Ethnomedicinal plants

used for the treatment of

cuts and wounds by the
Agusan Manobo of
Sibagat, Agusan del Sur,
Philippines
Mark Lloyd G. Dapar, Ulrich Meve, Sigrid Liede-
Schumann, Grecebio Jonathan D. Alejandro
Research was significantly different (p < 0.05) when grouped
according to occupation, educational level,
civil status, gender, and age but not when
Abstract
grouped according to location (p = 0.234) and social
This study was conducted to investigate the
position (p = 0.580).
ethnomedicinal plants used by the Agusan Manobo
as potential drug leads for the treatment of cuts and Conclusion: The current study documents the
wounds. Despite the prominence of the locality medicinal plant knowledge of Agusan Manobo in the
on medicinal plant use, the area was previously treatment of cuts and wounds. The
ignored due to distance and security threat traditional medicinal systems of Indigenous
from the Communist Party of the Philippines - New Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples
People’s Army. Oral medicinal plant (ICCs/IPs) are sources of knowledge for
knowledge was documented. bioprospecting. More ethnobotanical studies
should be encouraged before the traditional
Methods: Ethnomedicinal survey was knowledge of indigenous people vanishes.
conducted from October 2018 to February 2019
among 50 key informants through a semi-structured
questionnaire; open interviews and focus group
Correspondence
discussions were conducted to gather information Mark Lloyd G. Dapar1,3*, Ulrich Meve3, Sigrid
on medicinal plants used as a treatment for Liede-Schumann3, Grecebio Jonathan D.
cuts and wounds. Nonparametric inferential Alejandro1,2,3
statistics Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests
1
were set at 0.05 level of significance to determine The Graduate School and Research Center for the
if there was a significant difference of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of
ethnomedicinal knowledge among respondents Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, 1015 Manila,
Philippines
when grouped according to location, social
position, occupation, educational level, civil 2
College of Science, University of Santo Tomas,
status, gender and age. Quantitative ethnomedicinal España Boulevard, 1015 Manila, Philippines
data was obtained from Family Importance
3
Value and Relative Frequency of Citation. Department of Plant Systematics, University of
Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, D-95440 Bayreuth,
Germany
Results: Present documentation enumerates
48 species of medicinal plants belonging to 45 *Corresponding author. E-mail address:
genera and 26 families used by the community and [email protected] (M.L.G. Dapar)
their only tribal healer for the treatment of cuts and
wounds. Asteraceae (7 species) was the best- Ethnobotany Research & Applications
represented family and Piper species were cited to 19:31 (2020)
be the most frequently used medicinal plant species.
Statistically,
the medicinal plant knowledge among respondents

Manuscript received: 02/01/2020– Revised manuscript received: 11/03/2020 - Published: 17/03/2020

http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/era.19.31.1-18
 Ethnobotany Research and 2
Key words: Agusan Manobo; Cuts; Ethnomedicine;
Background
Sibagat; Wound
The Philippines is rich in traditional knowledge
of medicinal plants used by various
Abstract (Bisaya/Cebuano) ethnic communities. WHO estimates around 2%
of the world’s population are currently disabled as a
Background: Kini nga papel nag imbestigar sa gamit result of cuts and injury (Peabody et al. 2000); about
sa mga tanom alang sa pagpanambal sa mga 1–2% in developed countries will experience a
Manobo sa Agusan isip potensyal nga idiskobre nga chronic wound in their lifetime (Gottrup 2004).
tambal alang sa mga hiwa ug samad. Bisan sa kaila Although scant data on cuts and wounds are
sa ilang mga tanom gamit pagpanambal, available for developing countries of Asia, such
wala madokumentar kini tungod sa kalayo ug sufferings are a major health problem facing
kakuyaw sa mga Communist Party of the indigenous peoples.
Philippines - New People’s Army nga nagapuyo
aning lugara. Ang ilang kahibalo sa WHO has also recorded around 60% of the world’s
pagpanambal nga gipasapasa pinaagi sa mga population rely on herbal medicine
estorya, gidokumentar niining papela. (Farnsworth
1994). There are about 35,000–70,000 medicinal
Methods: Gibuhat kining dokumentasyon gikan plant species worldwide (Schippmann et al. 2002),
Oktubre 2018 hangtud Pebrero 2019 sa 50 ka mga of which 7,000 species are in South Asia (Karki
taong maalamon pinaagi sa pakisestorya, & William 1999) and ca. 6,500 species in
pangutana, ug pakigpulong sa komunidad sa Southeast Asia (Madulid 1989, Burns 1998). There
mga tambal nga tanom alang sa mga hiwa ug are around
samad. Gigamitan ug estatistika pinaagi sa 1,500 species of medicinal plants in the Philippines
Kruskal-Wallis ug Mann-Whitney U na mga test (Dela Cruz & Ramos 2006). A total of 120 medicinal
sa 0.05 lebel sa significance kung adunay plants have been scientifically validated for
kalambigitan ang kaalam sa mga maalamon base safety and efficacy (Eusebio & Umali 2004) which
sa lokasyon, posisyon sa tribo, trabaho, nahumang include some of the top 100 medicinal plants listed
edukasyon, kahimtang sa kaminyoon, tawhanun, ug used in various treatments for cuts, wounds,
edad. Gilista ang maong mga tanom nga tambal ug infections and other diseases (Tan & Sia 2014). A
ang pila ka mga nalitok sa mga maalamon pinaagi number of these medicinal plants with folkloric
sa family importance value ug relative frequency of bases were recently validated scientifically by
citation. evaluating their biological and biochemical
properties (e.g. Abdulaziz et al.
Results: Ang maong dokumentasyon nakalista ug 2019, Añides et al. 2019, Dela Peña et al.
48 ka species nga mga tanom nga tambal ug 2019, Nadayag et al. 2019, Uy et al. 2019,
mikabat ka 45 ka genera ug 25 ka pamilya nga Dapar et al.
gigamit sa komunidad ug sa ilang mananambal sa 2020b). Several plants are used for the treatment of
tribo alang sa mga hiwa ug samad. Ang pamilya sa cuts, wounds and skin infections. They are known to
Asteraceae (7 species) ang nagrepresentar ug be used in the form of extracts, poultice
dako ug ang Piper species ang pinakagigamit nga and decoction from various ethnic groups, but yet to
tanom alang sa pagpanambal. Base sa estatistika, be documented from the Manobo community
ang kaalam sa tanom nga tambal sa mga of Mindanao, Philippines.
maalamon kay adunay significant nga deperensiya
(p < 0.05) kung igrupo sa unsang trabaho, Mindanao archipelago of Philippines is inhabited by
nahumang edukasyon, kahimtang sa kaminyoon, various indigenous peoples (IPs) (UNDP 2010).
tawhanun, ug edad apan walay significant nga Majority of these IPs belong to the Agusan Manobo
deperensiya kung igrupo sa lokasyon (p = 0.234) community (NCIP 2010, NCCA 2015, Reyes et
ug posisyon sa tribo (p = 0.580). al.
2017). Etymologically, the term Manobo was named
Conclusions: Kini nga panukiduki nagpakita after ‘Mansuba’ meaning river people. They live
sa tradisyonal nga gamit ug kahibalo sa mga along the Agusan river valley and Agusan
Manobo sa Agusan alang sa epektibong tanom marshland territories of the province (Dapar et al.
pagpanambal sa mga hiwa ug samad. Ang 2020a). The municipality of Sibagat in Agusan del
systema sa pagpanambal sa mga Sur province is listed among the localities
Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous approved with a Certification of Ancestral
Peoples (ICCs/IPs) kay importante nga kaalam Domain Title (CADT) by the National Commission
para sa pagdiskobre sa mga tambal. Daghan on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP). Their common
pang mga pagdokumentar ang gikinahanglan ug livelihoods are traditional agriculture or animal
gidasig ang tanan sa pagtuki sa dili pa mawala ang husbandry and their source of food comes from their
mga kahibalo ug kaalam sa atong mga nitibo ug rice harvest, root crops, and vegetables. Recorded
lumad. common ailments of Agusan Manobo were bites,
cuts, wounds and skin infections based on current
study but only one species locally named “Lunas-
 Ethnobotany Research and 3
bagon” has yet been documented (Dapar &
Demayo 2017) which was molecularly
 Ethnobotany Research and 4
confirmed recently as an indigenous Piper Field survey
decumanum L. (Dapar et al. 2020b) and previously A total of 38 field visits were conducted from
evaluated for its antimicrobial, cytotoxic October
and phytochemical properties (Dapar et al. 2018). 2018 to February 2019 to collect ethnobotanical
information on the treatment of cuts and
One of the riversides occupied by the tribe is their wounds. The fieldwork was carried out after
ancestral domain nearby Sibagat River, which is obtaining ethics approval, consents, resolution,
historically known as the battle zone of certification, and permits. These were obtained
opposing tribes (PIMO 2012). During wars prior to the actual interview and field sampling
and conflicts, injuries such as cuts, wounds of medicinal plants in three selected barangays of
and burns were common, resulting in various Sibagat, namely Ilihan, Mahayahay and Villangit
medicinal plant usage to address them. Moreover, (Figure 1). This survey coordinated with the
war conflicts involving secessionists and municipal administration of Sibagat and consulted
communist insurgents against the government have the tribal council of elders to converse about
also affected the Agusan Manobo communities in research intent as purely academic. A Manobo ritual
their location. This conflict scenario inflicts injuries, was observed for mutual agreement and respect
particularly cuts and wounds resulting to increasing with the tribal community (Figure 2). When all
demand for medicinal plants. Their long tradition free prior informed consents, resolution and
of preserving their medicinal plant certification from the tribal community were secured,
knowledge have also proven to be useful in this survey was duly certified and permitted by the
other situations such as motor vehicle accidents, regional offices, namely NCIP and Department
burns, fractures, lacerations and animal interactions. of Environment and Natural Resources Office
(DENR) of CARAGA Administrative Region,
The law and order situation brought about by respectively.
security threats posed by the Communist
Party of the Philippines - New People’s Army A total of 50 purposively and snowball sampled
previously hindered possibilities of Manobo key informants (more than 10% of the total
ethnomedicinal surveys. In this context, the population of selected barangays) were interviewed
recent reduction in conflicts and prevalence of using a semi-structured open-ended interview.
peace makes it possible to conduct There were 35 females and 15 males with an age
ethnobotanical studies. Therefore, this study was range from 18 to 78 years old and an average age
conceived to document ethnomedicinal plants used of 42. The sample also included their lone tribal
by the Agusan Manobo of selected CADT areas of healer, one Indigenous Peoples Mandatory
Sibagat, Agusan del Sur, for the treatment of Representative (IPMR), the municipal tribal
cuts and wounds. chieftain, 13 tribal leaders, 34 tribal council of
elders. A valid translation to Manobo dialect
Materials and methods (Minanubu) was secured in coordination with the
NCIP focal personnel and tribal elders. A total of 19
focus group discussions were performed with the
Study area
municipal chieftain and IPMR, three respective
Sibagat is geographically located in the coordinates
barangay tribal leaders and the only tribal healer.
8° 96' 61" N, 125° 76' 25" E, situated in the
northeastern tip of the province of Agusan del Sur
Collection and identification
(Figure 1). It was formerly part of Bayugan and
Voucher specimens of medicinal plants were
became an independent municipality in 1961 with a
deposited in the University of Santo Tomas
total of 24 barangays along the local river
Herbarium (USTH) and folk names compared to the
called “Sibagat River”. Fieldwork was carried out in
Dictionary of Philippine Plant Names by Madulid
three purposively selected barangays with
(2001). Plant identification was authenticated
approved CADTs as endorsed by the municipal
with the help of Danilo Tandang, a botanist
administration and NCIP focal personnel.
and researcher at the National Museum of
Research intent was permitted by the tribal council,
the Philippines. All scientific names were verified
and approved by the NCIP, and the Provincial
for spelling and synonyms, and family
Environment and Natural Resources Office
classification using The Plant List (2013), World
(PENRO) of the provincial and local
Flora Online (2019), the International Plant Names
administration of Agusan del Sur. There is only one
Index (2019) and Tropicos (2019). Medicinal
hospital and health center in the municipality and
plant species occurrence, distribution, and
poor access of the local healthcare can be observed
species identification were further confirmed by
due to limited facilities and distant location from the
referring to the updated Co’s Digital Flora of the
communities. Hence, the long traditional use of
Philippines (CDFP 2011 onwards).
medicinal plants for treating cuts and wounds is still
prevalent in the locality.
 Ethnobotany Research and 5

Figure 1. Map of Sibagat, Agusan del Sur, Philippines showing the three barangays (villages): Ilihan, Mahayahay,
and Villangit (red pins).
 Ethnobotany Research and 6

Figure 2. Rituals being performed with the Manobo officials of Sibagat, Agusan del Sur: (A) The tribal chieftain,
healer, leaders, and council of elders together with the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) focal
personnel; (B) Ritual prayer asking permission to their deities; (C) Sacrificing chicken; (D) Offering to their deities;
(E) Signing of certification using blood thumbmarks; and (F) Group photo on the approval of the conduct of study.
 Ethnobotany Research and 7
Table 1. Demographic profile of informants.
Category Subcategory No. of % of Total No. of Species
Informants informants Cited
Location Ilihan 10 20 40
(barangay or Mahayahay 5 10 45
village)
Villangit 35 70 42
Educational level Primary 9 18 33
Secondary 24 48 36
Higher education 17 34 31
Gender Female 35 70 40
Male 15 30 43
Social position Tribal chieftain 1 2 36
Tribal healer 1 2 43
Tribal IPMR 1 2 38
Tribal leaders 13 26 36
Tribal council of elders 34 68 37
Occupation Farming 30 60 43
Animal husbandry 9 18 41
Employed 10 20 31
Unemployed 1 2 38
Civil status Single 27 54 37
Married 23 46 40
Age 18-34 years old 20 40 32
35-49 years old 14 28 36
50-65 years old 10 20 43
More than 65 years 6 12 45

Quantitative ethnomedicinal analysis status, gender and age. Statistical analyses

Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) helps were employed using IBM SPSS Statistics software
in determining the local importance of each v.23.
medicinal plant species. This is calculated using the
formula: RFC = FC/N, where FC (frequency of
Results and discussion
citation) is the number of informants who cited the
Demographic profile of respondents
medicinal plant, and N is the total number of
The study area comprises three barangays
informants (Vitalini et al.
(villages) in the Municipality of Sibagat as shown in
2013). RFC identifies the cultural importance of
Table 1 and Figure 1. The field interviews
plant species in the area ranging in value from 0 to
conducted here included heterogenous
1, with values closer to 1 represent the most
informants with varying educational levels,
important species. Family Importance Value (FIV)
gender, social position, occupation, civil status,
identifies the local importance of the medicinal plant
and age. Indeed, medicinal plant knowledge is
families. This is calculated using the formula: FIV =
not homogenous but varies significantly
(FC/N) x 100, where FC is the frequency of
among the respondents of the community
citation of the plant family, and N is the total
(Voeks & Leony 2004; Voeks 2007; Camou-
number of informants (Ali et al. 2018). FIV
Guerrero et al. 2008)
determines the most important family based on the
number of citation reports among key informants
The sample comprises of 30% female and 70%
and the number of medicinal plant species
male informants. In terms of occupation, most of the
used to treat cuts and wounds.
key informants are farmers (60%) followed by
formal employment (20%), animal husbandry
Statistical analysis
(18%), and one unemployed (2%). Many of
Medicinal plant knowledge of respondents on
them finished secondary level (48%), followed by
the number of medicinal plant species known
higher education (34%), and primary (18%). The
were statistically analyzed by descriptive and
sample involved both single (54%) and married
non- parametric inferential statistics Mann-Whitney
(46%) respondents. Majority of them were
U and Kruskal-Wallis tests, grouped according to
Manobo council of elders (68%), followed by tribal
location, social position, occupation, educational
leaders (26%%), and one each for tribal chieftain
level, civil
(2%), tribal healer (2%) and
 Ethnobotany Research and 8
tribal IPMR (2%). In terms of age, there was a knowledge when grouped according to civil
decreasing number of informants with increasing status and gender (p < 0.05).
years of age as 18-34 years (40%), 35-49
years (28%), 50-65 years (20%), and more than 65 Married informants had more medicinal plant
years (12%). The total number of species cited knowledge (Md = 35, n = 23) than single informants
varied relatively according to the demographic (Md = 32, n = 27). In terms of gender, male
profile of the informants. informants had more medicinal plant knowledge (Md
= 36, n = 35) when compared to female informants
Medicinal plant knowledge (Md = 35, n = 25). On the other hand, key
On the average, each Agusan Manobo key informants’ plant knowledge when grouped
informant has a recorded knowledge of 35 according to age increases significantly by
medicinal plant species used for cuts and increasing age as revealed in the highly significant
wounds. The relative frequency of citation (RFC) difference in Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05). This
and family importance value (FIV) of medicinal result was presented starting from the lowest age
plants were relatively dependent on the number range, 18–34 years old (Md =
of medicinal plants known among the Agusan 27, n = 20), then 35–49 years old (Md = 34, n = 14),
Manobo respondents for the treatment of cuts 50–65 years old (Md = 36, n = 10), and finally, more
and wounds. These number of medicinal plant than 65 years old (Md = 39, n = 6). This result
knowledge among the key informants varied implies that medicinal plant knowledge for cuts and
comparatively according to location, social wounds among the Agusan Manobo could be
position, occupation, educational level, civil attributed to the period duration of experience of
status, gender and age. Descriptive and inferential medicinal plant practices as manifested in their age.
statistics revealed significant factors influencing
medicinal plant knowledge of Agusan Manobo Medicinal plants used and their distribution
key informants for cuts and wounds. The present study documented ethnobotanical
information on 48 species of medicinal
When grouped according to location and social plants belonging to 45 genera and 25 families
position, Kruskal-Wallis test revealed no significant for the treatment of cuts and wounds (Table 2).
differences of medicinal plant knowledge (p = 0.234 Most of these medicinal plants grow in the wild
and p = 0.580, respectively). This result may in various ecotypes as the Agusan Manobo believe
suggest that there could be an active exchange of that these plants with healing powers should
knowledge in the three localities among the thrive in their natural habitat.
Agusan Manobo tribal communities within and
among social positions. Sharing of information Only three species (6.25%) were Philippine
could be observed during their monthly social endemic, namely Cinnamomum mercadoi
meeting and preparation which perpetuates the S.Vidal, Homalomena philippinensis Engl. ex
uses and knowledge of their medicinal plants Engl. & K.Krause, and Omalanthus
used for cuts and wounds. However, when macradenius Pax & Hoffm. On the other hand,
respondents were grouped according to the other 45 species (93.75%) were recorded not
occupation, nonparametric Kruskal- Wallis test endemic. These species could be listed exotic
showed significant difference (p < 0.05) on their species which could be either introduced or
knowledge of medicinal plants used for cuts and naturalized, or both. Two recorded introduced
wounds. species were Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G. Don and
Jatropha curcas L. Naturalized species included
Respondents doing farming had the Ageratum conyzoides L., Chromolaena odorata
highest medicinal plant knowledge (Md = 36, n (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob., Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex
= 30), followed by those doing animal husbandry Sm., Jatropha gossypifolia L., Kalanchoe pinnata
(Md = 34, n = 9), employed respondents (Md = 29, n (Lam.) Pers., Phyllanthus amarus
= 10), and the lowest was recorded from the lone Schumach. & Thonn., and Piper aduncum L. Other
unemployed respondent (Md = 28, n = 1). species were both naturalized and invasive species
When grouped according to educational level, key such as Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. while some
informants who had secondary level as species were both introduced and naturalized such
highest educational qualification had the as Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Steud.,
highest medicinal plant knowledge (Md = 38, n = Pseudelephantopus spicatus (Juss.) Rohr, and
24), followed by primary level (Md = 35, n = 9), and Psidium guajava L. Some species were known
finally tertiary level (Md = native of the Neotropics, such as Ageratum
25, n = 17) as revealed by the highly conyzoides L., Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King
significant difference in Kruskal-Wallis test (p & H. Rob., and Hyptis capitata Jacq.
< 0.05). Moreover, both nonparametric Kruskal-
Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests showed
significant differences of key informants’
medicinal plant
 Ethnobotany Research and 9
The prehistoric introduction of plants, mostly medicinal plants continued during post-war
trees was preliminarily recorded among the and planting them were included in
Malayo- Polynesian settlers (Baguinon et al. 2003). reforestation (Baguinon et al. 2003). Large
Additional exotic trees and crops were number of invasive species were being used in
brought to the Philippines through Acapulco various ethnic groups since these could have
trade during the Spanish regime (Baguinon et competitive advantage for the resilience of medical
al. 2003) and even more exotic trees during systems in the Philippines. Exotic species could
the American regime (Caguioa 1953). Caguioa increase species diversity of plant species
(1953) provides a good account of the considered by the tribal community as medicinal or
introduction of plants to the therapeutic (Alencar et al. 2014).
Philippines. The introduction of exotics including

Table 2. Ethnomedicinal plants used for the trea tment of cuts and wounds
No. Scientific name Family Origin Folk name FC RFC Used Mode of
(Voucher No.) part preparation and
administration
1. Abroma augusta Byttneriaceae Samboligawn 10 0.22 Bark, Decocted leaf
(L.) L.f. leaf and bark are
(USTH 015637) washed on cuts
and wounds.
2. Acmella grandiflora Asteraceae Lunas pilipo 37 0.74 Flower Fresh flower is
(Turcz.) crushed and
R.K.Jansen applied on cuts
(USTH 015548) and wounds.
3. Ageratum Asteraceae Albahaca 15 0.30 Leaf Leaf is pounded
conyzoides L. and applied on
(USTH 015602) cuts and wounds.
4. Alstonia Apocynaceae Dita 29 0.58 Leaf Leaf is crushed,
macrophylla Wall. heated and
ex G.Don applied on cuts
(USTH 015546) and wounds.
5. Anodendron Apocynaceae Lunas tag-uli 36 0.72 Stem Stem infused
borneense (King & with coconut oil is
Gamble) D.J. applied on
Middleton to affected parts.
(USTH 015639)
6. Arcangelisia flava Menispermaceae Lagtang or 18 0.36 Stem Stem infused
(L.) Merr. Abutra with coconut oil is
(USTH 015600) applied on
to affected parts.
7. Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae Tuway-tuway 8 0.16 Leaf Leaf is
(USTH 015582) crushed and
applied on cuts
and wounds.
8. Chromolaena Asteraceae Hagonoy 33 0.66 Leaf Leaf sap is
odorata (L.) R.M. sap applied on to cuts
King & H. Rob. and wounds.
(USTH 015632)
9. Cinnamomum Lauraceae Ende Kaningag 37 0.74 Bark, Bark, branch and
mercadoi S.Vidal mic branch, root infused with
(USTH 015585) root coconut oil is are
applied on
affected parts.
10. Coleus Lamiaceae Mayana pula 33 0.66 Leaf Leaf is crushed
scutellarioides (L.) and applied on
Benth. cuts and wounds.
(USTH 015644)
11. Cratoxylum Hypericaceae Bansilay 17 0.34 Leaf Leaf is pounded
sumatranum (Jack) and applied on
Blume cuts and wounds.
(USTH 015541)
12. Curcuma longa L. Zingerberaceae Duwaw 10 0.20 Extract of the
(USTH 015674) Rhizom pounded rhizome
e is applied on to
affected parts.
13. Dianella ensifolia Xanthorrhoeaceae Ikug-ikug 13 0.26 Leaf Leaf is applied on
(L.) DC. to cuts and
(USTH 015656) wounds.
14. Eleusine indica (L.) Poaceae Bilabila 13 0.26 Leaf Decocted leaf is
Gaertn. washed on cuts
(USTH 015569) and wounds.
15. Erechtites Asteraceae Gapas-gapas 12 0.24 Leaf Leaf sap is
valerianifolius (Link bae sap applied on to cuts
ex Spreng.) DC. and wounds.
 Ethnobotany Research and 1
(USTH 015666)
16. Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae Tawa-tawa 27 0.54 Leaf Decocted leaf is
(USTH 015665) washed on cuts
and wounds.
17. Ficus concinna Moraceae Balete 38 0.76 Bark, Decocted bark
(Miq.) Miq. root and root are
(USTH 015552) washed on cuts
and wounds.
18. Gliricidia sepium Fabaceae Madre de 26 0.52 Leaf Leaf sap is
(Jacq.) Kunth ex Cacao sap applied on to cuts
Steud. and wounds.
(USTH 015620)
19. Gmelina arborea Lamiaceae Gemelina 24 0.48 Leaf The leaf is
Roxb. ex Sm. applied on to cuts
(USTH 015635) and wounds.
20. Hippobroma Campanulaceae Elepanteng 14 0.28 Leaf Decocted leaf is
longiflora (L.) G. puti washed on cuts
Don and wounds.
(USTH 015583)
21. Homalomena Araceae Ende Payaw 13 0.26 Rhizom Extract of the
philippinensis Engl. mic e pounded rhizome
ex Engl. & is applied on to
K.Krause affected parts.
(USTH 015597)
22. Hoya imbricata Apocynaceae Pikot-pikot 10 0.20 Leaf Burned and
Decne. powdered leaf
(USTH 015618) infused with
coconut oil is
applied on
to affected parts.
23. Hydrocotyle Araliaceae Goto kola 16 0.32 Leaf Leaf sap is
vulgaris L. sap applied on to cuts
(USTH 015563) and wounds.
24. Hyptis capitata Lamiaceae Sawan-sawan 15 0.30 Leaf Leaf is crushed
Jacq. and applied on
(USTH 015574) cuts and wounds.
25. Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae Tuba-tuba puti 19 0.38 Leaf Decocted leaf is
(USTH 015595) washed on cuts
and wounds.
26. Jatropha Euphorbiaceae Tuba-tuba 22 0.44 Leaf Decocted leaf is
gossypifolia L. tapol washed on cuts
(USTH 015586) and wounds.
27. Kalanchoe Crassulaceae Hanlilika 25 0.50 Leaf Decocted leaf is
pinnata (Lam.) washed on cuts
Pers. and wounds.
(USTH 015584)
28. Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Mangga 25 0.50 Leaf Leaf is crushed
(USTH 015591) and applied on
cuts and wounds.
29. Melastoma Melastomataceae Hantutuknaw 11 0.22 Stem Decocted stem is
malabathricum L. applied on cuts
(USTH 015588) and wounds.
30. Mentha canadensis Lamiaceae Sencia 10 0.20 Leaf Leaf is decocted
L. or crashed
(USTH 015670) crushed and
applied on
affected parts.
31. Micromelum Rutaceae Lunas kahoy 39 0.78 Root, Stem or root
minutum (G. Forst.) stem infused with
Wight & Arn. coconut oil is
(USTH 015538) applied on cuts
and wounds.
32. Mikania cordata Asteraceae Moti-moti 36 0.72 Leaf Leaf sap is
(Burm.f.) B.L. Rob. sap applied on to cuts
(USTH 015543) and wounds.
33. Ocimum basilicum Lamiaceae Sangig 12 0.24 Leaf Leaf is crushed
L. and applied on
(USTH 015630) cuts and wounds.
34. Omalanthus Euphorbiaceae Ende Banti 16 0.32 Leaf Leaf is pounded
macradenius Pax & mic and applied on
Hoffm. cuts and wounds.
(USTH 015633)
35. Paspalum Poaceae Miligoy 14 0.28 Root Decocted root
conjugatum P.J. is washed
Bergius on affected parts.
 Ethnobotany Research and 1
(USTH 015627)
36. Phyllanthus amarus Phyllantaceae Talikod or 23 0.46 Fruit, Decocted fruit
Schumach. & Likod-likod root and root are
Thonn. washed on
(USTH 015590) affected parts.
37. Piper aduncum L. Piperaceae Lunas buyo 25 0.50 Stem Decocted stem is
(USTH 015568) applied on cuts
and wounds.
38. Piper decumanum Piperaceae Lunas bagon 42 0.84 Stem Stem infused
L. tapol with coconut oil is
(USTH 015544) applied on to cuts
and wounds.
39. Piper nigrum L. Piperaceae Lunas bagon 40 0.80 Stem Stem infused
(USTH 015560) puti (wild) with coconut oil is
applied on to cuts
and wounds.
40. Pipturus Urticaceae Handamay 16 0.32 Bark Bark is scraped
arborescens (Link) and applied on
C.B. Rob. cuts and wounds.
(USTH 015673)
41. Poikilospermum Urticaceae Hanupi 14 0.28 Root Decocted root
acuminatum is washed
(Trecul.) Merr. on affected parts.
(USTH 015655)
42. Premna odorata Lamiaceae Abgaw 25 0.50 Leaf Leaf is crushed
Blanco and applied on
(USTH 015559) cuts and wounds.
43. Pseudelephantopu Asteraceae Kukog banog 11 0.22 Leaf Leaf sap is
s spicatus (Juss.) sap dropped on
Rohr affected parts.
(USTH 015564)
44. Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Bayabas 38 0.76 Leaf Decocted leaf is
(USTH 015663) washed on cuts
and wounds.
45. Rosa sp. Rosaceae Rose (wild) 12 0.24 Flower Flower is infused
(USTH 015628) with hot water
and applied on
affected parts.
46. Sida rhombifolia L. Malvaceae Eskuba laki 12 0.24 Bark, Decocted leaf
(USTH 015601) leaf and bark are
washed on cuts
and wounds.
47. Tinospora crispa Menispermaceae Panyawan 28 0.56 Stem Stem sap is
(L.) Hook.f. & sap dropped on
Thomson affected parts.
(USTH 015566)
48. Urena lobata L. Malvaceae Dupang bae 14 0.28 Whole Burn the whole
(USTH 015664) plant plant as incense
and smolder
smoke it around
the affected
parts.

Folk plant names particular disease or health condition.

Folk plant names are highly essential in the field of Accordingly, two Piper species, namely Piper
ethnopharmacology, pharmacognosy, and decumanum L. (lunas bagon tapol), and the wild
pharmacovigilance (Farah et al. 2006, De Boer et al. Piper nigrum L. (lunas bagon puti) have local
2014) and very useful basis of name similarity denoted with the first word lunas
ethnoclassification (Ghorbani et al. 2017, Dapar et (meaning cure in Minanubu and Bisayan dialects).
al. 2020a, 2020b). Interestingly, previous The respondents distinguish these two Piper
investigations also showed that plant names species based on the leaf and stem coloration with
could serve as indicators of the local shades of white for P. nigrum while shades of
knowledge patterns (Franco 2009) and red for P. decumanum. Another lunas named
linguistic stratigraphy (Bostoen 2007) of Piper species is Piper aduncum L. (lunas
the community. buyo) which has nothing to do with the
ethnoclassification of colour. These folk names
Our findings reveal that folk names of medicinal are essential ethnoclassification references but
plants among the Agusan Manobo are based on the reliance on these names can cause confusion
traditional uses of plants as a treatment for resulting to incorrect identification of plant
a species
 Ethnobotany Research and 1
which must be confirmed using molecular data The best-represented family was Asteraceae
(Dapar et al. 2020a, 2020b), or evaluation of its with seven species, also with the highest FIV
constituent present and cytotoxic properties (Dapar (337.78), followed by Lamiaceae (FIV=264.44)
et al. 2020b). Recently, two Piper species used by with six species. Third highest FIV was Piperaceae
the Agusan Manobo were molecularly confirmed as (237.78) with three species and followed by
an indigenous Piper decumanum and an introduced Euphorbiaceae (FIV=186.67) with four species as
Piper aduncum (Dapar et al. 2020b). Other tabulated in Table
associated lunas named species were Anodendron 3. Asteraceae (sunflower family) is the largest family
borneense (King & Gamble) D.J.Middleton of flowering plants with uncounted pharmacological
(lunas tag-uli), Acmella grandiflora (Turcz.) properties against inflammation, tumor, bacterial,
R.K.Jansen (lunas pilipo), and Micromelum and fungal infections (Koc et al. 2015). Lamiaceae
minutum (G.Forst.) Wight & Arn. (lunas kahoy). (mint family) possesses a wide range of
However, among the identified lunas named medicinal and aromatic plants with abundant
species, two species, namely A. borneense and essential oils that are used in traditional and
P. decumanum were novel ethnomedicinal modern medicine (Mamadalieva et al. 2017).
reports for cuts and wounds to date and only Piperaceae (pepper family) contains species of
reported among the Agusan Manobo in herbs known to have medicinal properties as
Mindanao, Philippines. effective antibacterial (Scott et al. 2008; Rekha et
al. 2014), as a potential treatment for skin
Relative importance of medicinal plant infections, cuts and wounds. Euphorbiaceae
species and families (spurge family) are mostly of herbs often showing
Two Piper species were cited to be the effective remedies against various skin ailments,
most important medicinal plant species in the inflammation, and injuries like several species under
three barangays (villages) of Sibagat for the the genus Euphorbia L. (Ernst et al.
treatment of cuts and wounds. These were Piper 2015).
decumanum L. (RFC=0.84) and wild Piper
nigrum (RFC=0.80). Piper extracts are widely Table 3. FIV values of medicinal plants used by the
known, particularly in South Agusan Manobo for cuts and wounds.
Asian medicinal practices as effective Family
antibacterial
(Scott et al. 2008), with diverse phytochemicals and No. Family Importance Value
(FIV)
essential oils as an effective treatment of diseases
1. Anacardiaceae 55.56
(Salehi et al. 2019). The most commonly used spice
2. Apocynaceae 166.67
Piper species, P. nigrum, is known to have 3. Araceae 28.89
remarkable pharmacological activities 4. Araliaceae 35.56
including wound healing properties (Salehi et al. 5. Asteraceae 337.78
2019). Piper nigrum in this study was collected from 6. Byttneriaceae 22.22
the wild as believed to be a potent medicinal plant 7. Campanulaceae 31.11
8. Crassulaceae 55.56
for cuts and wounds among the respondents. 9. Euphorbiaceae 186.67
Correspondingly, cultivated or commercialized P. 10. Fabaceae 57.78
nigrum could only be used as additives in foods 11. Hypericaceae 37.78
and not as effective as collected from the wild 12. Lamiaceae 264.44
for treatment of cuts and wounds of the Agusan 13. Lauraceae 82.22
14. Malvaceae 57.78
Manobo.
15. Melastomataceae 24.44
16. Menispermaceae 102.22
Other highly cited and relatively important 17. Moraceae 84.44
species are members of other families. These 18. Myrtaceae 84.44
species were Anodendron borneense (King 19. Phyllantaceae 51.11
& Gamble) D.J.Middleton (RFC=0.72, 20. Piperaceae 237.78
21. Poaceae 60.00
Apocynaceae), Acmella grandiflora (Turcz.)
22. Rosaceae 26.67
R.K.Jansen (RFC=0.74, Asteraceae), and 23. Rutaceae 86.67
Micromelum minutum (G.Forst.) Wight & Arn. 24. Urticaceae 66.67
(RFC=0.78, Rutaceae). The wound healing 25. Xanthorrhoeaceae 28.89
potentials of these species could be 26. Zingerberaceae 22.22
supported by previous wound healing investigations
under the same genus or family. These species Asteraceae, the highest FIV in this study, is among
were Piper species (Piperaceae) (Durant-Archibold the largest families of flowering plants in the world
et al. (Hattori & Nakajima 2008) with ca. 1600 genera and
2018; Salehi et al. 2019); Carissa spinarum L. ca. 23,000 species botanically described (Funk et al.
(Apocynaceae) (Sanwal & Chaudhary 2011); 2009) and even more revisions in relation to its
Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K.Jansen and biology and chemistry. Asteraceae has a very wide
Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC. (both
Asteraceae) (Yamane et al. 2016); and
Clausena excavata Burm.f. (Rutaceae) (Albaayit
et al. 2015).
 Ethnobotany Research and 1
distribution dispersed in all continents except al. 2014; Pizon et al. 2016), and the Ayta
Antarctica (Jeffrey 2007) but with (Tantengco
cosmopolitan representation in temperate and et al. 2018).
semiarid regions of the tropics and subtropics
(Roque & Bautista 2008) including the Philippines. The majority of the documented medicinal plants
The family is very diverse with very complex were herbs (39%), followed by trees (23%), shrubs
morphology and taxonomy. The current (21%), and climbers (17%) as shown in Figure 3.
classification recognizes 12 subfamilies, and The most frequently used plant part is the leaves
43 tribes which are often herbaceous plants and (49%) with decoction as the most common
small shrubs, but rarely trees (Campos et al. 2016). mode of preparation (31%) as illustrated in Figures
Nationwide distribution of this medicinal plant family 4 and 5, respectively.
is widespread as used by various ethnic tribes
throughout the Philippine archipelago. Asteraceae This is the first ethnomedicinal documentation of
dominates medicinal plant collections in a number of medicinal plants focusing on cuts and
Philippine ethnobotanical surveys in several wounds among the ethnic tribes in the Philippines.
ethnic groups, namely the Higaonon (Olowa et al. Cl
2012), the Ivatan (Abe & Ohtani 2013), the Muslim 17%
Maranao (Olowa & Demayo 2015), the
Ilongot-Eǵongot (Balberona et al. 2018), the Ayta
(Tantengco et al. Hb
2018), and the Subanen (Alduhisa & Demayo 2019) 39%
with the emphasis for the treatment of cuts and
wounds.

Comparison with other ethnomedicinal Sh

studies for cuts and wounds 21%
Comparative evaluation of ethnobotanical studies of
medicinal plants used for cuts and wounds
across countries showed either convergent or
divergent data as shown in Table 4. Useful species
and plant parts including mode of
preparation varied geographically across
Tr
continents. Leaves remained the mostly used aerial 23%
plant part prepared in several
ways for treatment of cuts and wounds. Useful
species in different countries were also diverse Figure 3. Plant habit of medicinal plants. Cl, climber;
indicating divergent information primarily depending Hb, herb; Sh, shrub; Tr, tree
on the ecological types and habitats of
these
medicinal plant species to thrive. Rz Wh
Fw
3% 2%
Current findings also showed that the leaves of the Rt 3%
documented medicinal plants used by the 7%
Agusan Manobo have traditional wound healing
potential. The highest percentage of using
leaves was previously reported in ethnobotanical Bk
studies across divergent cultural communities in 9%
the Philippines (Olowa et al. 2012, Abe & Ohtani Lf
2013, Ong & Kim 49%
2014, Morilla et al. 2014, Olowa & Demayo
2015, Pizon et al. 2016, Balangcod & Balangcod Sp
2018, Tantengco et al. 2018, Dapar et al. 2020a). 11%
Most of these ethnic tribes cited more than one plant
part like leaves, stems, barks, and roots of the same
species. Sometimes, a mixture of multiple plant
parts was suggested for a more effective treatment. St
Decoction as the most common method of 16%
preparation is similar to previous
ethnobotanical investigations of medicinal
plants among other Philippine indigenous
tribes such as the Higaonon (Olowa et al. 2012), Ati
Negrito (Ong & Kim 2014), the Muslim
Figure 4. Medicinal plant parts used. Bk, bark; Br,
Maranaos
branch; Fw, flower; Lf, leaf; Rt, root; Rz, rhizome;
(Olowa & Demayo 2015), the Subanens (Morilla et St, stem; Wh, whole plant.
 Ethnobotany Research and 1

Ht 3. The ethnomedicinal information documented

Bu
2% through this study could serve as lead for
Po 4%
further pharmacological investigations and clinical
10%
studies.
Dc
31%
4. Relative medicinal importance of the reported
species in this study will serve as reference for
future conservation priorities.
In
16%
5. This study demonstrated the importance
of documenting ethnomedicinal knowledge
to perpetuate cultural traditions and save
traditional knowledge for future use and advantage.

Cr Da Conclusions
18% 19% This study discussed the rich ethnomedicinal plant
knowledge of Agusan Manobo on medicinal plants
used to treat cuts and wounds. The results obtained
include new reports of medicinal uses from two
Figure 5. Mode of preparation and administration of indigenous species documented for the first time for
medicinal plants. Bu, burning; Cr, crushing; Da, cuts and wounds only known from the Agusan
directly applying; Dc, decoction; Ht, heating; In,
Manobo. This study highlights the need for
infusion; Po, pounding.
more comprehensive documentation of medicinal
Research highlights plants used for treating different ailments. This
wealth of traditional knowledge of Agusan
1. The present study presents ethnomedicinal Manobo could be lost unless it is transmitted in
information on plants used by the Agusan Manobo its entirety to the younger generation. Our results
to treat cuts and wounds. reinforce the need for complete documentation of
indigenous traditional knowledge related to
2. Two documented indigenous species, namely A. wound healing before it becomes lost and
borneense and P. decumanum are forgotten. It is also essential to recognize the role
novel ethnomedicinal information used to treat of indigenous knowledge for future drug discovery
cuts and wounds reported only from the Agusan and development, sustainability and conservation of
Manobo plant genetic resources.
community.

Table 4. Comparative ethnomedicinal information of medicinal plants used for cuts and wounds across continents.
Location Useful Parts Mode of Useful species for cuts and wounds Reference
Preparation
Eastern Leaf, stem Poultice, infusions Polystichum pungens, Cheilanthes Grierson &
Cape, bark, root, made from fresh viridis, Malva parvifolia, and Grewia Afolayan
South bulb, and or dried material, occidentalis 1999
Africa corm extracted juice,
lotion, powder,
and ointment
Russia and Leaf, flower, Galenical, Vitis spp., Punica granatum, Simmondsia Mamedov et
Central root, seed, essential oil, spp., Arnica chamissonis, Arnica foliosa, al. 2005
Asia rhizome powder, juice Arnica montana, Hippophae rhamnoides,
Aloe arborescens, Plantago major,
Plantago psyllium, Viola tricolor
Izmir Leaf, aerial Salve, poultice, Achillea millefolium, Arctium Ugulu et al.
Province, parts, seed, oil, powder, tomentosum, Calendula officinalis, 2009
Turkey tuber, gum, decoction, juice Borago officinalis, Capsella
petal bursapastoris, Hypericum perforatum,
Momardica charantia, Trigonella foenum-
graecum, Rosmarinus officinalis,
Asphodelus aestivus, Malva sylvestris,
Papaver rhoeas, Pinus pinea, Rumex
patientia, Paliurus spina-christi, Rosa
damescena, Rubus canescens,
Verbascum thapsus, Veronica officinalis,
Solanum nigrum, and Parietaria Judaica
 Ethnobotany Research and 1
Luzon, Leaf, stem Fresh stem latex Epipremnum pinnatum, Alocasia Abe &
Philippines or leaf sap, macrorrhiza, Colocasia esculenta, Aloe Ohtani 2013
poultice barbadensis, Ageratum conyzoides,
Crassocephalum crepidioides, and
Commelina benghalensis
Visayas, Leaf, bark Infusions, fresh Mangifera indica, Annona squamosa, Ong & Kim
Philippines stem latex or leaf and Parameria laevigata 2014
sap and extract
Kerala, Leaf, root, Fresh juice, Tridax procumbens, Mimosa pudica, Thomas et
India bark, latex, powder, paste and Viscum articulatum, Hemigraphis al. 2014
tuber, decoction colorata, Leonotis nepatifolia, Melastoma
inflorescence, malabathricum, Cleome viscosa,
and whole Euphorbia hirta, Tagetes erecta, Oxalis
plant corniculata, and Ziziphus enoplia
Dobruja Leaf, fruit, Fermented, Cydonia oblonga, Malus domestica, Pieroni et al.
(South- aerial parts, distilled, dried Nicotiana tabacum, Plantago major, 2015
East bulb Prunus armeniaca, Prunus cerasifera,
Romania) Prunus domestica, Prunus persica, and
Pyrus communis, and Vitis vinifera
Mediterran Aerial parts Oil, wash, Hypericum perforatum L., Juglans regia Tsioutsiou et
ean compress or L., and Plantago lanceolata L. al. 2017
poultice, and
ointment
Azad Leaf and Paste, powder, Hypericum perforatum, Berberis lycium, Amjad et al.
Jammu and resin and poultice Sapindus mukorossi, Adiantum 2017
Kashmir, venustum, and Rumex dentatus
Pakistan
Balkan Rhizome, Infusion, Plantago major, Hypericum perforatum, Jarić et al.
region bulb, root, decoction, Plantago lanceolata, Achillea millefolium, 2018
(Southeast stem, fruit, tincture, syrup, oil, Calendula officinalis, Sambucus nigra,
Europe) flower, seed, ointment, and Tussilago farfara, and Prunus domestica.
resin, and balm, or direct to
whole plant the skin

Declarations Consent for publication: Consent was obtained for

photographing individuals.
List of abbreviations: CDFP: Co’s Digital Flora of
the Philippines; DENR: Department of Environment Availability of data and materials: Data can
and Natural Resources; USTGS-ERC: University of be obtained from the corresponding author
Santo Tomas Graduate School - Ethics Review upon request.
Board; FIV: Family Importance Value; FPIC:
Free Prior Informed Consent; IPMR: Indigenous
Conflict of interests: The authors declare that they
Peoples Mandatory Representative; NCIP:
National Commission on Indigenous Peoples; have no competing financial interest.
PENRO: Provincial Environment and Natural
Resources Office; RFC: Relative Frequency of Funding: This research was supported by
Citation the Department of Health - Philippine Institute
of Traditional and Alternative Health Care
Ethical approval and consent to participate: Free (DOH- PITAHC).
prior informed consents (FPICs) were obtained from
the municipal mayor and all Authors’ contributions: MLD proposed the
participants. Certifications from the tribal council of study and conducted the fieldwork, collection and
elders and the National Commission on analysis of data. MLD and GJA developed the
Indigenous Peoples of CARAGA Administrative manuscript. UM and SLS improved the manuscript
Region (NCIP-CARAGA, no. R13-2019-01) were and critically analyzed all data. All authors read,
granted. Wildlife gratuitous permit was issued corrected and approved the final manuscript.
from the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources of CARAGA Administrative
Region (DENR-CARAGA, no. R13-
Acknowledgements
2019-12) granting permission for wild plant We are very thankful to the Manobo indigenous
collection. Ethics approval was acquired from community of Sibagat, Agusan del Sur who
the University of Santo Tomas Graduate School - participated in our study. We also extend
Ethics Review Board (USTGS-ERC, protocol no. our gratitude to the DOH-PITAHC, the local
GS-2019- PN007). government
 Ethnobotany Research and 1
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