8

Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 2
Special Products and Factors
Mathematics – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Special Products and Factors

First Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Angelito Mara Bulala, MAED-MATH

Ethel Bernadas Canda, MAT-MATH

Editors: Julius Jotojot Igot, EdD

Kenneth Regene Barbarona Blasco, MAEM

Management Team: Bianito A. Dagatan EdD, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

Faustino N. Toradio, PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Felix C. Galacio Jr., PhD

EPS, Mathematics

Josephine D. Eronico, PhD

EPS, LRMDS

Printed in the Philippines by Schools Division of Bohol

Department of Education – Region VII, Central Visayas

Office Address: 0050 Lino Chatto Drive Barangay Cogon, Tagbilaran City,
Bohol
Telefax: (038) 501 – 7550
Tel Nos. (038) 412 – 4938; (038) 411-2544; (038) 501 – 7550

Learning Competencies:
 1. Factors completely different types of polynomials (polynomials with common monomial
factor, difference of two squares, sum and difference of two cubes, perfect square trinomials, and general
trinomials). M8AL-Ia-b-1
2. Solves problems involving factors of polynomials. M8AL-Ib-2

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

 find the factors of a perfect square trinomial;

 find the factors of a general trinomial; and
 solve problem involving factors of polynomials.

LESSON 1: Factoring a Perfect Square Trinomial

What is it
A perfect square trinomial is the result of squaring a binomial. A perfect square
trinomial has first and last terms which are perfect squares and a middle term which is twice the
product of the square root of the first and last terms.
To factor perfect square trinomials:
1. Get the square root of the first and last terms.
2. List down the square root as sum/difference of two terms as the case may be.
You can use the following relationships to factor perfect square trinomials:

(First term) 2 + 2(First term)(Last term) + (Last term) 2 = (First term + Last term) 2
(First term) 2 - 2(First term)(Last term) + (Last term) 2 = (First term - Last term) 2

Remember to factor out first the greatest common monomial factor before factoring the
perfect square trinomial.

Example 1. Factor n2 + 16n + 64

Solution: Following the relationships to factor perfect square trinomials,

(First term) 2 + 2(First term)(Last term) + (Last term) 2 = (First term + Last term) 2
( n )2 + 2( n )( 8 ) + ( 8 )2 = ( n + 8 )2

Thus, the factor of n 2 + 16n + 64 is (n + 8) 2.

Discussion:
a. Since n2 = (n)2 and 64 = (8) 2, then both the first and last terms are perfect squares.
And 2(n)(8)=16n, then the given expression is a perfect square trinomial.
b. The square root of the first term is n and the square root of the last term is 8. The
polynomial is factored as (n+8) 2.

Example 2. Factor 4r 2 – 12r + 9

Solution: Following the relationships to factor pertect square trinomial,

(First term) 2 - 2(First term)(Last term) + (Last term) 2 = (First term - Last term) 2
( 2r )2 - 2( 2r )( 3 ) + ( 3 )2 = ( 2r – 3 ) 2

Thus, the factor of 4r 2 – 12r + 9 is (2r - 3 ) 2.

Discussion:
a. Since 4r2 = (2r)2 and 9 = (3) 2, then both the first and last terms are perfect squares. And
2(2r)(3)=12r, then the given expression is a perfect square trinomial.
b. The square root of the first term is 2r and the square root of the last term is 3. The
polynomial is factored as (2r - 3) 2.

Example 3. Factor 75t 3 + 30t 2+ 3t

Solution:
 1. Notice that 3t is common to all terms, thus, factoring it out first we have:

75t 3 2
3t
+ 30t +
3t 3t 3t

Thus, 75t 3 + 30t 2+ 3t = 3t(25t2 + 10t + 1).

2. Following the relationships to factor perfect square trinomials,

(First term) 2 + 2(First term)(Last term) + (Last term) 2 = (First term + Last term) 2
( 5t ) 2 + 2( 5t )( 1 ) + ( 1 )2 = ( 5t + 1 ) 2

Thus, the factors of 75t 3 + 30t 2+ 3t are 3t(5t + 1) 2.

Discussion:
a. Notice that 25t 2 = (5t)2 and 1 = (1) 2, and 10t = 2(5t)(1), then 25t 2 + 10t + 1 is a
perfect square trinomial.
b. Factoring 25t 2 + 10t + 1 is (5t + 1) 2 , thus, the factors of 75 t 3 + 30t 2+ 3t are
3t(5t + 1)2.

What’s More

Find the factors of the following:

1. m2 + 12m + 36 2. 49x2 – 84x + 36 3. 18h3 + 12h2 + 2h
LESSON 2: Factoring a General Trinomial

What is it
Trinomials of this form are written on the form ax2 + bx + c, where a and b are the
numerical coefficients of the variables and c is the constant.
DIRECTIONS: ALWAYS PERFORM FACTORING USING GREATEST COMMON
MONOMIAL FACTOR FIRST BEFORE APPLYING ANY TYPE OF FACTORING.

Factoring by inspection is used when the leading coefficient a is 1.

Example. Factor y2 + 4y – 21
Solution:
Step 1. Factor the leading term.
The factors of y2 are (y)(y).
Step 2. List all the factors of the last term.
Below are the list of all factors of – 21
Factors of -21
-3 7
-7 3
-21 1
-1 21
Step 3. Identify which factor pair sums up to the middle term.
•-3+7=4
•-7+3=-4
• - 21 + 1 = - 20
• - 1 + 21 = 20
Step 4. Write each factor in the pairs as the last term of the binomial factors.
Therefore, the factors of y2+ 4y – 21 = (y – 3)( y + 7)

Factoring by grouping or ac method is used when the leading coefficient a is not equal to 1.
Example: Factor 2k2 – 11k + 12
Solution:
Step 1. Find the product of the leading term and the last term.

Step 2. Find the factors of 24k2 whose sum is – 11k.

(-3k) + (-8k) = -11k
Step 3. Rewrite the trinomial as four-term expressions by replacing the middle term by the sum
factor.
2k2 – 3k - 8k + 12
Step 4. Group the terms with a common factor.
(2k2 – 8k) + ( -3k + 12)
Step 5. Factor the groups using greatest common monomial factor (GCF).
The GCF of 2k2 – 8k is 2k and the GCF of -3k + 12 is -3. We have
2 k2 8 k −3 k 12
- ; +( )
2k 2k −3 −3

Thus, (2k2 – 8k) + ( -3k + 12) = 2k(k - 4) -3(k - 4).

Step 6. Factor out the common binomial and write the remaining factor as sum or difference of
binomial.
Therefore, the factors of 2k2 – 11k + 12 is (2k - 3)(k - 4).

What’s More
Find the factors of the following:
1. x2 + 5x – 14 2. 7x2 + 17x + 6

LESSON 3: Solving problem involving factors of polynomials

What is it
Special products and factoring can also be used to solve day-to-day problems. We know that the
most fundamental procedure in solving a word problem is to determine exactly what we are looking for,
and then represent the unknown data using variables.
Example: Solve the given problem.
The sum of two numbers is 22 and the sum of their squares is 250. Find the numbers.
Step 1. Representation
Let x be the one of the two numbers
22 – x be the other number
Step 2. Equation
x2 + ( 22 – x)2 = 250

Step 3. Simplification
 x2 + ( 22 – x )2 = 250

x2 + 484 – 44x + x2 = 250 Square the binomial

x2+ x2 – 44x + 484= 250

2x2 – 44x + 484= 250 Combine similar terms

2x2 – 44x+484–250=250-250 Addition Property of Equality
2x2 – 44x + 234= 0
2x2 – 44x + 234 = 0
2 2 Divide both sides by 2
x2 – 22x + 117 = 0
( x – 13) ( x – 9) Factor the trinomial
( x – 13) = 0 , ( x – 9) = 0 Equate each linear factor to zero
x – 13 = 0 , x–9=0 Solve the linear factor
x–13+13=0+13 , x–9+9=0+9 Addition Property of Equality
x = 13 , x=9
Therefore, the numbers are 9 and 13.

What’s More
Solve the given problem.
The sum of two numbers is 16 and the sum of their squares is 146. Find the two numbers.

Assessment
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on the answer
sheet provided. Write the solution in a separate sheet.

1. Which of the following gives a product of x2 + 5x + 4?

a. (x + 1)(x + 4) c. (x + 2)(x + 2)
b. (x + 5)(x - 1) d. (x + 2)2
2. One of the factors of 2a + 5a – 12 is a + 4. What is the other factor?
2

a. 2a – 3 b. 2a + 3 c. 2a – 8 d. 2a + 8
2 2
3. The factored form of 81 x −90 x+ 25 y is
a. ( 9 x +5 y )2 b. (9 x−5 y )2 c. ( 9 x )2−5 y 2 d. (9 x )2 +(5 y)2
4. Find two numbers whose sum is 15 and the sum of whose squares is 113. If x is one of the numbers,
which of the following is the correct representation of the other number?
a. x- 15 b. 15 – x c. 15x d. 15 + x
5. Find two numbers whose sum is 17 and whose sum of squares is 169. What is the equation of the given
problem?
a. x2 – 34x + 120 = 0 c. 2x2 – 34x + 120 = 0
b. x + 34x - 120 = 0
2
d. 2x2 + 34x - 120 = 0
6. Find the value of c that makes x + 10x + c a perfect square.
2

a. 1 b. 4 c. 25 d. 100
Supply the missing term to make a true statement in numbers 7 – 10.
7. m2 + 12m + 36 = (m + ____ )2
a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8
8. ____ - 24x + 9 = ( 4x – 3 )2
a. 16 b. 16x c. 16x2 d. -16x2
9. 18x + 12x + 2 = ____ ( 3x __ 1)
2 2

a. 2 and - b. 2 and + c. – and 2 d. + and 2

10. 20 x 4 - 60 x 3 + 45 x 2 = ____ (___ - ____)2

a. 5x2, 2x and 3 b. 5x2 , 3 and 2x c. 3, 5x2 and 2x d. 5x2, 2 and 3x
 Answer Sheet-Mathematics 8

Name: __________________________________________________________
Grade & Section: ________________ Score: _______

Quarter 1 – Module 2

Lesson 1
What’s More
1.

2.

3.

Lesson 2
What’s More
1.

2.

Lesson 3 Assessment
What’s More 1.
The numbers are ____ and _____ . 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
 Performance Task

TITLE: MODEL MAKING

DESCRIPTION: This activity involves the creation of a solid figure out of a given plane figure and
expressing it in terms of factors of a polynomial.
DIRECTIONS:
1. Create a solid figure from the rectangular figure that was provided by following the steps given.
Step 1. Cut out 2-inches by 2-inches squares in all edges of a 12 inches by 6 inches rectangle.
Step 2. Fold all the sides upward.
Step 3. Paste/tape the edges of the new figure.
2. Write your answer to the following questions in a separate sheet. 5 points in each question.
a. What is the area of the original rectangle if its side is x units?
b. If the sides of the small squares is y, what expression represents its area?
c. How will you express the area of the new figure in terms of the variables stated in letters a and
b?
The rubric below is used in giving the points of the model.

CRITERIA OUTSTANDING SATISFACTORY DEVELOPING BEGINNING RATING

4 3 2 1

Accuracy and The dimensions of The dimensions of The dimensions The

the box are the box are of the box are dimensions of
Durability
accurate and very accurate and accurate and not the box are
durable. durable. durable. not accurate
and not
durable.

Appropriatenes The model is The model is The model is The model is

s well-crafted and useful. less useful. not useful.
useful.

References
2013. Mathematics-Grade 8 learner's Module. Pasig City: DepEd-I

ARNOLD V. RANCES, CRISELLE ESPANOLA-ROBES. 2019. SIMPLIFIED MATHEMATICS FOR GRADE 8.

MANILA: ST. AUGUSTINE PUBLICATIONS INC.