Lesson 6: Solving Rational Functions

Recall: Rational Functions

𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)
𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) =
𝑄𝑄 (𝑥𝑥)

Where 𝑃𝑃 (𝑥𝑥) and 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥) are POLYNOMIALS, and 𝑄𝑄 (𝑥𝑥) ≠ 0.

Examples:
2𝑥𝑥 2 +4
a. 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥−6
b. 𝑦𝑦 = Note: 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥 2 −36
𝑥𝑥−1
c. 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥−4

Solving Rational Functions

In solving rational functions, we must identify the following:
A. Domain and Range of Rational Functions
B. Intercepts of Rational Functions
C. Zeroes of Rational Functions
D. Asymptotes of Rational Functions

A. Domain and Range of Rational Functions

Recall:
 Domain – set of all independent variables (x – values)
 Range – set of all dependent variables (y – values or f(x))

In writing the domain and range, we write using the following.

1. Set-builder form or notation

Example:
a. Numbers from 1 to 10
You can say {x | x is a counting number from 1 to 10}, where | means
“such that”
b. Odd numbers between 10 to 20
We can say {𝑥𝑥|𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 10 < 𝑥𝑥 < 20}, since 10 and 20 are not odd
numbers then they are not included in the set notation.

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 2. Interval Notation
Example:
5
1. The set of domain of the function 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥−3
In the given function, we can write it in this form:
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷: (−∞, 3) ∪ (3, ∞+ )
This means that the values of the domain (x) can take all (from
negative to positive) real values of x, except 3, otherwise the
function is undefined.

Finding the domain and range of rational functions

𝑥𝑥−2
1. 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) =
𝑥𝑥+2
Domain
First, equate the denominator 𝑥𝑥 + 2 to 0.
𝑥𝑥 + 2 = 0
𝒙𝒙 = −𝟐𝟐
This means that x = -2 is the value that makes the denominator zero.
Thus,
𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫: {𝒙𝒙|𝒙𝒙 ∈ ℝ, 𝒙𝒙 ≠ −𝟐𝟐}
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫: (−∞, −𝟐𝟐) ∪ (−𝟐𝟐, ∞+ )

Range
First, change 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) into 𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥 − 2
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑥𝑥 + 2
𝑥𝑥 − 2
𝑦𝑦 =
𝑥𝑥 + 2
Using cross multiplication (means and extremes),
𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥 + 2) = 𝑥𝑥 − 2
Simplify.
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − 2
𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥 = −2𝑦𝑦 − 2
𝑥𝑥(𝑦𝑦 − 1) = −2𝑦𝑦 − 2

Solve in terms of x by dividing both sides by 𝑦𝑦 − 1.

𝑥𝑥(𝑦𝑦 − 1) −2𝑦𝑦 − 2
=
𝑦𝑦 − 1 𝑦𝑦 − 1
−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐
𝒙𝒙 =
𝒚𝒚 − 𝟏𝟏
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 Equate the denominator to 0.
𝑦𝑦 − 1 = 0
𝒚𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏

Therefore, 𝑦𝑦 ≠ 1, otherwise the denominator is zero

We write the range as:
𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹: {𝒚𝒚|𝒚𝒚 ∈ ℝ, 𝒚𝒚 ≠ 𝟏𝟏}
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹: −∞, 𝟏𝟏) ∪ (𝟏𝟏, ∞+ )
(
𝑥𝑥 2 −3𝑥𝑥−4
2. 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) =
𝑥𝑥+1
Domain
First, equate the denominator 𝑥𝑥 + 1 to 0.
𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝒙𝒙 = −𝟏𝟏

This means that x = -1 is the value that makes the denominator zero.
Thus,
𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫: {𝒙𝒙|𝒙𝒙 ∈ ℝ, 𝒙𝒙 ≠ −𝟏𝟏}
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫: (−∞, −𝟏𝟏) ∪ (−𝟏𝟏, ∞+ )

Range
First, change 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) into 𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 − 4
𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) =
𝑥𝑥 + 1
𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 − 4
𝑦𝑦 =
𝑥𝑥 + 1
Factor the numerator
(𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 4)
𝑦𝑦 =
𝑥𝑥 + 1

You can cancel both (𝑥𝑥 + 1) of the numerator and denominator. So

that,
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − 4

To get the value of y, use 𝑥𝑥 = −1 from the domain, then substitute.

𝑦𝑦 = (−1) − 4
𝒚𝒚 = −𝟓𝟓

Therefore, 𝑦𝑦 ≠ −5, otherwise the denominator is zero

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 We write the range as:
𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹: {𝒚𝒚|𝒚𝒚 ∈ ℝ, 𝒚𝒚 ≠ −𝟓𝟓}
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹: (−∞, −𝟓𝟓) ∪ (−𝟓𝟓, ∞+ )

B. Intercepts of Rational Functions

Recall:
 The intercepts of the graph of rational function are the points of
intersection of its graph and an axis.
 The y-intercept of the graph of a rational function f(x) if it exists,
occurs at f(0), provided that f(x) is defined at x = 0. To find y-
intercept simply evaluate the function at x = 0 (Let x = 0)
 The x-intercept of the graph of a rational function f(x), if it exists,
occurs at the zeros of the numerator that are not zeros of the
denominator. To find x-intercept simply evaluate the function at x =
0 (Let x = 0)

Finding the intercepts of Rational Functions

𝟑𝟑−𝒙𝒙
1. 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒙𝒙+𝟏𝟏
x – intercept: Let f(x) = 0
3 − 𝑥𝑥
0=
𝑥𝑥 + 1
(0)(𝑥𝑥 + 1) = 3 − 𝑥𝑥
0 = 3 − 𝑥𝑥
𝒙𝒙 = 𝟑𝟑

Therefore, the x-intercept of the rational function is located at (3, 0).

𝒙𝒙 − 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊: (𝟑𝟑, 𝟎𝟎)
y – intercept: Let x = 0
Evaluate the function at x = 0.
3 − (0)
𝑓𝑓 (0) =
(0) + 1
3
𝑓𝑓 (0) =
1
( )
𝑓𝑓 0 = 3
𝒚𝒚 = 𝟑𝟑

Therefore, the y-intercept of the rational function is located at (0, 3).

𝒚𝒚 − 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊: (𝟎𝟎, 𝟑𝟑)
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 𝟑𝟑
2. 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐−𝟒𝟒
x – intercept: Let 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 0
3
0=
𝑥𝑥 2 − 4
2
(0)(𝑥𝑥 − 4) = 3
0 = 3 (𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡)
𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵 𝒙𝒙 − 𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍

Therefore, the rational function has no x – intercept.

𝒙𝒙 − 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊: 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵

y – intercept: Let x = 0
Evaluate the function at x = 0.
3
𝑔𝑔(0) =
(0)2 − 4
3
𝑔𝑔(0) =
0−4
3
𝑔𝑔(0) =
−4
3
𝑔𝑔(0) = −
4
𝟑𝟑
𝒚𝒚 = −
𝟒𝟒
3
Therefore, the y-intercept of the rational function is located at �0, − 4�.
𝟑𝟑
𝒚𝒚 − 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊: �𝟎𝟎, − �
𝟒𝟒
(𝑥𝑥+2)(𝑥𝑥−3)
3. ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥
x – intercept: Let ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 0
(𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 3)
0=
𝑥𝑥
(0)(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 3)
0 = (𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 3)

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 Equate the two binomials to zero.
𝑥𝑥 + 2 = 0 𝑥𝑥 − 3 = 0
𝑥𝑥 = −2 𝑥𝑥 = 3
Therefore, the x – intercepts of the rational function are 𝑥𝑥 = −2 and
𝑥𝑥 = 3.
𝒙𝒙 − 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊: (−𝟐𝟐, 𝟎𝟎) & (𝟑𝟑, 𝟎𝟎)

y – intercept: Let x = 0
Evaluate the function at x = 0.
[(0) + 2][(0) − 3]
ℎ(0) =
(0)
(2)(−3)
ℎ(0) =
0
−6
ℎ(0) =
0
ℎ(0) = 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖

Therefore, the rational function has no y – intercept.

𝒚𝒚 − 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊: 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵

C. Zeroes of Rational Functions

 The zeroes of a function are the values of x which makes the
function zero.
 The numbered zeroes are also x–intercepts of the graph of the
function.

Finding the Zeroes of a Rational Function

 To find the zeroes of a rational function, equate the function to 0 or
solve for the x – intercept of the function by equating the numerator
to 0.

Examples:
𝑥𝑥−2
1. 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥+6
Equate the numerator to zero.
𝑥𝑥 − 2 = 0
Solve for x.
𝒙𝒙 = 𝟐𝟐

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 Thus, the zero of function is 2.
𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁: 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟐𝟐

𝑥𝑥−3
2. 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) =
𝑥𝑥 2 −9
Check for factors
𝑥𝑥 − 3
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
(𝑥𝑥 − 3)(𝑥𝑥 + 3)
Cancel the common factor: x – 3
1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑥𝑥 + 3
Equate the numerator to zero.
1=0
False Statement

Thus, there is no zero of the function. Which means that no point on

the graph touches the x – axis.
𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁: 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵

𝑥𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑥−2
3. ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 −4
Check for factors
(𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)
ℎ(𝑥𝑥) =
(𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)
Cancel the common factor: x + 2
𝑥𝑥 − 1
ℎ(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑥𝑥 − 2
Equate the numerator to zero.
𝑥𝑥 − 1 = 0
Solve for x.
𝒙𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏

Thus, the zero of the function is 1.

𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁: 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏

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 D. Asymptotes of Rational Functions
Kinds of Asymptotes
1. Vertical Asymptote
 A vertical asymptote of a graph is a vertical line x = a where the
function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) tends toward positive (increases) or negative
(decreases) infinity as the 𝑥𝑥 approaches to a.

 The vertical asymptote of the graph is at 𝒙𝒙 = −𝟑𝟑.

 In the top-left graph, it indicates that f(x) increases as x
approaches to -5 from the left.
 In the down-right graph, it indicates that f(x) decreases as x
approaches to -5 from the right.

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 2. Horizontal Asymptote
 A horizontal asymptote of a graph is a horizontal line y = b where
the graph approaches to b as x approach ∞+ (𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 −
∞ (𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑).

 The horizontal asymptote of the graph is at 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏.

 In the top-left graph, it indicates that x decreases as f(x)
approaches to 1.
 In the down-right graph, it indicates that x increases as f(x)
approaches to 1.

3. Hole of the graph of the Rational Function

 Sometimes a graph of a rational function will contain a hole. A
hole is a single point where the graph is not defined and is
indicated by an open circle.

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  These holes come from the factors of the denominator that cancel
with a factor of the numerator (also known as the common
factors).
 When the function is simplified, the hole disappears. Thus, these
types of holes are called removable discontinuities.

𝟒𝟒
In the graph, the hole exists at �−𝟐𝟐, 𝟑𝟑�.

Identifying the Vertical Asymptote, Horizontal Asymptote, and the Hole

of the graph of the Function.
 Vertical Asymptote
1. Factor the numerator and denominator, if possible, then simplify
by cancelling the common factors in the numerator and the
denominator. If not possible to factor, just proceed to step 2.
2. Set the denominator of the function equal to zero and solve for x.
Example:
𝑥𝑥−2
a. 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 −4𝑥𝑥+3
Solution:
Since the denominator of the function can be factored, then,
𝑥𝑥 − 2
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
(𝑥𝑥 − 3)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)

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 As we can see, there are no common factors to cancel, then set
the denominator equal to zero.
(𝑥𝑥 − 3)(𝑥𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥𝑥 − 3 = 0 or 𝑥𝑥 − 1 = 0
𝑥𝑥 = 3 or 𝑥𝑥 = 1

Therefore, the vertical asymptotes are 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟑𝟑 and 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏.

(𝑥𝑥+1)(𝑥𝑥−3)
b. 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥+1)(𝑥𝑥−2)
Solution
Since the numerator and the denominator has a common factor
of (𝑥𝑥 + 1), cancel the common factor and the simplest form of the
function will be,
𝑥𝑥 − 3
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑥𝑥 − 2

As we can see, we can now set the denominator of the simplified

form of the function equal to zero.
𝑥𝑥 − 2 = 0
𝑥𝑥 = 2

Therefore, the vertical asymptote is 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟐𝟐.

 Horizontal Asymptote
In the given function below:
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 + ⋯
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑑𝑑
𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 + ⋯
The value of the horizontal asymptote will depend on the degrees
(exponents) of the leading terms of the numerator (n) and the
denominator (d) by comparing them and will based on the following
cases:
i. If 𝑛𝑛 < 𝑑𝑑, then the horizontal asymptote is 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟎𝟎.
ii. If 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑑𝑑, then get the ratio (dividing) of the leading coefficients of
the numerator (a) and the denominator (b). Thus,
𝒂𝒂
𝒚𝒚 =
𝒃𝒃
iii. If 𝑛𝑛 > 𝑑𝑑, then there is NO HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE.
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 Examples
2𝑥𝑥
1. 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) = 2
3𝑥𝑥 +1
Solution:
Since the numerator and the denominator is already in polynomial
form, then check the degrees (exponents) of the leading terms of the
numerator and denominator.
o Leading term of the numerator: 2x  Degree: 1
o Leading term of the numerator: 3𝑥𝑥 2  Degree: 2
Case 1: 𝑛𝑛 < 𝑑𝑑
Since the degree of the leading term of the numerator (1) is less
than to the degree of the leading term of the denominator (2),
therefore,
𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨: 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟎𝟎
4𝑥𝑥 2
2. 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥+2)(2𝑥𝑥−3)
Solution:
Since the denominator is in factored form, multiply it first. Thus,
4𝑥𝑥 2
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 2
2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 − 6
Check the degrees (exponents) of the leading terms of the
numerator and denominator.
o Leading term of the numerator: 4𝑥𝑥 2  Degree: 2
o Leading term of the numerator: 2𝑥𝑥 2  Degree: 2

Case 2: 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑑𝑑
Since the degree of the leading term of the numerator (2) is equal to
the degree of the leading term of the denominator (2), then divide
the leading coefficients (a) and (b). Thus,
𝑎𝑎
𝑦𝑦 =
𝑏𝑏
4
𝑦𝑦 =
2
𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨: 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟐𝟐

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 2𝑥𝑥 2
3. ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥+1
Solution:
Since the numerator and the denominator is already in polynomial
form, then check the degrees (exponents) of the leading terms of the
numerator and denominator.
o Leading term of the numerator: 2𝑥𝑥 2  Degree: 2
o Leading term of the numerator: 3𝑥𝑥  Degree: 1
Case 3: 𝑛𝑛 > 𝑑𝑑
Since the degree of the leading term of the numerator (2) is greater
than to the degree of the leading term of the denominator (1),
therefore there is no horizontal asymptote. Or,

𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨: 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵

 Hole of the graph of the function

1. Factor the numerator and denominator. If possible, proceed to
step 2. If not, then the graph of the function has NO HOLE.
2. After factoring the function, any factors are common to both the
numerator and denominator, then set it equal to zero and solve
for the value of x.
3. Use the value of x acquired from step 2 to substitute in the
simplest form of the function and its value will be for the f(x).
4. After acquiring the values from steps 2 and 3, then you must
write it in coordinate form �𝑥𝑥, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)�.
Examples:
𝑥𝑥 2 −4
a. 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑥−2
Solution:
Factor the numerator and the denominator.
(𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
(𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)
Notice that there is a common factor in the numerator and the
denominator, 𝑥𝑥 + 2. Then, equate the common factor to zero and
solve for x.

𝑥𝑥 + 2 = 0
𝒙𝒙 = −𝟐𝟐
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 Use the value of x = -2 to substitute in the simplest form of the
function. Thus,
𝑥𝑥 − 2
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑥𝑥 − 1
(−2) − 2
𝑓𝑓(−2) =
(−2) − 1
−4
𝑓𝑓 (−2) =
−3
𝟒𝟒
𝒇𝒇(−𝟐𝟐) =
𝟑𝟑

𝟒𝟒
Therefore, the hole of the graph is located at �−𝟐𝟐, 𝟑𝟑�.
𝟒𝟒
𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯: �−𝟐𝟐, �
𝟑𝟑
𝑥𝑥−2
b. 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 −4𝑥𝑥+3
Solution:
Since the denominator of the function can be factored, then,
𝑥𝑥 − 2
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) =
(𝑥𝑥 − 3)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)

As we can see, there are no common factors for the numerator

and denominator, therefore the function has no hole.
𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈: 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵

This is a personal property of Mr. R.M. Amil. This material may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted,
displaced, published or used in broadcast without the prior written permission or authorization. This material is
for your personal use only.