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Finite Element Analysis

The document provides an introduction to finite element analysis, which is a numerical method for solving engineering problems by dividing a structure into smaller pieces or elements. It discusses how finite element analysis can be used for structure design and analysis to calculate stresses, deformations, and failure modes. Examples of how finite element analysis has been applied to various industries such as aerospace, civil engineering, and automotive are also presented.

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76 views17 pages

Finite Element Analysis

The document provides an introduction to finite element analysis, which is a numerical method for solving engineering problems by dividing a structure into smaller pieces or elements. It discusses how finite element analysis can be used for structure design and analysis to calculate stresses, deformations, and failure modes. Examples of how finite element analysis has been applied to various industries such as aerospace, civil engineering, and automotive are also presented.

Uploaded by

SHANZYY
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Finite Element Analysis

BMCG 4113

MOHD JUZAILA ABD LATIF PhD, CEng, MIMechE


Introduction: Structure

The purpose of structure is to


transfer or to carry applied load. In
the case of building and bridge,
loads are transferred to the
ground.

Structure design
- How to transfer the load on the different component of structure

Structure analysis
- Calculate stress and deformation due to the external loading
Introduction: Structure

Structure design concept


• Elements structure and non-structure

• Integrated structure

✓ Fail safe
✓ Safe life
Introduction: Structure

Structure analysis
• Strength - evaluation of stress level on the design
- how the design could stand to the external load

• Stiffness - evaluation of the deformation on the design


- how the deformation will affect the function or aesthetic of the design
Failure mode
• Fracture mechanic
• Structure instability (buckling)
• Fatigue
• Others: Environmental attack, Wear
Loading
• Static
• Dynamic
• Thermal
• Linear, Non-linear
Introduction: Finite Element Analysis

• A numerical method for solving problems of engineering and mathematical physics.


• Useful for problems with complicated geometries, loadings, and material
properties where analytical solutions can not be obtained.
• Developed by engineer using physical insight, consist of cutting a structure into
several elements (pieces of structure) describing the behavior of each element in a
simple way.
Introduction: Finite Element Analysis
Analytical Solution
• Stress analysis for trusses, beams, and other simple structures
are carried out based on dramatic simplification and idealization:
– mass concentrated at the center of gravity F
– beam simplified as a line segment (same cross-section)
• Design is based on the calculation results of the idealized
structure & a large safety factor (1.5-3) given by experience.
FEA
• Design geometry is a lot more complex and the accuracy
requirement is a lot higher. We need:
– To understand the physical behaviors of a complex object F
(strength, heat transfer capability, fluid flow, etc.)
– To predict the performance and behavior of the design; to
calculate the safety margin; and to identify the weakness of
the design accurately; and
– To identify the optimal design with confidence.
Introduction: Finite Element Analysis

FEA History

• 1950s Aircraft Industry: Wing Structure


• 1960s Civil Structures: Dams, Bridges, Nuclear installations. Complete Aircraft
Structure, Space
• 1970s Ship and Submarine. Heavy Engineering. Offshore Platforms. Machine
tools. Automotive Industry
• 1980s Small Mass-Produced Components. Domestic and Consumer Goods.
Impact and Crash Analysis
• 1990s Airbags. Biomechanics. Pedestrian Impact. Sophisticated Crash Models
Introduction: Finite Element Analysis
FEA Example
Design Criteria

Design of Static Strength


• Static strength
• Failures theory
- Maximum-normal-stress theory
- Maximum shear stress theory
- Distortion energy theory

Design of Fatigue Strength


Failure Mode

Ductile materials
• Ductile material is one which has a relatively large tensile strain before fracture
takes place. Failure is specified by the initiation of yielding.
• Ductile failure can be defined when slipping occurs between the crystals that
compose the material. This slipping is due to the shear stress
Example of ductile material: steels and aluminum
Failure Mode
Brittle materials
• Brittle materials has a relatively small tensile strain before fracture, failure is
specified by fracture
• The fracture of a brittle material is caused only by the maximum tensile stress in the
material, and not to the compressive

Example of brittle material: cast iron


Failure Theories

Ductile materials (yield criteria)

• Maximum shear stress theory


• Distortion energy theory
• Ductile Coulomb-Mohr theory

Brittle materials (fracture criteria)

• Maximum normal stress theory


• Brittle Coulomb-Mohr theory
• Modified Mohr
Failure Theories

• Maximum normal stress theory

Brittle materials fail suddenly through rupture or


fracture in a tensile test. The failure condition is
characterized by the ultimate strength σU.

Maximum normal stress criteria:


Structural component is safe as long as the
maximum normal stress is less than the ultimate
strength of a tensile test specimen.

 a  U
 b  U
Failure Theories

• Maximum shear stress theory

Structural component is safe as long as the maximum shearing stress is less than the
maximum shearing stress in a tensile test specimen at yield.

Y
 max   Y =
2
For a and b with the same sign,
a b Y
 max = or 
2 2 2
For a and b with opposite signs,

 a −b Y
 max = 
2 2
Failure Theories

• Distortion energy theory (von Mises)


Structural component is safe as long as the distortion energy per unit volume
is less than that occurring in a tensile test specimen at yield.

ud  uY
 vonMises   Y

Where  vonMises =  a2 −  a b +  b2
Failure Theories
• Maximum shear stress theory / Distortion energy theory

Comparison between maximum-shear stress and maximum-distortion


energy criteria
Actual torsion test result show
Y/Y range from 0.55 to 0.60.
Thus, the maximum-distortion-
energy theory appears more
accurate

Y
( Y )von _ Mises 3 = 1.15
=
( Y )Tresca Y
2
Y
= 0.577 Y
3
Factor of Safety

yield  stress
fS =
working  stress

Needed because:
➢ Mathematical models only approximation
➢ Material property vary from batch to batch
➢ Type of loading produce unknown stresses
➢ Residual stresses from manufacturing processes
➢ Effect of environment, heat, ageing, corrosion etc.

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