THE STO.

NIÑO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL – NIGHT CLASS

San Roque, Rosario Batangas
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Academic Year 2022-2023

FIRST SEMESTER / FIRST QUARTER-MODULE 2

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
STEM 12; ABM 12; HUMSS 12

LESSON 9: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Conceptual framework
- Is a graphical presentation of your concepts or ideas on the basic structure or components of your research.
- It is a graph or non-prose materials, specifically, a schematic diagram that shows a well- ordered elements of the
research.
- Is a broad outline or plan to give shape to your research
- Enable the readers to clearly see in their mind the basic structure of the research and the relationships of variables
Concept map -Conceptual framework looks like a map showing the main features of a plan or project plus the relationship
between or among the features or variables in the research.
Theoretical framework
- Gives and explains the theories, principles, generalization and research findings, which have some connection to
your research study
- The basis or foundation of research that controlling the things involving the research

LESSON 10: THE LANGUAGE RESEARCH

Research is searching for truth in a systematic way or in a scientific method. Existing within the bounds of science that is quite
different from other subjects because of its inclination to special or abstract terms. Endowed with special knowledge; meaning
ideas that applicable to particular purpose, you possess a certain expertise that only people belonging to you area of specialization
find understandable and easy to relate themselves with.

Research – language Formation

1. Multisyllable words
- Some terms reflecting the inherent characteristics of research as scientific method are made up of a number of
syllables such as the following
 Theoretical – concepts
 Empirical – observable
 Probabilistic – uncertain
 Quantitative- numerical
 Qualitative – opinionated
 Scientific – systematic
 Inquiry – investigation
2. Types and forms of questions
Qualitative research – questions to be asked must elicit views, emotions or opinions of people
Quantitative research – asks questions about the exact number, percentage or frequency of things.
3. Variable relationship
a. Independent variables – the cause of something
b. Dependent variables – bears the effect of the independent variables
c. Extraneous variables – extra or unexpected variable outside the research design
d. Confounding variables – unstable variable
4. Formulation of Hypothesis
 Null hypothesis - for guessing negative results of the research
 Alternative hypothesis -for positive result
5. Data
Qualitative data if verbally and subjectively expressed
Quantitative data if numerically and objectively expressed
Operational Definition- is making the concept or the things meaningful by specifying the way your research should measure such
concept.

Page 1 of 7 ROWENA V. CANLAS LPT

Subject Teacher,
Research 2
 THE STO. NIÑO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL – NIGHT CLASS
San Roque, Rosario Batangas
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Academic Year 2022-2023

Theoretical Definition – explanation base on the concepts or knowledge related to the field of discipline and widely accepted as
correct.
EXAMPLE:
Defining Anger
Theoretical /Conceptual Definition: intangible; not directly measured by observation
Operational Definition : mention facial expressions, vocabulary or voice tone to measure anger

LESSON 11: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design – is a part and parcel of your study
- Able to make your research clear, your methods or techniques in finding answer to your research questions in
collecting data.
Quantitative research - do a great deal of abstraction and scientific or logical thinking.

Types of Quantitative Research Design

1. Experimental Research Design – is a quantitative research design that bases its research method on a scientific activity
called experiment
Types of Experimental research design
a. True Experimental Design – random selection of participants ; bias-free selection that ensure objectivity of
result ; best way to examine causal relationship
b. Quasi-experimental Design
Quasi means partly, ,partially, pseudo or almost
-prone to bias caused and incapable of establishing cause-effect relationship.
2. Non-Experimental research Design
Is a quantitative research design that is capable of giving qualitative and quantitative data but more on
qualitative data
Types of Non-Experimental research Design
a. Descriptive - depicts an image or a picture of an individual or a group
b. Comparative – states the differences or similarities between people, things etc.
c. Correlative – show the extent and direction of variable relationships
d. Survey- describe the attitudes, preferences views, feelings, views and behavioral patterns
e. Ex Post Facto - means “ that which is done afterwards “ , deriving data from things that are by nature taking place

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
STEM 12; ABM 12; HUMSS 12

LESSON 12: QUANTITATIVE DATA-COLLECTION TECHNIQUES

Data – are pieces of information of facts known by people in this world.

Quantitative data – appealing measureable, numerical and related to a metrical system.
- Data result from sensory experiences whose descriptive qualities such as age, shape, speed weight, height, number
which are measurable.
-
Techniques in Collecting Qualitative Data
Observation
- By using sensory organ, you gather facts or information about everything. Expressing these sensory experiences to
quantitative data, record them with the use of numbers.
Direct observation : seeing, touching and hearing the sources of data personally
Indirect observation : see and hear the facts or information by means of technological and electronic gadgets
like some recording devices
1. Survey
- Data gathering technique that makes you to obtain facts or information about the subject of research through data
gathering instrument like interview and questionnaire.
- Most popular gathering technique in qualitative and quantitative research studies.
Questionnaire

Page 2 of 7 ROWENA V. CANLAS LPT

Subject Teacher,
Research 2
 THE STO. NIÑO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL – NIGHT CLASS
San Roque, Rosario Batangas
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Academic Year 2022-2023

- Paper containing series of questions formulated for an individual and independent answering by several respondents
for obtaining statistical information.
Interview
- A set of questions only that you do it orally.
- Oral interview is a traditional way of interviewing while modern ways happen trough electronic devices such as
mobile phones, smart phones and the like.

Guidelines in Formulating Interview Questions

a. Use clear and simple language
b. Avoid using acronyms, abbreviations and highfalutin words
c. Let one question elicit only one answer; no double barrel question
d. Express your point in exact, specific, bias-free and gender free language.
e. Give way to how your respondents wants themselves to be identified
f. Establish continuity or free flow of the respondent’s thought by using appropriate follow-up questions
g. Ask questions in a sequential manner; determine which should be your opening, middle or closing questions.
2. Experiment
- Is a scientific method of collecting data that give the subject a sort of treatment then evaluate the results
Words oftenly used: treatment, intervention and condition
3. Content Analysis
- Is another quantitative data- collection technique that makes you search through oral or written forms of
communication to find answer.
- Focus your study on a single subject or on two entities to determine their comparative features.
Measurement Scales for Quantitative Data
1. Nominal Scale – categorizing people base on gender, religion, position etc.
Example:
Religion : Catholic, INC, Muslim, Buddhist
Gender : male , female
Position: President, Vice President, Secretary…..
2. Ordinal Scale - ranking or arranging the classified variables to determine who should be the 1st, 2nd 3rd ,4th etc
3. Interval Scale - showing equal interval or difference of people’s view or attitudes like Likert attitude Scale
Example:
Reading is important
______________ __________ ________________ ____________ ______________
Strongly Agree Agree Undecided DisagreeStrongly Disagree
4. Ratio Scale – rating something from zero to a certain point
Performance in Math Subject - a grade of 89% (from 0 to 100%)

LESSON 13: QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS

Quantitative Data Analysis – it involves series of examination, classification, mathematical calculation, and graphical recording
among others.
- A thorough and advance planning is needed for this major aspects of your study
- It is important for you to know what scale of measurement use.

Steps in Quantitative Data Analysis

1. Preparing the Data
a. Coding System – converting the words, images into numbers, they become fit for any analytical procedures
requiring knowledge or arithmetic and mathematical computation
b. Data tabulation - for easy classification and distribution of numbers base on a certain criterion, collect them
with the help of a graph called TABLE.
Table – used for frequency and percentage distribution , kind of graph for excellent data organizer.

Example: Total Sample size – 24

Page 3 of 7 ROWENA V. CANLAS LPT

Subject Teacher,
Research 2
 THE STO. NIÑO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL – NIGHT CLASS
San Roque, Rosario Batangas
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Academic Year 2022-2023

2. Analyzing the Data

a. Descriptive Statistical technique – provide summary of the orderly or sequential obtained from the sample
through the data- gathering instrument used.
Frequency Distribution – give you the number of responses given repeatedly for one question
Example : Total Sample size – 24
Measurement Scale Code Frequency Distribution Percent Distribution
Strongly Agree 1 14 58%
Agree 2 3 13%
Neutral 3 2 8%
Disagree 4 1 4%
Strongly Disagree 5 4 17%
TOTAL = 24
Formula used: Frequency
Sample size x 100 = Percent (%)Distribution

Measure of Central Tendency – indicates the different position or values of the items, such that in a category of data, you find
an item serving as the:

Mean – average of all the items or scores

Example: 3 (1) +8 (2) +9 (3)+2 (4) +3 (5) + 10 (6) +3 (7)= 38

38 ÷ 7 = 5.43 (Mean)

Median – the score in the middle of the set of items that cuts or divides the set into two groups.

Example : 3 + 8 + 9 + 2 + 3+ 10 +3 = 38

Mode – refers to the item or score in the data set that has the most repeated appearance in the set.

Example : 3 + 8 + 9 + 2 + 3 + 10 +3 = 38 * 3 is the MODE

Standard Deviation – shows the extent of the difference of the data from the mean.
How to determine the standard deviation:
Step 1 : Compute for the Mean.
Step 2: Compute the deviation(difference) between each respondent’s answer(data item) and the mean. The plus sign (+) appears
before the number if the difference is higher; negative (-), if the difference is lower.

Page 4 of 7 ROWENA V. CANLAS LPT

Subject Teacher,
Research 2
 THE STO. NIÑO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL – NIGHT CLASS
San Roque, Rosario Batangas
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Academic Year 2022-2023

Step 3 : Compute the square of each deviation

Step4: Compute the sum of squares by adding the squared figure.
Step 5: Divide the sum squares by the number of data items to get the variance
Step6: Compute the square root of variance figure to get standard deviation.

Example:
(Step 1) Mean : 7
(Step 2) (Step 3)
Data item Deviation Square of Deviation
1. 1 (1-7) -6 36
2. 2 (2-7) -5 25
3. 6 (6-7) -1 1
4. 6 (6-7) -1 1
5. 8 (8-7) +1 1
6. 6 (6-7) -1 1
7. 6 (6-7) -1 1
8. 4 (14-7) +7 49
9. 16 (16-7) +9 81
_______________
Total : 196
(Step 4) Sum of squares: 196
(Step 5) Variance = 196 ÷ 9 = 22
(Step 6) Standard deviation : √22 = 4.69
❑
b. Advanced Quantitative Analytical methods
Correlation – uses statistical analysis to yield result that escribe the relationship of two variables
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) – used to determined if the difference in the means or averages of two
categories of data are statistically significant.
Regression – stablishing the cause and effect relationship of variables
Range – set of data is the difference between the largest and smallest value.
Use these data

14 5 10
12 6 7
7 8 11

Example: to arrange will become 14 , 12, 11, 10, 8, 7, 7, 6, 5

14 – 5 = 9 range
Class interval – a way to divide data into a group ( approximate group size)
Let say from the sample above the class interval should be 5.
Class width - refers to the difference between the upper and lower boundaries of any class (category)
Example: 9 ÷ 5 = 1.8 or 2 (always to round off)
Frequency- is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time
Class mark -  is also called a midvalue or central value 
Class boundaries- refers to the boundary between one class, or group, of numbers in a distribution, and the next class.
How to get class boundaries: 6+7 13/2 = 6.5 or just add .5 from right side data and minus .5 from left side data
2
TABULATED DATA FROM ABOVE GIVEN DATA.

Class interval Tally Frequency Class mark Class boundary Percentage

5-6 (1) II 2 5.5 4.5 – 6.5 22.22
7-8 (2) III 3 7.5 6.5 – 8.5 33.33
9-10 (3) I 1 9.5 8.5 – 10.5 11.11

Page 5 of 7 ROWENA V. CANLAS LPT

Subject Teacher,
Research 2
 THE STO. NIÑO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL – NIGHT CLASS
San Roque, Rosario Batangas
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Academic Year 2022-2023

11-12 (4) II 2 11.5 10.5 – 12.5 22.22

13-14 (5) I 1 13.5 12.5 – 14.5 11.11
Total : 9 99.99 or 100%
How to get Percentage: Frequency
Sample size x 100 = Percent (%)Distribution

Page 6 of 7 ROWENA V. CANLAS LPT

Subject Teacher,
Research 2
THE STO. NIÑO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL – NIGHT CLASS
San Roque, Rosario Batangas
Academic Year 2020-2021

Prepared by: Rowena V.Canlas LPT

Practical Research 2 Teacher