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3.4 Partial Fractions, Mat 2280: Specific Cases Where Partial Fractions Is Not Necessary 1.

1. This document discusses partial fraction decomposition, which is a technique for rewriting rational functions as a sum of simpler fractional components. 2. It provides examples of rational functions and identifies cases where partial fraction decomposition is not necessary, such as when the numerator and denominator have the same degree or a repeated linear factor. 3. The steps for knowing when to use partial fraction decomposition are outlined as inspecting the degrees of the numerator and denominator and rewriting the expression if the numerator degree is less than the denominator degree.

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Olivier Uwamahoro
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44 views8 pages

3.4 Partial Fractions, Mat 2280: Specific Cases Where Partial Fractions Is Not Necessary 1.

1. This document discusses partial fraction decomposition, which is a technique for rewriting rational functions as a sum of simpler fractional components. 2. It provides examples of rational functions and identifies cases where partial fraction decomposition is not necessary, such as when the numerator and denominator have the same degree or a repeated linear factor. 3. The steps for knowing when to use partial fraction decomposition are outlined as inspecting the degrees of the numerator and denominator and rewriting the expression if the numerator degree is less than the denominator degree.

Uploaded by

Olivier Uwamahoro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

4 PARTIAL FRACTIONS, MAT 2280


Specific Cases where partial fractions is not necessary
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 2
1. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
∫ 𝑥−4 𝑑𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 1
2. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
∫ 4−5𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 1
3. 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
∫ (2𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 1
4.
𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
∫ (𝑥−5)3 𝑑𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 1
5. 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 (𝑛𝑜 𝑥−𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚)
∫ 𝑥 2 +9 𝑑𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 1
6.
𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 (𝑛𝑜 𝑥−𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚)
∫ 𝑥 2 −9 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 1
7.
𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐
∫ 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+17 𝑑𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 1
8. 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐
∫ 3𝑥 2 −𝑥+7 𝑑𝑥

𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑥−1
9. 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐
∫ 4𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥

𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑥+1
10. 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐
∫ (𝑥 2 +1)2 𝑑𝑥
Partial Fraction Decomposition
A rational function is a ratio with a polynomial on top and bottom.
𝑝(𝑥)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑞(𝑥)
Examples
𝑥 3 +𝑥
a. 𝑥−1

𝑥 2 +2𝑥−1
b. 2𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 −2𝑥

𝑥 4 −2𝑥 2 +4𝑥+1
c. 𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 −𝑥+1

2𝑥 2 −𝑥+4
d. 𝑥 3 +4𝑥

4𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2
e. 4𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3

Steps for knowing how to do partial fractions

1. Inspect degree of numerator and denominator

a. If the degree of numerator is less than the degree of denominator we move to step 2.
b. If the degree of numerator is greater than or equal to the degree of denominator then we
first use long division
2. For remaining rational function we use partial fraction decomposition to rewrite the expression.

𝑥 3 +𝑥
Example 1. Evaluate. ∫ 𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥
Example 2. Write out the form of the partial fraction decomposition of the function. Do not determine the
numerical values of the coefficients.
7
a. 2𝑥 2 +5𝑥−12

1
b. 𝑥 4 −𝑥 3

𝑥 2 −2
c. 𝑥(𝑥 2 +2)

𝑥 2 +1
d. 𝑥 2 −1

𝑥 3 −4𝑥 2 +2
e. (𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥 2 +2)
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−1
Example 3. Evaluate. ∫ 2𝑥 3 +3𝑥2 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 4 −2𝑥 2 +4𝑥+1
Example 4. Evaluate. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 −𝑥+1
2𝑥 2 −𝑥+4
Example 5. Evaluate. ∫ 𝑥 3 +4𝑥
𝑑𝑥

4𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2
Example 6. Evaluate. ∫ 4𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥
1 3
Example 7. Evaluate. ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 (hint: let 𝑢 = √𝑥 )
1+ √𝑥

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