to install Apache Spark.

Step 1: Verifying Java Installation

Java installation is one of the mandatory things in installing Spark. Try the following
command to verify the JAVA version.
$java -version

If Java is already, installed on your system, you get to see the following response −

java version "1.7.0_71"

Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_71-b13)
Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (build 25.0-b02, mixed mode)

In case you do not have Java installed on your system, then Install Java before
proceeding to next step.

Step 2: Verifying Scala installation

You should Scala language to implement Spark. So let us verify Scala installation using
following command.

$scala -version

If Scala is already installed on your system, you get to see the following response −

Scala code runner version 2.11.6 -- Copyright 2002-2013, LAMP/EPFL

In case you don’t have Scala installed on your system, then proceed to next step for
Scala installation.

Step 3: Downloading Scala

Download the latest version of Scala by visit the following link Download Scala . For
this tutorial, we are using scala-2.11.6 version. After downloading, you will find the
Scala tar file in the download folder.

Step 4: Installing Scala

Follow the below given steps for installing Scala.

Extract the Scala tar file

Type the following command for extracting the Scala tar file.

$ tar xvf scala-2.11.6.tgz

Move Scala software files

Use the following commands for moving the Scala software files, to respective directory
(/usr/local/scala).

$ su –
Password:
# cd /home/Hadoop/Downloads/
# mv scala-2.11.6 /usr/local/scala
# exit
Set PATH for Scala
Use the following command for setting PATH for Scala.

$ export PATH = $PATH:/usr/local/scala/bin

Verifying Scala Installation

After installation, it is better to verify it. Use the following command for verifying Scala
installation.

$scala -version

If Scala is already installed on your system, you get to see the following response −

Scala code runner version 2.11.6 -- Copyright 2002-2013, LAMP/EPFL

Step 5: Downloading Apache Spark

Download the latest version of Spark by visiting the following link Download Spark .
For this tutorial, we are using spark-1.3.1-bin-hadoop2.6 version. After downloading
it, you will find the Spark tar file in the download folder.

Step 6: Installing Spark

Follow the steps given below for installing Spark.

Extracting Spark tar

The following command for extracting the spark tar file.

$ tar xvf spark-1.3.1-bin-hadoop2.6.tgz

Moving Spark software files

The following commands for moving the Spark software files to respective directory
(/usr/local/spark).

$ su –
Password:

# cd /home/Hadoop/Downloads/
# mv spark-1.3.1-bin-hadoop2.6 /usr/local/spark
# exit

Setting up the environment for Spark

Add the following line to ~/.bashrc file. It means adding the location, where the spark
software file are located to the PATH variable.

export PATH = $PATH:/usr/local/spark/bin

Use the following command for sourcing the ~/.bashrc file.

$ source ~/.bashrc

Step 7: Verifying the Spark Installation

Write the following command for opening Spark shell.

$spark-shell

If spark is installed successfully then you will find the following output.

Spark assembly has been built with Hive, including Datanucleus jars on classpath
Using Spark's default log4j profile: org/apache/spark/log4j-defaults.properties
15/06/04 15:25:22 INFO SecurityManager: Changing view acls to: hadoop
15/06/04 15:25:22 INFO SecurityManager: Changing modify acls to: hadoop
15/06/04 15:25:22 INFO SecurityManager: SecurityManager: authentication disabled;
ui acls disabled; users with view permissions: Set(hadoop); users with modify permissions: Set(hado
15/06/04 15:25:22 INFO HttpServer: Starting HTTP Server
15/06/04 15:25:23 INFO Utils: Successfully started service 'HTTP class server' on port 43292.
Welcome to
____ __
/ __/__ ___ _____/ /__
_\ \/ _ \/ _ `/ __/ '_/
/___/ .__/\_,_/_/ /_/\_\ version 1.4.0
/_/

Using Scala version 2.10.4 (Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM, Java 1.7.0_71)
Type in expressions to have them evaluated.
Spark context available as sc
scala>

Apache Spark - Core Programming

Spark Core is the base of the whole project. It provides distributed task dispatching,
scheduling, and basic I/O functionalities. Spark uses a specialized fundamental data
structure known as RDD (Resilient Distributed Datasets) that is a logical collection of
data partitioned across machines. RDDs can be created in two ways; one is by
referencing datasets in external storage systems and second is by applying
transformations (e.g. map, filter, reducer, join) on existing RDDs.

The RDD abstraction is exposed through a language-integrated API. This simplifies

programming complexity because the way applications manipulate RDDs is similar to
manipulating local collections of data.

Spark Shell
Spark provides an interactive shell − a powerful tool to analyze data interactively. It is
available in either Scala or Python language. Spark’s primary abstraction is a distributed
collection of items called a Resilient Distributed Dataset (RDD). RDDs can be created
from Hadoop Input Formats (such as HDFS files) or by transforming other RDDs.

Open Spark Shell

The following command is used to open Spark shell.

$ spark-shell

Create simple RDD

Let us create a simple RDD from the text file. Use the following command to create a
simple RDD.

scala> val inputfile = sc.textFile(“input.txt”)

The output for the above command is

inputfile: org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD[String] = input.txt MappedRDD[1] at textFile at <console>:12

The Spark RDD API introduces few Transformations and few Actions to manipulate
RDD.

RDD Transformations
RDD transformations returns pointer to new RDD and allows you to create
dependencies between RDDs. Each RDD in dependency chain (String of Dependencies)
has a function for calculating its data and has a pointer (dependency) to its parent RDD.

Spark is lazy, so nothing will be executed unless you call some transformation or action
that will trigger job creation and execution. Look at the following snippet of the word-
count example.

Therefore, RDD transformation is not a set of data but is a step in a program (might be
the only step) telling Spark how to get data and what to do with it.

Given below is a list of RDD transformations.

Actions
The following table gives a list of Actions, which return values.

Programming with RDD

Let us see the implementations of few RDD transformations and actions in RDD
programming with the help of an example.

Example
Consider a word count example − It counts each word appearing in a document.
Consider the following text as an input and is saved as an input.txt file in a home
directory.

input.txt − input file.

people are not as beautiful as they look,

as they walk or as they talk.
they are only as beautiful as they love,
as they care as they share.

Follow the procedure given below to execute the given example.

Open Spark-Shell
The following command is used to open spark shell. Generally, spark is built using
Scala. Therefore, a Spark program runs on Scala environment.

$ spark-shell

If Spark shell opens successfully then you will find the following output. Look at the last
line of the output “Spark context available as sc” means the Spark container is
automatically created spark context object with the name sc. Before starting the first
step of a program, the SparkContext object should be created.

Spark assembly has been built with Hive, including Datanucleus jars on classpath
Using Spark's default log4j profile: org/apache/spark/log4j-defaults.properties
15/06/04 15:25:22 INFO SecurityManager: Changing view acls to: hadoop
15/06/04 15:25:22 INFO SecurityManager: Changing modify acls to: hadoop
15/06/04 15:25:22 INFO SecurityManager: SecurityManager: authentication disabled;
ui acls disabled; users with view permissions: Set(hadoop); users with modify permissions: Set(hado
15/06/04 15:25:22 INFO HttpServer: Starting HTTP Server
15/06/04 15:25:23 INFO Utils: Successfully started service 'HTTP class server' on port 43292.
Welcome to
____ __
/ __/__ ___ _____/ /__
_\ \/ _ \/ _ `/ __/ '_/
/___/ .__/\_,_/_/ /_/\_\ version 1.4.0
/_/

Using Scala version 2.10.4 (Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM, Java 1.7.0_71)
Type in expressions to have them evaluated.
Spark context available as sc
scala>

Create an RDD
First, we have to read the input file using Spark-Scala API and create an RDD.

The following command is used for reading a file from given location. Here, new RDD is
created with the name of inputfile. The String which is given as an argument in the
textFile(“”) method is absolute path for the input file name. However, if only the file
name is given, then it means that the input file is in the current location.
scala> val inputfile = sc.textFile("input.txt")

Execute Word count Transformation

Our aim is to count the words in a file. Create a flat map for splitting each line into
words (flatMap(line ⇒ line.split(“ ”)).
Next, read each word as a key with a value ‘1’ (<key, value> = <word,1>)using map
function (map(word ⇒ (word, 1)).
Finally, reduce those keys by adding values of similar keys (reduceByKey(_+_)).

The following command is used for executing word count logic. After executing this, you
will not find any output because this is not an action, this is a transformation; pointing
a new RDD or tell spark to what to do with the given data)

scala> val counts = inputfile.flatMap(line => line.split(" ")).map(word => (word, 1)).reduceByKey(_+_)

Current RDD
While working with the RDD, if you want to know about current RDD, then use the
following command. It will show you the description about current RDD and its
dependencies for debugging.

scala> counts.toDebugString

Caching the Transformations

You can mark an RDD to be persisted using the persist() or cache() methods on it. The
first time it is computed in an action, it will be kept in memory on the nodes. Use the
following command to store the intermediate transformations in memory.

scala> counts.cache()

Applying the Action

Applying an action, like store all the transformations, results into a text file. The String
argument for saveAsTextFile(“ ”) method is the absolute path of output folder. Try the
following command to save the output in a text file. In the following example, ‘output’
folder is in current location.

scala> counts.saveAsTextFile("output")

Checking the Output

Open another terminal to go to home directory (where spark is executed in the other
terminal). Use the following commands for checking output directory.

[hadoop@localhost ~]$ cd output/

[hadoop@localhost output]$ ls -1
part-00000
part-00001
_SUCCESS

The following command is used to see output from Part-00000 files.

[hadoop@localhost output]$ cat part-00000

Output
(people,1)
(are,2)
(not,1)
(as,8)
(beautiful,2)
(they, 7)
(look,1)

The following command is used to see output from Part-00001 files.

[hadoop@localhost output]$ cat part-00001

Output
(walk, 1)
(or, 1)
(talk, 1)
(only, 1)
(love, 1)
(care, 1)
(share, 1)

UN Persist the Storage

Before UN-persisting, if you want to see the storage space that is used for this
application, then use the following URL in your browser.

http://localhost:4040

You will see the following screen, which shows the storage space used for the
application, which are running on the Spark shell.
If you want to UN-persist the storage space of particular RDD, then use the following
command.

Scala> counts.unpersist()

You will see the output as follows −

15/06/27 00:57:33 INFO ShuffledRDD: Removing RDD 9 from persistence list

15/06/27 00:57:33 INFO BlockManager: Removing RDD 9
15/06/27 00:57:33 INFO BlockManager: Removing block rdd_9_1
15/06/27 00:57:33 INFO MemoryStore: Block rdd_9_1 of size 480 dropped from memory (free 280061810)
15/06/27 00:57:33 INFO BlockManager: Removing block rdd_9_0
15/06/27 00:57:33 INFO MemoryStore: Block rdd_9_0 of size 296 dropped from memory (free 280062106)
res7: cou.type = ShuffledRDD[9] at reduceByKey at <console>:14

For verifying the storage space in the browser, use the following URL.

http://localhost:4040/

You will see the following screen. It shows the storage space used for the application,
which are running on the Spark shell.
 Apache Spark - Deployment
Spark application, using spark-submit, is a shell command used to deploy the Spark
application on a cluster. It uses all respective cluster managers through a uniform
interface. Therefore, you do not have to configure your application for each one.

Example
Let us take the same example of word count, we used before, using shell commands.
Here, we consider the same example as a spark application.

Sample Input
The following text is the input data and the file named is in.txt.

people are not as beautiful as they look,

as they walk or as they talk.
they are only as beautiful as they love,
as they care as they share.

Look at the following program −

SparkWordCount.scala

import org.apache.spark.SparkContext
import org.apache.spark.SparkContext._
import org.apache.spark._

object SparkWordCount {
def main(args: Array[String]) {
 val sc = new SparkContext( "local", "Word Count", "/usr/local/spark", Nil, Map(), Map())

/* local = master URL; Word Count = application name; */

/* /usr/local/spark = Spark Home; Nil = jars; Map = environment */
/* Map = variables to work nodes */
/*creating an inputRDD to read text file (in.txt) through Spark context*/
val input = sc.textFile("in.txt")
/* Transform the inputRDD into countRDD */

valcount = input.flatMap(line ⇒ line.split(" "))

.map(word ⇒ (word, 1))
.reduceByKey(_ + _)

/* saveAsTextFile method is an action that effects on the RDD */

count.saveAsTextFile("outfile")
System.out.println("OK");
}
}

Save the above program into a file named SparkWordCount.scala and place it in a
user-defined directory named spark-application.

Note − While transforming the inputRDD into countRDD, we are using flatMap() for
tokenizing the lines (from text file) into words, map() method for counting the word
frequency and reduceByKey() method for counting each word repetition.

Use the following steps to submit this application. Execute all steps in the spark-
application directory through the terminal.

Step 1: Download Spark Ja

Spark core jar is required for compilation, therefore, download spark-core_2.10-
1.3.0.jar from the following link Spark core jar and move the jar file from download
directory to spark-application directory.

Step 2: Compile program

Compile the above program using the command given below. This command should be
executed from the spark-application directory. Here, /usr/local/spark/lib/spark-
assembly-1.4.0-hadoop2.6.0.jar is a Hadoop support jar taken from Spark library.

$ scalac -classpath "spark-core_2.10-1.3.0.jar:/usr/local/spark/lib/spark-assembly-1.4.0-hadoop2.6.0.j

Step 3: Create a JAR

Create a jar file of the spark application using the following command. Here,
wordcount is the file name for jar file.

jar -cvf wordcount.jar SparkWordCount*.class spark-core_2.10-1.3.0.jar/usr/local/spark/lib/spark-assem

Step 4: Submit spark application

Submit the spark application using the following command −
spark-submit --class SparkWordCount --master local wordcount.jar

If it is executed successfully, then you will find the output given below. The OK letting
in the following output is for user identification and that is the last line of the program.
If you carefully read the following output, you will find different things, such as −

successfully started service 'sparkDriver' on port 42954

MemoryStore started with capacity 267.3 MB

Started SparkUI at http://192.168.1.217:4040

Added JAR file:/home/hadoop/piapplication/count.jar

ResultStage 1 (saveAsTextFile at SparkPi.scala:11) finished in 0.566 s

Stopped Spark web UI at http://192.168.1.217:4040

MemoryStore cleared

15/07/08 13:56:04 INFO Slf4jLogger: Slf4jLogger started

15/07/08 13:56:04 INFO Utils: Successfully started service 'sparkDriver' on port 42954.
15/07/08 13:56:04 INFO Remoting: Remoting started; listening on addresses :[akka.tcp://sparkDriver@192
15/07/08 13:56:04 INFO MemoryStore: MemoryStore started with capacity 267.3 MB
15/07/08 13:56:05 INFO HttpServer: Starting HTTP Server
15/07/08 13:56:05 INFO Utils: Successfully started service 'HTTP file server' on port 56707.
15/07/08 13:56:06 INFO SparkUI: Started SparkUI at http://192.168.1.217:4040
15/07/08 13:56:07 INFO SparkContext: Added JAR file:/home/hadoop/piapplication/count.jar at http://192
15/07/08 13:56:11 INFO Executor: Adding file:/tmp/spark-45a07b83-42ed-42b3b2c2-823d8d99c5af/userFiles-
15/07/08 13:56:11 INFO HadoopRDD: Input split: file:/home/hadoop/piapplication/in.txt:0+54
15/07/08 13:56:12 INFO Executor: Finished task 0.0 in stage 0.0 (TID 0). 2001 bytes result sent to dri
(MapPartitionsRDD[5] at saveAsTextFile at SparkPi.scala:11), which is now runnable
15/07/08 13:56:12 INFO DAGScheduler: Submitting 1 missing tasks from ResultStage 1 (MapPartitionsRDD[5
15/07/08 13:56:13 INFO DAGScheduler: ResultStage 1 (saveAsTextFile at SparkPi.scala:11) finished in 0
15/07/08 13:56:13 INFO DAGScheduler: Job 0 finished: saveAsTextFile at SparkPi.scala:11, took 2.892996
OK
15/07/08 13:56:13 INFO SparkContext: Invoking stop() from shutdown hook
15/07/08 13:56:13 INFO SparkUI: Stopped Spark web UI at http://192.168.1.217:4040
15/07/08 13:56:13 INFO DAGScheduler: Stopping DAGScheduler
15/07/08 13:56:14 INFO MapOutputTrackerMasterEndpoint: MapOutputTrackerMasterEndpoint stopped!
15/07/08 13:56:14 INFO Utils: path = /tmp/spark-45a07b83-42ed-42b3-b2c2823d8d99c5af/blockmgr-ccdda9e3-
15/07/08 13:56:14 INFO MemoryStore: MemoryStore cleared
15/07/08 13:56:14 INFO BlockManager: BlockManager stopped
15/07/08 13:56:14 INFO BlockManagerMaster: BlockManagerMaster stopped
15/07/08 13:56:14 INFO SparkContext: Successfully stopped SparkContext
15/07/08 13:56:14 INFO Utils: Shutdown hook called
15/07/08 13:56:14 INFO Utils: Deleting directory /tmp/spark-45a07b83-42ed-42b3b2c2-823d8d99c5af
15/07/08 13:56:14 INFO OutputCommitCoordinator$OutputCommitCoordinatorEndpoint: OutputCommitCoordinato

Step 5: Checking output

After successful execution of the program, you will find the directory named outfile in
the spark-application directory.

The following commands are used for opening and checking the list of files in the outfile
directory.

$ cd outfile
$ ls
Part-00000 part-00001 _SUCCESS

The commands for checking output in part-00000 file are −

$ cat part-00000
(people,1)
(are,2)
(not,1)
(as,8)
(beautiful,2)
(they, 7)
(look,1)

The commands for checking output in part-00001 file are −

$ cat part-00001
(walk, 1)
(or, 1)
(talk, 1)
(only, 1)
(love, 1)
(care, 1)
(share, 1)

Go through the following section to know more about the ‘spark-submit’ command.

Spark-submit Syntax
spark-submit [options] <app jar | python file> [app arguments]

Options

The table given below describes a list of options −

Advanced Spark Programming

Spark contains two different types of shared variables − one is broadcast variables
and second is accumulators.

Broadcast variables − used to efficiently, distribute large values.

Accumulators − used to aggregate the information of particular collection.

Broadcast Variables
Broadcast variables allow the programmer to keep a read-only variable cached on each
machine rather than shipping a copy of it with tasks. They can be used, for example, to
give every node, a copy of a large input dataset, in an efficient manner. Spark also
attempts to distribute broadcast variables using efficient broadcast algorithms to reduce
communication cost.

Spark actions are executed through a set of stages, separated by distributed “shuffle”
operations. Spark automatically broadcasts the common data needed by tasks within
each stage.

The data broadcasted this way is cached in serialized form and is deserialized before
running each task. This means that explicitly creating broadcast variables, is only useful
when tasks across multiple stages need the same data or when caching the data in
deserialized form is important.

Broadcast variables are created from a variable v by calling

SparkContext.broadcast(v). The broadcast variable is a wrapper around v, and its
value can be accessed by calling the value method. The code given below shows this −

scala> val broadcastVar = sc.broadcast(Array(1, 2, 3))

Output −

broadcastVar: org.apache.spark.broadcast.Broadcast[Array[Int]] = Broadcast(0)

After the broadcast variable is created, it should be used instead of the value v in any
functions run on the cluster, so that v is not shipped to the nodes more than once. In
addition, the object v should not be modified after its broadcast, in order to ensure that
all nodes get the same value of the broadcast variable.

Accumulators
Accumulators are variables that are only “added” to through an associative operation
and can therefore, be efficiently supported in parallel. They can be used to implement
counters (as in MapReduce) or sums. Spark natively supports accumulators of numeric
types, and programmers can add support for new types. If accumulators are created
with a name, they will be displayed in Spark’s UI. This can be useful for understanding
the progress of running stages (NOTE − this is not yet supported in Python).

An accumulator is created from an initial value v by calling

SparkContext.accumulator(v). Tasks running on the cluster can then add to it using
the add method or the += operator (in Scala and Python). However, they cannot read
its value. Only the driver program can read the accumulator’s value, using its value
method.

The code given below shows an accumulator being used to add up the elements of an
array −
scala> val accum = sc.accumulator(0)

scala> sc.parallelize(Array(1, 2, 3, 4)).foreach(x => accum += x) 

If you want to see the output of above code then use the following command −

scala> accum.value

Output
res2: Int = 10

Numeric RDD Operations

Spark allows you to do different operations on numeric data, using one of the
predefined API methods. Spark’s numeric operations are implemented with a streaming
algorithm that allows building the model, one element at a time.

These operations are computed and returned as a StatusCounter object by calling

status() method.

The following is a list of numeric methods available in StatusCounter.

If you want to use only one of these methods, you can call the corresponding method
directly on RDD.

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