Additional exercise

1.4 Counting principles and the

binomial theorem
1 Simplify then evaluate the following expressions:
8!
a
6!
2!
b
4!
4!2!
c
6!

2 Simplify the following expressions:

𝑛!
a
(𝑛−2)!

(𝑛+2)!
b
(𝑛−1)!

(𝑛2 −4)!
c
(𝑛−2)(𝑛2 −5)!

(𝑛!)2
d
(𝑛−1)!(𝑛+1)!

3 How many different odd 3 digit numbers are there?

4 The letters of the word BARRIER are arranged. How many different permutations are there,
starting with:

a the letter R

b all three Rs?

5 Nghia has a bunch of identical toy cars: 4 are red, 3 are green and 2 are yellow. In how many
ways can he line up his cars for a race?

6 Write down an English word where the number of possible permutations of the letters is equal
5!
to . Explain your answer.
2!

7 There are 5 people who need to sit in a row of chairs. Calculate the number of permutations for
each situation below:

a There are 5 chairs.

b There are 6 chairs.

c There are 5 chairs, but Jack, one of the people, needs to be on either end.

d There are 5 chairs, but Jack needs to be in the middle.

e There are 5 chairs, but Jack and Jill, another one of the people, must sit together.

f There are 5 chairs, but Jack and Jill refuse to sit together.

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 Additional exercise

8 Using only the digits 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, and 9 without repetition,

a How many 3 digit numbers greater than 6500 can be formed?

b How many 3 digit even numbers can be formed?

c How many numbers less than 400 can be formed?

9 Solve the following equations algebraically

a nP2 = 30

b nP3 = 60

c 2n + nP2 = 56

10 A jury of 6 men and 6 women must be chosen from a pool of 14 men and 16 women. How
many different juries can be formed?

11 Consider the word CABBAGE. How many permutations are there if:

a All the letters are used?

b All letters are used and it starts with a B?

c All letters are used and it starts with a vowel?

12 From a group of 5 students, three must be selected to work on a committee.

a How many different committees are possible?

b How many different committees are possible if Mohammed, one of the students, must be on
the committee?

c How many different committees are possible if Mohammed and Tenzin, another one of the
students, cannot work together?

13 Find the indicated term in the expansions below.

a The 6th term of (2𝑥 − 𝑦)9 .

b The 4th term of (𝑥 + 5𝑦)7 .

c The middle term of (𝑥 2 − 2)8 .

d The constant term of (3𝑥 − 2)10 .

14

a Find the term containing 𝑥 3 in the expansion of (𝑥 − 3)8 .

b Hence, find the term containing 𝑥 4 in the expansion of −2𝑥(𝑥 − 3)8 .

15 The fourth term in the expansion of (2𝑥 − 𝑘)8 is −387072𝑥 5 . Find the value of k.

16 Find the coefficient of the term containing 𝑎3 𝑏 6 in the expansion of (𝑎 − 𝑏 2 )6 .

17 Use the binomial theorem to estimate 1.814 to three decimal places.

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 Additional exercise

3 1
18 Expand for |𝑥| < .
(1−2𝑥) 2

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 Additional exercise

Answers

8×7×6!
1 a
6!
= 56

2! 1
b
4×3×2!
= 12

4!×2! 2×1 1
c = =
6×5×4! 6×5 15

𝑛! 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)!
2 a
(𝑛−2)!
= (𝑛−2)!
= 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) = 𝑛2 − 𝑛

(𝑛+2)! (𝑛+2)(𝑛+1)𝑛(𝑛−1)!
b
(𝑛−1)!
= (𝑛−1)!
= 𝑛(𝑛2 + 3𝑛 + 2) = 𝑛3 + 3𝑛2 + 2𝑛

(𝑛2 −4)! (𝑛2 −4)(𝑛2 −5)! 𝑛2 −4 (𝑛−2)(𝑛+2)

c
(𝑛−2)(𝑛2 −5)!
= (𝑛−2)(𝑛2 −5)!
= = =𝑛+2
𝑛−2 (𝑛−2)

(𝑛!)2 𝑛!𝑛! 𝑛! 𝑛! 𝑛(𝑛−1)! 𝑛! 1 𝑛

d
(𝑛−1)!(𝑛+1)!
= (𝑛−1)!(𝑛+1)! = (𝑛−1)! ∙ (𝑛+1)! = ∙
(𝑛−1)! (𝑛+1)𝑛!
= 𝑛 ∙ (𝑛+1) = 𝑛+1

3 An odd three digit cannot start with 0 and must end with one of 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, therefore

(9)(10)(5) = 450

3(6!)
4 a
3!
= 360

3!(4!)
b
3!
= 24

9! 362880 362880
5
4!3!2!
= (24)(6)(2) = 288
= 1260

6 Answers will vary. Some possible answers are: hello, apple, needy.

7 a 5 𝑃5 =120

b 6𝑃5 =720

c 2(4!) = 48

d (4!) = 24

e 2(4!) = 48

f 5! − 2(4!) = 120 − 48 = 72

8 a Case 1: Start with a 6 with second digit 5, 8, or 9

(1)(3)(4)(3) = 36

Case 2: Starting with a 8 or 9

(2)(5)(4)(3) = 120

Total: 36 + 120 = 156

b An even number must end in 2, 6, or 8:

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 Additional exercise

(5)(4)(3) = 60

c Case 1: three digit number

(2)(5)(4) = 40

Case 2: two digit number

(6)(5) = 30

Case 1: one digit number

Total:40 + 30 + 6 = 76

9 a n𝑃2 = 30
𝑛!
(𝑛−2)!
= 30

𝑛(𝑛 − 1) = 30

𝑛2 − 𝑛 − 30 = 0

(𝑛 − 6)(𝑛 + 5) = 0

𝑛 = 6, −5

Since 𝑛 ≥ 0, 𝑛 = 6

b n𝑃3 = 60
𝑛!
(𝑛−3)!
= 60

𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) = 60

𝑛(𝑛2 − 3𝑛 + 2) = 60

𝑛3 − 3𝑛2 + 2𝑛 − 60 = 0

By GDC, 𝑛 = 5

c 2n + n𝑃2 = 56
𝑛!
2𝑛 + (𝑛−2)! = 56

2𝑛 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) = 56

𝑛2 + 𝑛 − 56 = 0

(𝑛 + 8)(𝑛 − 7) = 0

𝑛 = 7, −8

Since 𝑛 ≥ 0, 𝑛 = 7

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 Additional exercise

14 16
10 ( ) ∙ ( ) = 24 048 024
6 6
7! 5040
11 a
2!2!
= 4
= 1260

(2)(6!) 1440
b
2!2!
= 4
= 360

(3)(6!) 2160
c
2!2!
= 4
= 540

5
12 a ( ) = 10
3
1 4
b ( )∙( )=6
1 2
c Case 1: Mohammed is on the committee, but Tenzin is not.

1 3
( )∙( )=3
1 2
Case 2: Tenzin is on the committee, but Mohammed is not.

1 3
( )∙( )=3
1 2
Case 3: Neither one is on the committee.

3
( )=1
3
Total: 7

9
13 a ( ) (2𝑥)4 (−𝑦)5 = 126(16𝑥 4 )(−𝑦 5 ) = −2016𝑥 4 𝑦 5
5
7
b ( ) (𝑥)4 (5𝑦)3 = 35(𝑥 4 )(125𝑦 3 ) = 4375𝑥 4 𝑦 3
3
c There are 9 terms, so the middle term is the 5th.

8
( ) (𝑥 2 )4 (−2)4 = 70(𝑥 8 )(16) = 1120𝑥 8
4
10
d ( ) (3𝑥)0 (−2)10 = 1024
10
8
14 a ( ) (𝑥)3 (−3)5 = 56(𝑥 3 )(−243) = −13608𝑥 3
5
b (−2𝑥)(−13608𝑥 3 ) = 27216𝑥 4

8 (2𝑥)5 (−𝑘)3
15 ( ) = −387072𝑥 5
3
56(32𝑥 5 )(−𝑘 3 ) = −387072𝑥 5

−1792𝑘 3 𝑥 5 = −387072𝑥 5

−1792𝑘 3 = −387072

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 Additional exercise

𝑘 3 = 216
3 3
√𝑘 3 = √216

𝑘=6

6 (𝑎)3 (−𝑏2 )3
16 ( ) = 20(𝑎3 )(−𝑏6 ) = −20𝑎3 𝑏6
3
The coefficient is -20.

17
1.814 = (1 + 0.81)4 =
4 4 4 4 4
( ) (1)4 (0.81)0 + ( ) (1)3 (0.81)1 + ( ) (1)2 (0.81)2 + ( ) (1)1 (0.81)3 + ( ) (1)0 (0.81)4
0 1 2 3 4
1.814 = 1 + 4(0.81) + 6(0.812 ) + 4(0.813 ) + (0.81)4

1.814 = 10.7328 ≈ 10.733

3
18
(1−2𝑥)
= 3(1 − 2𝑥)−1

3 (1)(2) (1)(2)(3)
= 3 (1 + (1)(2𝑥) + (2𝑥)2 + (2𝑥)3 +⋯)
(1−2𝑥) 2! 3!

3
(1−2𝑥)
= 3(1 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 3 + ⋯ )

3
(1−2𝑥)
= 3 + 6𝑥 + 12𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 3 + ⋯

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