6.2 INTRODUCTION : When a beam is subjected to transverse load, shear force and ben ding moment are developed in the beam which result in shear stresses and bending stresses in the beam. Due to the transverse loading and the resulting bending moment the neutral axis of the beam is deformed into a curved plane. The transverse displacement of the neutral axis from its original position under the action of the load is called deflection. The deflected shape of the neutral axis of the beam is called the beam elastic curve. The deflection of a beam depends on (1) Load (2) Span (3) Cross sectional dimensions (4) Youngs modulus of elasticity and (5) The support conditions. There are atleast four methods for determining the deflection of beam. However only the following methods will be discussed in this book. They are (a) double integration method (b) area moment method. The deflected shapes of beam for different end conditions are shown below: (3) PROPPED CANTILEVER (4) FIXED BEAM Fig. 6.1 STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS OF BEAMS : The design of beams is done to satisfy both the strength and stiffness criteria. Strength. Criteria: In this the beam is designed to resist the bending and shear stresses developed in the beam. This is ensured by choosing the cross section such that the maximum bending and shear stresses developed are within permissible limits. ————— (Chapter-6) —6.3 According to this c deflections. A beam is said to posses ad with in certain permissible As seen above a designs the stresses developed di not exceeded to ensure adequate stiffness. RELATION BETWEEN CURVATURE, SLOPE AND DEFLECTION (DERIVATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION) : are under the action of load. Fig. 62 Let, d, = length of arc @7 Angle which the tangent at P makes wi $+ dg= Angle which the tangent Q makes dy the axis XX th the axis XX From the figure ZPO'Q = dé and d, = R.dé ds from d,= Rdg. R= Gg (on atte enue = 4) If the coordinates of point P are x and y- * - tis Il we can take tané= ¢) we have, ang (08 PT Ge He very small won én ¢ aS ee Beams and Bending, == ing the above with respect to's" M_E ply theory bending we know “> = 5 ee. i Substituting Gg = “Py inthis equation we get, Mop fe T a ay M=EI oo ‘The above equation is called the different in equation ( ‘on bending moment. The effect of shear force is neglected as 6.4 SIGN CONVENTION : For finding out the slope and deflection at a poi convention may be followed. (1) Left hand support of the beam is taken as origin. @ fe when measured left to right. (3) _'y’ is negative when measured downwards. (4) Sagging moment is positive and hogging moment is ne (5) Slope is taken as negative when the rotation is clockwise. DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD : In the previous article we have derived the differ in a beam the following sign ive. 65 equation Integrating the above equation we get, a Bd = jm Once again integrating equation (i), we get, Ly= [JM & (ii), we get constants of integration which have to be evaluated. ove ii) In equations (i (Chaps (Chapter-6) i a ele ieee86 (A) Cantilevers: Cantilever with a concentrated load at the the fixed end ‘A’ (Taking A as or BLM. at XX =M,=-W(L-2) 7. =-WL+ EL Sy =-W(L-3)=-WL+ Ws a we Integrating once EI =~ WLx +S + C, where C, is a constant of integration, F Ate fied end =0, slopes 02) £ =0 w Substituting in (iv) El (0) = -WL (0) + (0) + C, which give c\=0 vy we Henee, BIS: =- WL + — Integrating once again we get, wi? .- + 5 +t Cy! is a constant of integration. At x=0, y=0 ww O=-FO+ FOG c,=0 1g in (vi) we get, wi? a acon ae Hence the general equation for slope is ‘Theory of Structures-II free end.) san (vi) Beams and Bending wise a% = wir Slope at the free end is we? 2 6,. Substituting x = L_ in the above we get, we BI 0)-- WL +E = - 2 we 0, =~ Per radians The general equation for deflection is EIQ) =- wi we 2 6 Maximum deflection at the free end yn, is given by : Downed defection ee fe end = y= WE It can be seen that by substituting x= 0 in (v), we get , we get y,=0 Let, length of cantilever = ULD load/ metre length = w Consider 2 section XX BM.atXX = M, ay ap: Integrating with respect to ‘x 4 +(L-a as _ML=3? at a distance ‘x’ from the fixed end. _ Mbox? z 2 6 oo (Chapter-6) w (6.2) (63) (Chapter-6) ah Pappy PPD) FP-p pp nwaaa ee Structures Atthe end 'A'aty=0, 2 <9 EL (0) c ay e-a) wt ut. -> ae ee 6 This equation gives the slope Integrating (j) once again with respect to x ply = es _ we : Ey 6 Cy Atxy=0,y=0 =w(L-0)* £10) = “ove, ¥ 2 co Fa ews! ws, wit uy ae ao equation gives the deflection inthe beam. Slope at B is obtained by substituting x= L in equation a _ wh-s) we 6 (yaboveie. BE = : Mbt ee et = ata vo (64) GEL by substituting Maximum deflection at B is ob cwunayt_ wx, wt xeLinElys yy 6 Beams and Bending, = 9 ss (6.5) Fi. 68 at rs Integrating this equation we get, a%- {u-Z}s c tetuasetieyst2=0, spe £0 y Eee ee » teed Integrating equation (3) once again Le? Bly =-W[>--g]t (Chapter6) ee (Chapter6)Oe = At the fixed end x= 0, y=0 F1(0) = -W(o) +c, 1 C,=0 Lyte te y= -o(t-2) Slope at C: subst ing x = L, in equation (i), we get ali) _ 12-4). -w, Ela = wv | Gwe 2EL slope at any poi ‘Slope at B: Slope at B= Slope at C -WL? 0,700 = Galante Deflection at C: Substituting x = L, in equation (i) Leu Hence El ye = -W|>-~-$ Wy _-™, are eee ce Deflection at B: From the figure, deflection at 'B' is Y= BD + DB But, BD=CC’ yp = CC'+ DB’ But, CC’ =ye= Ht and DB’ = DC'tan 0, = BCA, BC =DC'and tan 6, = 6¢ (since is 6, small) Theory of Structures-II (6.6) no bending moment between C & B, there will be no curvature and the in portion CB remains constant and is equal to 0. wv (6.7) (68) Beams and Bending gy —— Hence, y,=CC’+ DB m Ye BCH Je =~ Sep ggh GL (6.9) loaded with uniformly distributed load of ‘w' length from the fixed end for a length of Ly. tance x from the fixed end, (Chapter-6)9 thory of Structures wMy=2) wh? why m Slope at C Substituting x= L, Hence, El y= ~ bend but remains straight. Hence slope at B= slope at C why Rees cel Deflection at C: Substituting x = L, in equation Beams and Bending = 6.13 Deflection at 'B’ : From the figure defiection at B is Jy = BD + DB But DB’ =C'D tan 6¢=C'D . Og (since He is small) Jy =BD+CD. 6, but BD =CC! and C’D=(L-L,) Yn =CC'+(L~ Ly) O= ye+ (L~Ly) 8 wt aa aun) wit wi % -(Bego-n) (6.3) Maximum deflection at B is (5) Cantilever of length L carrying uniformly per unit length parti by using the "Principle of section on a beam due to a to the algebraic sum of the effects at that section on the beam due to each load considered separately. Bh wren “g ~ : = vette = bed + _—< SN te \—ea ee sve (6.12) ® is Fo. 6.7 Hence downward deflection at C = =r (Chapter6)6.14 Hence, the deflection at deflection at the point with (1) The entire span loaded with downward ‘w per unit length (@) The portion AC only loaded unit length. ‘As shown in figure 6.7 the effect due to case (a) is equal to sum of effects duc to cease (b) and (©). Maximum deflection at the free end yg = (Downward deflection at "BY due to case (b) + upward deflection at'B’ due to case (c)] upward uniformly distributed load of 'w’ per wat (he yt (Ben) sn (618) ‘On furthur simplification yy =~ Fg BULL) AL) LD * ~ ag; (LEAL e+) Ya Hence downward deflection @ B = ogg GUAALL YP HL) - ist Seb sig GE ALL HL) ‘equal to the sum of slope duc to downward load a the entire length and slope due to upward load over the portion AC. ‘Slope at B= [Slope at B due to downward load on the entre span + slope at B due to upward load on the portion AC] 2 wt wf. are -2-(a) 0, = -2y P-L) Similarly the slope at B is (6.15) [Note : In the expressions for slope and deflection, follow the units as shown below Load =: NorkN E Nmm or kN/mm? 1 : mm Cantilever - Slope and Deflection Table 6.1 * radian ie., 0 * 10008 aig a Oo ‘ 35 oa ae : ee Blain ster & | cate $ lea ow KS i | | “fa a ‘+ | 3B i | Pe Fe ? Fe a E298 (Fle A i Th 7 i * : il i L] |aacde 2c a x | . (Chapter-6) ewe6 theory of Structures tt —_————— WORKED EXAMPLES (Example 6.15 A cantilever 2.0 m long carries a load of 40KN at its free end. Find the deflection at the free end if E = 200 kN/mm? and I = 160 x 108 mm. Also find the slope at the free end. Solution: Length of cantilever = L = 2m Point load at free end = W = 40 kN E = 200 kN/mm?, = 160 x 10° mmé For a cantilever with a concentrated load at the free the deflection at the free end, -- oe Yom =~ SEL Jd I, . a =40x(2) x(0000)" __ 55 jay ee ee ' ‘max ~ “3x 200%160%10° a os wi Slope at the free end 0,= ~yry- (clockwise) -40«(2)?(1000)" 2200%160x10° = = 0.0025 radians Deflection at the free end Y, = 333mm downwards Slope at the free end 0, ~ 0.0025 radians, clockwise, (Example 6.2> ‘A cantilever 2m long carries a uni Tength. If E = 200kN/mm? and I = 160 X iformly distributed load of 40kN/m on the entire Prg0 10% mnt find the deflection and slope Beams and Bending == 6.17 _ (40%2)x(2)? (1000) | Je = ~~ geooxigoxio® ~~ 25 mm Slope at the free end ~ we 0 Ger Get (402) (2)? « (1000)? = GB) 100F 00125 ration 18% 2001603108 the free end = 2.5mm (downwards) A cantilever 3 m long carries a concentrated load of 30 kN at a distance 1.5 m from the fixed end. E = 200 kN/mm? and I = 120 X 10'mm*. Find (@) Slope and deflection at 1.5m from the fixed end. (®) Slope and deflection at the fre ‘This comes under case (3) discussed earlier Here, L, = 1.5m, L= 3m, W=30 KN,E = 200 kN/mm?, T= 120 x 10 mm 2 (0) Stpeat c= 6g= MU = 0.0014 radians (clockwise) = y, = WEE. 30x(15) (tooo? Detlettion a0 areas 3EI 3x 200%120%10° =~ 1.406 mm (downwards) ai the free end. on ae ° 7 (©) Since thee is no BM. in CB ee A (pocoleom . Slope at 8, = ~ 0.0014 radians (clockwise) 1=2.0m, w= E = 200 kNim? ro. 68 ction atthe free end + — yg =~ [ETE —LD] = - 1.406 + 0.0014 x 1.5 x 10°) Your 7 98 fn = = [1.406 + 2.1] = -3.506 mm (Downward) awit _ - Se 7 er : (chapter) (ChaptersBeams and Bending Deflection under the load = 1.406mm(Downwards) Slope at am om the fed end 0.0014 (Rai) ee Detection a the ee end = 2060 (Donnvard) Slope at the free end = 0.0014 (Radian) lay Me=~BO- Ions Poel aa a] —-— 4 wer beam 3m long carries a concentrated load of 10KN at the free end and a Fig. 0.12 Gr = Gar + 44] “nother point load of 20KN at a distance of Im rom the fixed end. Caleulafe the deflection atthe free end given that E = 200 kNimn? and | = 150 X 10 mi a a 4b a oe Fig. 6.11 Integrating again El y = he free end due to 20KN load at Lm from the fixed end = es, -- ae 1,00? 9 pa | Aboatx=0, Zao telat ose a er Ye = Yoax and Ely = #42082 ___ [0x 9? 4 20x x10" , 20% (0? x2x10" —_ EL = Moment o = tw A T= Moment of I oh = Gb 0.12 (0.24) = 1.382 x 10-4mt E= 200 kN/mm? = 200 x 10 KN/m? um deflection occurs at the free end 3 3ET 2EL 270 , 80 35010" + 9 = —350%10" = _ 3,888 3H ia) Fons ME : (2) Maximum slope and m Yun’™ 3.888mm (downwards) ting x = 2m in equati 2m long carries a concentrated of 2OKN at the free end and A cantilever beam ‘iso uniformly distributed load of 2kN/m on the entire length. The beam is of ide and 240mm deep. Calculate from first 1 Tammie (2.6674 48-88] 42.667 princ (a) Maximum slope and maximum deflection and oe (0) The slope and deflection at 1.5m from the fixed end. 20x10" x1.382x10* ~~ °-0015432 radian, : Substituting x = Solution : 1g x= 2m in equation (ii) we get maximum deflection ‘The loading on the beam is shown in figure 6.12. 200%108 x 1.382 x 104 -()' x yg . Consider section XX at a distance x ftom the fixed end. Ye" * 4% 2-22 x(2? i 2 Ye," Zoon10 iat? | iat 42Y -220) »” 200x101 382% rasisca | ise? (ie eF (chap6.20 a Theory of 5t ee oontoPaeaarg Hames Max slope 3] = = 0,002074 m = = 2.074 mim .001S432 radian (clockwise) deflection yy = 2.074 n downwards (©) Slope and deflection at 1.5m from the fixed end Substituting x= 1.5m in equ ‘ 200 x 10° x 1.382 x 104 (6, -( P Jac 125 + 27-66) = 40.125 = 40.125 1c 200%10° <1.382x107 Substituting x= 1 200 x 10% x % = ~ 00014517 radians. eget 22 x (LSP = (0.4218 + 13.5 — 49.5) =~ 36.4218 364218 =~ 0,001318m { Ye = 200%10 x1.382%10~ \ Slope at 1.5m from fixed end = 0,0014517 radian (clockwise) Deflection at 1.5m from fixed end = 1.318mm downward Example 6.6 > “A cantilever 2m Joaded with a concentrated load of 1.0 kN at the free sid and uniformly distributed load of 2kN/m over a length of 1.2m from the Gned ond. If E = 11kN/mm? and 1= 66 x 10m, ealewate the deflection atthe ‘free end. Solution = Deflection at the free end due to concentrated load of 1.0 KN 0x20) 21 = ~ 3.673 mm (downwards) ser 3H Deflection at the free end due to uniformly distributed load of ‘over 1.2m length from the fixed end eu] 2kN/m Beams and Bending L=2m, Ly=1.2m We wh ve (Serge =I Thx 66x10° = = 1.349 mm (downwards) Total deft the free end = yg =, +9 = =(.673+1349) = ~ 5.022 mm Deflection at A = 5.022mm downwards. A cantilever beam is 2m long. and beam is rectangular in shape the deflection at the free end if Solution = [os-r0.40s] x10? N/mm. 100X200 66.67 105mm* ice 6.5. Consider entire span. co end is y, (Downwards) Where W= wh = 2 x 2 EN Consider the beam with upward U.D load on Im fixed end. Upward deflection due to (Chapter-6) x loaded as shown in figure 6.14(a). The of 100mm and dept of 200mm. Find 4 oe an a a drm fectrroercte et ey ow te ° (Chapter-6)9 theory of Structures Here, L = 2m, L, = 1m, w= 2 kN/im Hence net downward deflection at the free Ys = 0-4) ‘Ais _ 224271000) 8x10 65.6710" +f (2x11) (1000? + Gael eto 8%10%6.67%10" 6x10 66.6710" = ~ 5.99 + (0.37+0.50] = — 5.12mm (downwards) Deflection at the free end = 5.12mm (Downwards) Example 6.8 > A cantilever of span 3a is loaded as shown in the figure 6.15. Find the maximum deflection in the cantilever. Solution : The deflection will be maximum at the free end" Deflection at B = (Deflection at B due to W acting at a distance 'a' from the fixed end + Deflection at B due to 217 acting at a distance 2a from the fed om) (i.e) oe Wa? , Wa? 4, 4) _ awa? a, + (Fee Teree-» - =e 2W02a) , 2W2a) ag _oy)_ -28 wa? noe PRR Gen). TE ———___ 6.23 wide and 200mm deep. Find the maximum ured load the beam can carry on the entire length, if (0) the maximum bending stress is not to exceed 100N\mm? (©) the maximum deflection at the free end is not to exceed 3mm Take E = 200 kW/m’. Solution : L=2.0m, E= 200 kN/mm?, y= 3mm Snae™ 1OON/mm?, 6 = 100mm, d= 200mm In this ease the load is to be calculated both from stiffness (deflection) consideration and strength (maximum loading stress) consideration and lesser of the two is to be taken as the maximum load the beam can carry. (a) Strength consideration. M Sax From simple theory of bending we know ME = Lan Ma - oe ee L 1 Where Z= Section modulus = § bd? = 2 x100 x 200? ~ 0.66710¢mm? Maximum B.M. that can be resisted by the beam M = fog X Z M = 100 x 0.667 x 10° = 66.7 x 10° Nmm = 66.7 kNm Fora cantilever carrying and .d, load on the entre length wee 2 mules 66.7 =2EF . ay wy = 33.35 KN/m (0) Suffuess consideration: Let w= U.D load on the beam 2 1 Xb xd = Ex100%(200) = 66.67 x 106 mm! (Chapter-6 en ee ee eee 8» esee a Theory of Structures-If Beams and Bending 6.25 For this case maximum deflection at free end is (8) Simply Supported Beams: (1) Simply supported beam of span ‘L’ carrying a concentrated load - Substituting the values at mid span: Consider the beam as shown in Fig 6.17. “ The maximum deflection will occur at mid +, 2.0(2.0)° (1000)? it (8200x6667 +108 = i Reaction at each end From which, w,= 20.001 kN/m Ry=Rp= 2 +The maximum load the beam ean carry is 20.001 kN/m. Example 6.10 5 Consider a section XX at a distance '' Fig. 6.17 from the left end Consider the portion AC of the beam. A cantilever beam of length 2m carries a point load of 2kN at the free end and a uniformly distributed load 1 kN/m for a length of Im from the free end. Find the imum deflection at the free end. Take E= 20 kNimm?, | = mnt Baty |W ‘maximum deflection at the free end. Take E= 20 N/mm’, I = 66.67 X 10° BM, atditance ¥ from’x’ = = BEL VM Solution : 7 ‘The maximum deflection occurs at the free end. Imegatiag we gs, 12-2 oe, a4 Where C, is constant of integration, nay = Deflection due to cone load + Deflection due to UD load we [zosehaoch Ye ger ~[3x20%66. oor ee Downward deflection at B due to UD load (see Eqn. 6.14). a 14 on oot, |) q ~ Ye, > “apr * (SEL 6ET Lin 2 > .- (i) | = and w= 1 KN/m eau ena Integrating again we get, | x(a} (1000) (000)? __, 1x(1)*x(2~1)x(1000)° a You =~ Fyn0x66.67x10 *|8%20%66.67x10 — 6x20%66.67108 py =~ eae = 1.5 + [0.0937 + 0.125] Ata, ie. x=0, y=0 = — 1,28313 mm (Downwards) 5 EI@) =0-0+C, c,=0. Maximum deflection Yue ~ 78 * J Hace, ly = M2 ME, on) = ~ (3.999 + 1.2813) = 5.2803 mm ae Slope at A = 8, Yas = 5.2803 mm (downwards) iutainaing z | HOin Gh (Chapter-6) (hapter6)(826 a Theory of Structures ll we 16 we -_— .» (6.16) Ca. 16ET we Slope at B by symmetry 5 = ~94= 7557 Deflection at Mid span = Yue we] WE et | 96 32 |" ~ ager we Down ward deflection at C= ¥ gag = —Je™ geq woe (6.17) (2) Simply supported beam carrying uniformly distributed load on the entire span: Consider the beam shown in Fig. 6.18 wh Reaction at each end = Ry = Ry = “- e's’ from the left end, Consider a section XX at ew wae fy, wt 2 Integrating once a ae ug. Big Due to symmetrical loading the maximum deflection occurs at mid span and at thet point slope is zero, 6.27 Beams and Bending << <$—_— Lo a xo ky Zao wh (LY (LY Hence E1(0) -=(4) -2(5) +c, wo wh This gives C= - [Gg as _ we Cr oy % Bla a6 th Integrating once again Substituting the value of C, wht wt wl? -“S 2 we @ Ely ="2-“ "ig, Atr=0; y=0; 2 Gs whe wet wx Hence Ely= “5-4 _ se (ii) Slope at ‘A's Substituting x= 0, in equation (i) we E1(6,)= O)= 7 wt a 7 (6.18) we By symmetry, 6, = -0, = a= “Oa Dept Maximum deflection at C : - Substituting x= > equation ii) on 6-30-29 (Chapter-6)s Maximum deflection= ye= 355 “E> (Downward) 19) (3) Simply supported beam carrying a concentrated at a distance from the left end and distanc Taking moments about 'B’ Ry xX L= Wb we Mo, wL-t) wa Fig. 6.19 ee v L Consider a section XX in the portion CB at a distance ‘x’ from A’ _ Wo M, = -WG-«) fy _ Wb El gr = t-We-a) In the above equation when x ‘A simply supported beam of span 4 ructures-Il UD. load of 20kN/m on the cat the ends. E = 200 kN 620 aed amie span. Find the maximum def = 138 x 10mm! ee cern goa (ox deletion darth ond bated ee 1 [Wo 5 Woir 92) E= 200 kN/mm?, 1 = 138 x 10%mm* Ele rey] oe aia cape Yoox ~ 384 ET 1 [Wo 5 _Wol2 “4 Wab = Lf 3 ME (2 o2)e] MO patra alae ae -Oh- ae te -5 =x Subsituting L? = (@ +6)? a? +62+2ab You ~ 3R4 ee mee Yuan = 2415mm (Downwards) Coo. smn. wl | 20x4x(4)?x(1000)? _ _ 9.99193 radi Slope at left end, = Fey = Spy rapeig® ~~ 0-00193 radian wa's? Deflection under the load = Yo > “ery, Examee S1> ‘A simply supported beam of uniform cross section svn (6.21) (Downward) Slope at the other end 6, ~ 0.00193 radian mm wide and 240mm deep is simply mn of the beam is not to exceed yad the beam can support. Take ‘and constant depth is carrying 4mm find the maximum val yan of the beam is 2.0m and I the maximum deflection in the ‘a concentrated load of 20kN at mid span. Th = 80 x 10° mm and E = 200 kN/mm?. Calet beam and slope at the ends. Solution = L=3m, W=20kN, 1= 80 x 108mm, E = 200kN/mmn* Maximum deflection at centre, _ WE -20x(2)'(1000)° REI 48x200x80x10" : ae ‘EI Yous = 2.08mm (downwards) wi? _20x(2F' (1000) peta = O,.=-Yee ~ = ~ 0.0031 radians Slope at A = 84=— Teer” ~16x200%80%10" ia 0, = ~0.0031 radians y= 0.0031 radians the slope at ends when this load is carried. E = [10kN/mm? Also calcu Solution = Let the central point load be = W 120%2403 = 138.24%10'mm* E= 110 N/mm? Joan = 4 tm, Yrnax 48EL doe Wetted 48x110%138.24 x 10° W = 456KN we 45.6%(4P (1000) Stage at the ends 6, = 4H. 2. 56x(6F noo? _ 16ET 16x110%138.24x10° — ee Slope at the other end 8, = 0.003 radians. (Chapter-6) (Chapter-6) pce) ete BPP VUWUVUWVUVUSUBELYEYIwW EY___Slope at right end Example 6.1 Solving w, (6) Strength ¢} Maximum bending stress = fgg, = 120 N/mm? ‘Maximum B.M. = M “Sen 7 4.39 rem s6xl0" = 58.971 x 108 Nmm =$8.971 kNm Mya, = 120% “95 For SS. beam with U.DJosd on the entire span 8 ‘Beams and Bending bbeam is the lesser of the two values. beam ean carry = 14.79 kN/m Consider section XX at a distance 's' from ‘A’ as shown Moe Ry x x- 10-3)= dr ~ (10-8) aoe SF = ae = 10-9) x? (10, ye negating, B12 = 22 ($l sc, 2-29] +x 4G sgative within the brackets, C, = 0 (Chapter-6)6.34 ‘Theory of Structures-II o Br = 28 - [560-3 ) Hence and tyes 30 - [5x62] ae ro) ting. x= 0 in equation For slope at ‘A’ sub: 14) = L % =qe xo 000) = 0.00146 radi 5 = Dooxagxig® ~~ 00146 radians For 0, substitute x= Sm in equation (ii) 2 x 52 [5 (5 -3))]- 14} 6 2 = #18 _ _16x(to00F EL ~ 200%48%10° ting x = 3m in equation (iv) = 0.00167 radian To obtain deflection ye substi 1 =u = Lf2agy-te8a} . ali & ] eee Ye 200%48x10° For maximum deflection the slope equation (fii) has to be eq (= 2:2 14 (2nd term is to be neglected as maximum deflection occurs in AC) =7, x= 2.646m fion x = 2.646 For maximum defle ) = 1 2x? -r4saeis vm = ae? 24.6936 _ -24.6936x10" ET 200%48%10° = 2.572 mm ) Slope at left end = ~ 0.00146 ra Slope at right end = + 0.00167 radians (b) Deflection under the load = 2.5mm (downward) (©) Maximum deflection = 2.572mm (downward) - Beams and Bending <== 6.35 6.6 (MACAULAY'S METHOD FOR SLOPE AND DEFLECTION + adjacent loads. Also the constants of integration have to be of the beam for determining the slope and deflection. ‘Macaulay has devised a method whi moment which applies to all por determined by using the boundary conditions are also applicable for any section 6 throughout the length of the beam. By using this method slope or deflection at any section throughout the length of the beam can be determined by a single expression. thod for determining the slope and deflection loads or in general discontinuous loads. This Macaulay's method in beam subjected to ‘method is explained below. Consider a simply supported beam carrying two concentrated loads at @ distance ‘a’ and ‘b’ from the Tet end. Consider a section XX_ distance 'x' from the left end, The B. P= M, = Rar~ W, (ea) ~ Wy (xb) In the above equation (1) for portion AC (x < a) only firs Q) for portion CD is to be considered, the first two terms of G) for the portion DB i.e.,x > 6 all the three terms of the equation (i) are to be considered, Integrating, we get the expression for slope, assuming xx to be in portion DB Ry? Wox=a w Milx—a)*| BF = Me +, - Me & In the above equation the constant of i after the first term and ig valid for Integrating equa tegration C, should be written immediately values of 'y i Ww, sty Beso ref ~5P In the above equation C, is written after Cyx and is valid for all values of 'c From the known end conditions C, and C, are evaluated, Referring to figure 6.21 and using equation ( : At *=0,y=0, Hence C,=0 (Chapters) (Chapter-6)B96 tp, To find the value of C, put x = L in e2n Bar og a2 1 \ Ry and Bty= BY eyes (©) Slope at ‘A’ iE Macaulay's method cal y of Structures (6.22) (623) my ps Solution = Taking moment about 'B' RAX9 =40x 743003 370 Ry = 9p TALL KN Ry = (40+30)-41 Consider a section XX at a distance = 28.89 kN from the support ‘A M, = 41. Hxf--40(x-2]-30(e-6) dy _ gre 4 Lef-40(x-2{-300-6) Integrating once by A gc, a = Se [Pa—2F|- 6-67 Integrating once again 40, -2y aml 6? -Ge-8) stopping at first ver Fi. 6.22 @ al C= 0 6.37 ~ 285.91 | 20 (x - 2)? - 15 (x- 6)? 0, - 28591 x-fee-2)| - 2e—6? wy) 6 6 and Ely= (a) Deflection under the loads: Let Deflection under 40 KN load = ye Substituting x= 2m in equation (iv) and neglecting term negetive with in brackets. si7e10° ~ Roox6xig ~~ 616 mm 1 (41d1x? _ p95 91% 517 se] (HED mon) a2 Deflection under 30 KN load = yp 1g x= 6 min equation ( 1 (4111x895 916 -42¢6-27 1 (8 sanne- Mo) 662.17 _ = 662.1710" 200%16«10" (b) Maximum deflection: Maximum deflection occurs in the large segment of the beam, ie. between C & D and the slope at that point is zero. tng the fourth term and equat = -2.07 mm zero we get Hence using equat xP = 285.91 - 20(r-2)° =0 20.55%? - 285.91 ~ 206% 4 - 4x)=0 ) 0.55x? + 80x - 365.91 = 0 22+ 145.45x - 665.29 =0 (ie) (e+ 72.725)? = 665.29 + 5288.9 = 5954.22 x472.125 = (595K = 17.16 x = (1116 -72.725) = 4.439 m Substituting x= 4.913m in equation (iv) (Chapter-6)<= Theory of Structures-Il = 1 [L995 914439)-20c4439-27| ml 3 | 1 Fy (599.31 - 1269.16 - 96.73) « 10" 76658 _ __766.58x10" EL 200%16«10" (c) Slope at ’A’ ‘Substituting x= 0 in equation = = 239 mm 285.91%10° 200x16%10° (a) Deflection under 40 KN load = y¢ = 1.616mm (Downward) Deflection under 30 KN load = yy = 1.298mm (Downward) (b) | Maximum deflection at 4.439m from left end = Yuy, = 2,39 mm(Downward) =~ 0.000894 radian 1 04> 5 27090) = - (©) Slope at A= 0, = ~ 0.000850 radians (Example 6.17 > “A simply supported beam of Sm span carries a U.D. load of 10 kNim over the full length of the beam. The beam also carries a point load of 20 kN at mid Span, Determine the maximum deflection in the beam and the slope at the ends. Take E = 200kN/mn?, I= 75 X 10mm! Solution : Since the beam is symmetrically loaded the maximum deflection will occur at mid span. Using the method 4) Gomme! ‘of double integration and principle of super position [—20"—E—-# the maximum slope and maximum deflection can be Fo. 6.23 calculated. Total Deflection = Deflection due to point load + Deflection due to UDL. Yan “i492 owe suit Yager 72" Sgaer Maximum deflection at mid span ee Beams and Bending —=—_—_—_—_—_—_—$—$—$—$$$—=_ 69 ~ [ax 200% 75210" "384" 200%75x10" | = -B.4722 + 5.4253] = - 8.8975 mm Slope at A = Slope due to point load * Slope due to UD load if 10%5}5)? 10" ] 205x108 4ET| ~ ~ | 16%200x75x10° ~ 24%200%75%10 we ~ {0.00208 + 0.00347] = ~ 0.00555 radian By symmetrically 0, = + 0.00555 radian Maximum deflection at mid span = 8.8975mm (downward) Maximum slope at A = ~ 0.00555 radian Maximum slope at B = + 0.00555 radian Example 6.18 > A simply supported beam of span 6m carries point load of 25kN on the mid span. Find the dimensions of the beam if (a) the maximum deflection is not to exceed 12mm (2) the maximum bending stress is limited to 10N/mm?, Take E = 1 x 10'N/ imm?. Assume the cross section of beam as rectangular with a breadth of 175 mm. Solution = Ynax = 12MM fog, = 1ON/mm? W = 25KN, L= 6m, Let0* B= 1x 10'Nimm?= “SF = 1OKN/mm? b= 175mm, d=? (a) Design from stiffness consideration: we Yoax~ 3961 : - om -efet | I = BAI 5375 x 10%mmt : but 1 = x bP = 1 x175 xd = 9.375 x 108 (Chapter-6) (Chapters6), =6.40 ————__ 9.375 x10" x = PSSA 64.2587 x 1 175 4 = Yoa2esr10% = 400 mm ired to satisfy deflection con Depth req (b) Design from strength considerat ~ For S.S. beam with point load at centre, WL _ 25x6 = m= NN mm nan = go Sg 37S kNm = 37.5 X 108N From theory of simple bending My, = fax % = 1 Where 2 = Section moduls = § bd? 37.5 x10 = fax 7 315x108 375x10° ze = 3.75 x 10°mm? Som ee Ex 115x dt =3.75 x 108 ff = 0.12857 x 108 d= Joinss7x10® = 358.5 mm Depth required from strength consideration = 358.5 mm In design problem the higher of the two values is to be adopted. Depth of beam required = 400 mm 6.7 MOMENT AREA METHOD ; This method is particularly suitable to find slope and deflection at any one point in the beam. whe following two theorems known as moment area theorems or Mobs theorems Trip in sterinng the slopes and deletions in ease of 2 saght member under bending, 7.1. Mohr's Theorem 1 “The angle in radius between the tangents to the elastic curve at two points on & straight member under bending is equal 10 the area of bending moment diagram between these points divided by the flexural rigidity. | — 641 feams and Bending 6.7.2 Mohr’s Theorem I: ‘The deflection at any point relative to another point on a beam subjected to bending is equal to the first moment of area of the bending moment diagram between these points divided by the flexural rigidity El ‘The moment area method is specially si (1) Cantilever where slope at fixed end is zero, (2) Simply supported end over hanging beam where slope at mid span is zero, (3) Fixed beams where slope is zero at both supports. 6.7.3 Application of Mohr's Theorems : Case I : Cantilever with point load at free end. 6.24 (a) shows a cantilever beam AB of length L fixed at ‘A’ carrying a point the free end B. Fig 6.24 (b) shows the bending moment diagram which is a triangle with ordinate WL at the fixed end and zero at free end. For this case slope at fixed A is zero, ‘Area of B.M. diagram between A and B is ed for the following standard case. 1 we ABWL = First moment of area of BLM. diagram about B ye MF 21 WE Et eer ete T | Now by Mohr’s Theorem 1, slope at B Areaof BM diggram ; = sees Lee, fp. 6.24 _ we 6y= am (624) By Mobr's theorem 11, deflection at B with respect to A. (6.25) Case 2 : Cantilever of span |, carrying a point load W att, from fixed end. Fig. 6.25 (b) shows the BM. diagram which is a triangle between A and C, but from C to B, Bending Moment is zero. Now slope at A is zero. (Chapteree Area of B.M.diagram between A and C Us CG from B= 2h 40-1) First moment of area of B.M.diagram about 'B’ co 7 =v, Mi a By Mobr's Theorem I, slope at B a Areaof B.M diagram ne El 6, = wi 8” DEI Also deflection at B, w.r.t A Case 3 : Cantilever of span I carrying a.ud I w per unit length. Fig. 6.26 (b) shows the B.M. curve which is a parabola. Now slope at A is zero ‘Area of B.M diagram Fig. 6.25 =~ (6.26) ve (6.27) Case 4 : Car 1, from fixed end. Fig. 6.27 (b) shows the bending moment diagram curve which is a parabola between A and C but is zero between C and B Now slope at A is zero ‘Area of B.M diagram between A and C ae 24 7 6 3 CG from B= 31, +0-1) First moment of area of B.M diagram about B ware [icp] lever of span t carrying ud.l (w/m) partly loaded over a distance 2 qos 3 Its CG. from B= 7 1 (620) First moment of area of B.M. diagram pa 1 oat wt Ane eG ln Fig, 0.20 Yo" "get * Gg C- 4) sues (6.31) (chapter) (Chapter) FA pee Se9 et Case $ Fig. 6.28 symmet Us C.G from A= 5 By Mohr’s Theorem I, slope at A __ Areaof BMdiagram 4, 16Ei By symmetry 6, = 6, with opposite sign Deflection at C = Deflection at C in relation to A ls By Mokr's Theorem U, deflection at C= First moment of area of B.M. diagram iF A'C'C about A divided by EL © o Fig. 6.28 (6.33) Case 6 + Simply supported beam of span |, ud. I w/m over entire span. Fig. 6.29 (b) shows the B.M diagram for the given u.d.! which is @ parabolic curve. wi? Maximum B.M at mid span C = ~~ “The beam is symmetrically loaded. Hence at C deflection is maximum and slope is zero. ‘Area of B.M diagram between A and C Beams and Bending ggg pe Ws CG froma == x 5 = Ara of BM diagram By Mokr’s Theorem I, slope at A = at + (6.34) Fig. 6.29 fe to A= First moment of area of BM diagram between A and C + El coe (6.38) Case 7 : Simply supported beam of span I, carrying two point loads each of W symmetrically situated at a ‘from each support, ‘The loaded beam is shown in Fig. 6.30 (a) Since the loading is symmetrical, the tangent to the elastic curve at mid span E st jorizontal. Therefore deflection at mid span Will be maximum. The first moment of area is obtained by taking moments of area of triangle A,C,C, and area of rectangle C,E,E,C, about A,. [in Fig. 6.30 (b)]. Feo. 6.30 BM at A= B.MatB=0 BM atC=W.a and B.M at mid span E= Waa the portion CD) E, deflection is maximum and slope is zero. ‘Area of BM diagram between A and E Area of the rectangle C,E,E,C, + Area of triangle A,C\C, = wa (2) (Chapter-6)6.46 = = Theory of Structures Wal Wa? = Wa 2 7 ‘Area of BM diagrambetwoen A&E Slope a a = Mstef BML Wa ~ MQ 6.36 8 = aRl-a) (6.36) CG of area of B.M diagram between C & E from A, cae by We2a) , fasta 1420 Ae ee CG of area of B.M diagram for triangle AC,C; from A (6.37) nad of 2SKN at the end. Find the slope and 1 = 360 X 10°nm'. Use are Solution : Maximum BLM = 25 x 3 = 75 kN/m Beams and Bending —— Slope at B = 8,= Deflection at 'B" ment of Area of BM. diagram about ‘A El _ 12sx2.10" * 200536010" Slope at B = 0.00156 radian Deflection at B= 3.125 mm 25mm BMatB=0 Maximum B.M at fixed end = 20 x 2= 40 kNm Aref 8 dagan = 32x 49 = 40 BN C.G. of bending moment diagram from B arnz ose = 5 *242=333m SlopeatC = Slope at B= “St0f BM diagram eT 4ox108 95" Sppaseoci0* 7 9.000856 radians Deflection at B w.t..A, : Moment of Area of B.M.ciagram about "A* = Monet of eof BM diag bau : ie ae oy q ” ' 403.33 (1000)? 1 ‘Fig. 6.31 200 360% 10° Som, SS ohapter ~ (Chapter-6) sala 4 ge Ee,of Structures 6.49 Deflection at the free end = 1.85mm Deflection under the load gram about'C Moment of B. ver Bl : sox(3<2} so 200«:360%10° Slope at free end, = 0.000856 radians 85 mm = 0.741mm Example 6.21 3 “A cantilever of span Sm carries point loads of 20 kN at 2m from the free end ‘and 15 kN at 3m from the free end. Using Mohr's theorem find the maximum slope and deflection. Use El = 8400 kN/m? Solution Referring to Fig. 6.33 BLM. at A due to 20 KN load = 20 x 3 = 60 kN BLM at A due to 15 KN load = 15 X 2 = 30 KN Total area of BM diagram van [eer] oath tym Maximum slope at free end = fr 120%(1000)? *. Os" s4q0% qoooyt = 0.91429 radians ‘The first moment of area of B.M diagram about 1 2 1 2 = taceaxs f2r2e3]e t xan. 2 [oe$e3] = 360 + 129.9 = 489.9 KN-m? Maximum deflection at the free end __ First moment of Area of B.M. diagram about'B' * El 99 - o.0583m = 58.3 mm 485 400 Beams and Bending Maximum slope at B = 0.0226 radian (Maximum defleetion at B = $8.3 mm (downward) Example 6.22 3 Acai Determine the mixin 1= 3x 10!mmt Solution : B.M at ‘A’ due to point load = 20 x 5 = 100 kN BMta'A duce UD d= 22" 615 Wi | jy Total area of B.M diagram 1 1 fi 1 [fistedaan]e [Senne bose] = ainsi 6.439 rer Sm length carries a point load of 10 kN at the free end in addition to uniformly distributed load of 18 kN/m over a length 3m from the fixed end. slope and deflection In the beam E = 2 x 10° N/mm, First Moment of area of B.M diagram due to point load and due to U.D. load about B 1 2 1 3 =k = u 24353) 7x5 100% 5 xsetesxorsx (243 ) = 833,33 + 286.88 = 1120.21 kN- 317.510" 17-510" 0.00529 radians Areaof BMD _ 200x3x10" Slope at B= “SS (Chapter-6) (Chapter-6)———————————— a Maximum deflection ¢p = Moment of BAM Dis "wy _ 12021N 2 ET * 200x3x10" Slope at B = 0.00529 radian Maximum deflection = 18.67mm (Downward) = 18.67mm Example 6.23: “A simply supported beam of span 5 metre carries a central point load of 30 kN. Find the maximum slope and maximum deflection in the beam using moment ‘area method. Take El 4200 kN-m*. Solution : ‘The loaded beam and B.M diagram are shown in Fig. 6.39. In this case maximum slope will occur at the ends and maximum deflection will be at midspan. x BM = BE . 3085 - 7 Max pM = ME = 3085 = 375 evan _ ‘Area of BM diagram between A & C oe 1 7 = bx 37.5 x 25 = 46.875 kN-a _ . sc a Moment of this area aboot‘A’= 4.875 x (3225) Nope : 4 = 78.125 kN-m’ fig. 046: ‘Area of BMD ACC) oT ym slope at A= 8, 463875 , 0, = “Hogg ~ 0.01116 radians Maximum deflection @ mid span tA’ 78.125 aac Maren of BMD.ACE, Hs ae ie Se Maximum slope = 0.01116 radians Maximum deflection = 18.6 mm (downward) Example 6.24 > “A simply supported beam of span 4m carries a wniformly distriwed load of fh If B= 210 kN/mm? and 1 = 8.98 X 106 mm find 10 kN/m on the entire lengi the maximum deflection and maximum slope using moment area method. Solution : For the beam shown A 80x10 Maximum slope at "A" = j= im slope at 'A' = E> 3210%8.98x10" = 0.01414 radians AX Maximum deflection at 'C’ = jection at 'C' = = 100 _(1000)3 _ 3 2Oxasexios ~!7-68mm Maximum slope = 0.01414 radian ‘Maximum deflection = 17.68mm (downward) 4 simply suppeted beam of span fm is carrying ovo point load, each of 20 kN aon and 4m Jr the left end. Determine the slope at the end and deflection ‘at mid span of the beam. EI of the beam ; ate of the beam is 20000 kNm?. Use moment area Solution : For the given loading Ry= Ry = 20 KN Mp = My = 20 X 2 = 40 N/m. ‘The B.M.diagram is a trapezium as shown in Fig, 6.37 (b) Area of B.M diagram A,E,E,C, = Atea of AiC\C, + Area of C\E,E,C, 1 Ne pX2x 4041 x 40* 80 kN-me‘Theory of Structures-IL Fig. 5.37 Moment of area of B.M diagram AE\E,C; about A, = moment of area A,C,C, about A, + Moment of arca C\E\E,C; about ‘A’ 1s -(}3] 9) = $3.33 + 100 = 153.33 KN-m? Arcaof AVE EC) _ 80 _ 80 _ 9 004 sadians Slope at A= 0, = - a how AS 1533 9.00767m = 7.67m jon at 'E = a Def Slope at the ends = 0.004 radians Deflection at mid span = 7.67mm Example 6.26 > ‘moment area theorem, find the deflection at the free end of a cantilever whose span is‘ and carries a point load-W at the free end, Take El constant. Solution = Refer articles 6.7.3 case (i). Example 6.27 2 State Mohr's thors Solution : Refer articles 6.7.1 and 6.7.2. (Chapter-6) 6.53 Beams and Bending (a) Find the slope and deflection at the free end of a cantilever, which carries a U.DL. of wim over a span of '' meter, by double integration method. (t) A steel beam simply supported over a span of 5.0 m is carrying a uniformly distributed load of 4 kN/m. Find the slope and deflection of the beam at the centre, if E = 2.1 * 10° Nimm? and [= 2,3 * 107 mm, Solution (a) Refer article 6.5 (A) case (2) . (b) 1 = 5.0 m; w= 4 N/m ‘ (ea . E= 2.1 * 105 N/mm? = 210 kN/mm? xe 1=2.3 107 mm! cE Due to symmetry of loading Re fe we #5 10m Fig. 6.38 Liv tel ome = Rx x MX m10x-4 M,=Ryxx-“E =10x- 4 ©Y Log 292 Hence, EL SY = 10x — 2x? kN-m oe @) Integrating once again, EL y=38- 20 +¢,x+0 iply supported beam at x = 0, y= 0, and at x= 1 y= 0 ing x= 0 in equation (i) on i) £1) =$ 0-2 +e,x04c, becomes 2xt S22 sc} KN-m? Gi) (Chapter-6) |‘Theory of Struct Substituting x = 1= 5 min equation (tii) nme BE cs Hence equation of slope is 2 y) 1 Base Fe 5 ew ww and deflection equation is 53-28 3 aN? x + x KN: Ely=3 se (Y) For denesian at eaneie, stx= #25 3,(5) _2(3) 553, [sG)-aG)-t4]ne- ye abe] =20xst _ =5. = 4x 54 km? a 4 «94 kNemt 34 0 Ely, 2x10 241 108 Nim? = = 210 kN/mm? E 2.3 x 107 mm 1 -5 xx4x5*] « (1000)? mm samara [see's] = e009 y, = 6.739 mm : Slope at the centre = 0, subsitting == aes()-H0-4 Yer 1m in equation (iv) Oe _ ee lending —= contre = 0 centre = 6. down wards 739 intre of a simply supported beam, Example 6.295 jection at the ce : vd of w kN/m over the entire span, (a) Find the slope and defle which carries a uniformly distibured loa by moment area method. esa load of 5 kN/m over (6) A simply supported beam of span 8 m carries @ UD. . Ae ceictgea ond a concentrated (oad of @ EN at the canine Of tees Find the deflection at the centre and slope at the supports; ifE=21% 105 Nimm? and f= 1.8 107 mmé. Solution : (a) Refer to article 6.7.3 case (6) () 1 = 8m, w= SkN/m W= 8kN E = 2.1 «105 Nimm? = 210 kN/mm? 1 = 1.8% 107 mm* In the case the deflection at the centre and slope at the end will be found out by using method of double integration and principle of super position ; = Deflection at C= y,= ET [Def. due to UDL + Def. due to cone. load) (Chapter-6)qj 266.7 + 85.333] » 10° = Tosi P66. oe Slope at A= Q, = ~ 8, = slope ‘Ans. Deflection at the centre = 93.13 mm down wards Slope at the each = 6, = ~ 0, = ~ 0.0367 radian. 6.8 DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD (MACAULAY'S METHOD) FOR DEFLECTION OF FIXED BEAMS : Double integration method can be used to evaluate the deflection of fixed beams. In ‘case of fixed beams since the ends are fixed the slope and deflection at the ends is zero. Using this condition the fixed moments and deflection can be evaluated in fixed beams. 6.8.1 Fixed Beam with article 6.5 \n of bending is Load at the Centre : the ‘ From when et = a and Ely = JJM (Chapter-6) 6.57 Beams and Bending al loading shown in Fig. 6.40 the end moments Iso the slope and deflection at the ends w and due to symmetry of loading R, = Ry = ig down the differential equation for B.M we have y 1 BLP aM + Rx = w(x-4) u The third term for x < 5 becomes negative and has to be neglected Integrating once we get wy We BLA Mxty S 4G where C, = constant of integration F Wein tt ax 0, & =o. ec sbstiaing thse vas in eqn i) wv £1@)=-M,()+ c=0 - Y _ ww uy Hence ft P == axe Fv ¥ (x-4) ¥y From Fig. 6.40 we know that GY = Oat x= L Subst ing these values in equation (iii) we get B1@=-M,L+ Ww, = =ML+ PB -BB theory of Structures lt fie.) M, = ae a (iv) 2 Hence 1% = ME, By (,-4) 8 2 Equation (¥) is to be used to evaluate slope at any point Integrating equation (v) once again eli) where C, is again constant ‘Atx=0, y=0, substituting these values in equation (vi) we w BL (O)= FE (0) + Fy (0) +C. c, #0 Hence deflection equation becomes aw we wie a 96 192 «- (6:38) % ine ‘ we Maxinnun deflection under the point load st mid span = y,~ zope downward, Equations (¥) a0A (vi) can be used to find slope and deflection at any point respectively. Beams and Bending $$ 6g 6.8.2 Fixed Beam with U.D. Load on the Entire Span : wim Fig. 6.49 From the beam shown in Fig. 6.41. 0,=0,=0 n= Yy 70 wl R- R= M,= My The differential equation for B.M is Integrating once dy wh? ow 3 Avex t Bw eo OG 2) whe w oe ance he ae, y ig. 641 Atx=0, & ig x=0, 0 SS (0) ———‘Theory of Structures-II Equation (v) is to be used to evaluate slope at any point, ing equation (v) once we get wi? wh HO=- @+ iy c,=0 Hence equation for deflection becomes - OFC, wy, wey wn! elye- ME ae 2 cn A : ay wt Maximum deflection t mid span = y,= 57 downwards. Beams and Bending A beam of length 6m is fixed at both ends and carries a central point load of 30 AN, Determine the maximum central deflection using double integration method. Flexural rigidity of the member is 50 Nim, Solution : Refer to Fig. 6.40. Let the fixed end moments by M,= M, and reactions at the supports Rx= Ry= “= = 15 kN Also by symmetry slope at A= Slope at B= zero éy et = M+ Rx /-30(x-8 an Met Rea -30 (2-§) dy f 6 EL SF aM, + 15 -30(x-§) Integrating w.r.t x ce Asx? Bd a--Myx+ ac, EL(@)=-M,x6+ 4 = a sy 6M,= 76-15 (6-§) (Chapter-6) (ChapTheory of St Atx=0,y=0 HO=--F@+¥ +c, c,=0 455,15 Now therefore El y= - “p37 + “GX! L ‘Max. deflection occurs at mid span i.e., x= 5 = 3m . . -2 1-9 6 2 L 128 B tease (+4) =-33.15 3315 _ 33.75x10° tem BL “sox? Check : For this standard case maximum deflection at mid span = WE _ 3x6 x10? Ye* joel ~ T92EI ~ 192x50x10" = - 0.675 mm = 0.675 mm ee E=E_ t ). — —e 665 Beams and Bending ——_—_—_— Example 6.31» niformly distribute beam of El = 20 « gt Refer to Fig. 6.41 Here 6, =0,= 0, ¥,= Ye 0 wl | 3x6 eee rede @ Bt = -M, & fy 3x Bon M+ 9-3 Integrating once a 2a 2g BIR =-Mx+5 7-5 +O, 1 x=0, GF =O gives C,=0 4 oi Hence Bl =-M,x+ 3x?— 7” i) 4 ats % -oatx=L=6m 9 1 FI()=-M,x6+2xg@_4, == Mx 642 xe tag 1 ny 7 XP =9 KN 2 Check : For this standard case My =M, = “2 _ 3x6? _ case My = My= T= A = 9 km ing M,~ 9 kNm in eqn. (i) we get fed 9x4 2d ont det Integrating once again eqn. Substi w By6.64 Theory of Structures 9 ay Sst ts pet ge gst x=0,y=0, gives C,=0 oS ee 76 Ely= At wy be on Maximum deflection occurs at x = ee ly, - 3 GF +2 G)- 3 09> 10.125%10° 20x10" = = 5.0625 mm Check : For this standard case y, = 0 heck : For this stands te" Sr 3x64 x10? = Se ~ _ 5.062 Ye 3g4x 20x10 ee Example 6.32 5 A fixed beam of length Sm carries a point load of 40 RN at mid span. The beart ‘tiso carries a U.D. load of 20 kN/m on the entire length. Find the maximum deflection at mid span due to the loads. E! = 10 * 10” kNmm’. Beams and Bending Example 6.33 2 6.65 7 fixed beam AB of span '3a! is loaded with point loads W each at a distance a from each end. Using double integration method find the deflection at mid span. Solution : In this case due to symmetry 0, = 0, = 0 Inn Iy™ 0 e My = My R,=R,= WEN ey Now e1SF = My = M+ Rx |W (x— a) W(x 24) ay i (oy LSE = = M,+ Wx |Win -a)-WOr~2a) bats * a =o Mye+ Fay Fo -20? By principle of superposition the max. defletion at mid span is equal to the sum of ' deflection due to concentrated load at mid span pls the defection dv to vniformly oe : distributed load onthe entire span. ao 2, Hence substituting in the above equation Max. defletion at mid span due to concentrated load at mid span = i. : wed _ 0x5" «10? EL) = -M,Ga)+ 3 Ga} 3 Ga-a)- > Ga-2 A ~ Inet” axon? wow wow yy = 2.604 mm 1 My3a = 59a Fda? = a= Oat — dat — at) = 2 Wa? Max, deflection at mid span due to U.D. load on the entire span = ne 20%) 5? 1? ete Sas onan ce Hence the slope equation becomes “Max, deflection at mid span = y= yi + ¥z oe = 2.604 + 3.255 = 5.859 mm El. ae y = 5.859 mm (Chapters) (Chapters| _ 5 Theory of Steuctures-IL | Beams and Bending —$——_—$—————$—$$=$ =$$—_ 6.67 SLOPE AND DEFLECTION FOR STANDARD CASES aay! : Sl. ype orbeam andon aoe ‘Max deflection 81 aypeotbeamandiond | Max Stop : “WU 4 -w? ve 4 = 0 EI = «i By symmetry the deflection at mid span is maximum. oo = wae ‘Substituting x = 3 ain equation No. (ii) above = 2 2 » 3 = wala) ™ (3, 3) @ (3 nw 2 a.- ome) 2) 36-)- 26 ste foe get] | act Neglect the last term as quantity in brackets is negative. ——L cl A6EL | '° “4SET w [363,278 2] -10we _ 5S ys a 2 aw 2 0,=~ O5=: —s unt 5 We ia n= %= Fer | = Sut Ye Yea 4 nen: ~ © 384 ET S wa Hence maximum deflection at mid span = 3; "¥ downward. 3 7 , Af FA o | rovecacumteaton fy = WH? 0 at slope equation |" OE eg fe a Wah, z _ 3EL (Chapter-6) (Chapter-6) ———_——6.68 = aston aos pb ——— pe Aeon ae 2 () RECTANGULAR BMD (w) PARABOUC | Theory of Structures-Il TANCE OF C.G OF B.M.DIAGRAMS a 3 2 ot po fey aston rc : Aspon (hi) PARABOLA 1 TRAE ee + aN | / | : 4 Faby | eae aaee asdon (ii) PARABOLA Beams and Bending. REVIEW QUESTIONS What do you understand by ‘Elastic curve’ of a beam? Draw elastic curvess {for the following symmetrically loaded beams (2) Simply supported beam (b) Cantilever beams : fo) Fixed beam why @ beam should be designed f0 satisfy both strength and stiffness Explain under what situations Macaulay's method is suitable to find slope and deflections in beams, Sta ‘s theorems and explain how they are used to calculate slope & deflections in beams, . Using moment area method find the deflection at the free end of a cantilever o ‘beam of length 'L’ when it carries a point load at a distance — from the free end. (Chapter-6) (Chapter-6)