Chapter 1  Reduction- explains complex

phenomena to simpler ones. Making it

simpler and more concise; EG (the
Intro department store inside the SM malls).

 A stroke occurs when a part of the  Related brain mechanism- the ability
brain is deprived of blood flow and to recognize a spoken word and the
oxygen. ability to spell it.

 Behavioral neuroscience is a dynamic

and ever-changing field. 2 routes of reading comprehension

 Related to speech sound

Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience  Visual recognition

 Behavioral Neuroscience was

formerly known as physiological
Biological roots of neuroscience (LO 1.2)
psychology.
 Nervous system (central role)-
 First Psychology textbook by Wilhelm receiving info from sensory organs
Wundt in the late 19th century is titled and control the muscle movement.
PRINCIPLE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL
PSYCHOLOGY.  Dualism- (Mind and body are
separated)- Resolves (Brain-Blood-
 Basic function of perception – to Synapses)
inform us of what is happening in our
environment so our behaviors wil be  Monism- everything in this universe
adaptive and useful. consist of matter and energy- mind is
phenomena produced by workings of
 Ability to think- Evolved, permits us the brain.
to perform complex behaviors that
accomplish useful self-preserving History of Physiology
goals.  17th Century

 Research in Neuroscience includes - Rene Descartes

topics in perceptual processes, control
of movement, sleep and waking,  Animals were mechanical
reproductive behaviors, ingestive devices.
behaviors, emotional behaviors,
learning, and language.  Human body are machines

The goal of research (LO. 1.1)

 Reflexes- Some reaction does
2 forms of scientific explanations not require the mind,
automatically happens.
 Generalization- Revealed through
You’re unaware that your
experiments. Meaning neurological
mind is working.
researches were done several times to
explain a certain law or behavior;
 He is a dualist
Common or broad; EG (The whole
 Interaction happened in
SM mall)
Pineal body (small organ on
 top of the brain stem) buried breathing, purposeful movements, and
in cerebral hemisphere. visual and auditory reflexes.

 Noted that the brain - Paul Broca

contained hallow chambers
 French Surgeon
 Descartes belief is disproven  Applied the principle of
wrong by using the Experimental ablation to the
pressurized fluid to control human brain.
behavior.
 Observed the brain damages
- Luigi Galvani of people that was stroked

 Italian Physiologist  Performed autopsy on the

 Found that electrical brain of the man who had
stimulation of a frog’s nerve stroke that resulted in the loss
caused contractions of the of ability to speak.
muscle to which it was
attached.  Conclude that the portion of
cerebral cortex on the front
 Galvani’s experiment part of the left side of the
prompted others to study the brain performs function that is
nature of the message necessary for speech.
transmitted by the nerve and
the means by which muscles  The control of speech is not
contracted. localized to only one
particular region of the brain.
 19th Century
- Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzi
-Johannes Muller
 Applied Experimental techniques  Used electrical stimulation as
a tool for understanding the
 His most important contribution to physiology of the brain.
the study of physiology behavior
was his DOCTRINE OF  Applied weak electrical
SPECIFIC NERVE ENERGIES. current to the exposed surface
of a dog’s brain and observed
 Messages occurs in different the effect of stimulation.
channels.
 Discovered the Primary
motor cortex- stimulation of
-Pierre Flourens different portions of a specific
region of the brain caused
 Removed various part of animal brain
contraction of specific muscle
and study its behavior.
on the opposite side of the
 Experimental Ablation- Infer the
body.
function of the missing portion of the
brain.
 Broca’s region in the brain is
named after French surgeon
 Claimed to have discovered the region
Paul Broca.
of the brain that controls heart rate and
  Proposed that the nervous
system consisted of billions of
- Hermann Von Helmholtz discrete, individual neurons,
in opposition to the
 German Physicist and predominant idea of the time
Physiologist. that the nervous system was a
continuous network.
 Devised mathematical
formulation of law for  Awarded the Nobel prize
conservation of energy. (1906) for his work describing
the structure of the nervous
 Invented the ophthalmoscope system.
(used to examine the retina of
the eye)
Contemporary Research
 Devised an important and  Sensitive amplifiers to detect weak
influential theory of color signals.
vision and color blindness.
 Neurochemical techniques to analyze
 Studied audition, music, and chemical changes within and between
many physiological processes. the cells.

 First scientist to attempt to  Histological techniques to visualize

measure the speed of cells and their constituents.
conduction through nerves.
 New advances in technology enabled
 Found out that neural
treatments for severe depression and
conduction was much slower-
Parkinson’s disease using deep brain
only about 90 feet per second.
simulation techniques.
- Jar Purkinje Functionalism and the Inheritance of traits
(LO 1.3)
 Czech Physiologist
 Studied both central and  Behavior itself is not inherited
peripheral nervous system.  Structure- the brain- that causes the
behavior to occur is inherited.
 Discovered Purkinje fibers-
neurons terminating on  Functionalism (Darwin’s theory)-
cardiac cells responsible for belief that characteristics of living
controlling contractions of the organisms perform useful functions.
heart.

 First to describe the

individuality of fingerprints.

- Ramon Santiago y Cajal

 Used Golgi staining technique

to examine individual neurons
of the brain.
 To understand the physiological basis  Homo erectus appears to have been
of various behaviors we must first the ancestor of Homo Neanderthalis.
understand what these behaviors
accomplish.  A large brain requires large skull, and
an upright posture limits the size of a
 Any physiological mechanism of woman’s birth canal.
living organisms has a purpose and do
have a function.  Not until late adolescence does the
human brain reach its adult size of
 Adaptation occurs in brain structures approximately1,400 g- about 4 times
the weight of the newborn’s brain.
 Natural Selection- explain the means
by which species acquired their  Neoteny- prolongation of maturation.
adaptive characteristics. The natural
environment is responsible for the
Research with Animals (L.O. 1.5)
development of species.
 Without using animals for research
 Artificial selection- species is and for training future researchers, we
controlled by the animal breeder, cannot make progress in
could produce so many varieties of understanding and treating diseases.
species such as dog and cats.
Research with Humans (L.O. 1.6)
 Mutations- accidental changes in the  Not all neuroscience research is
chromosomes of sperms or eggs that conducted with animal models.
join together and develop into new
organism. Most mutations are either  Informed consent- needed in human
fails to survive or survives with some
research to protect the participants
sort of defect. identity. Describes the process in
which researchers must inform the
 Selective advantage- small participant about the nature of the
percentage of mutations are beneficial, study, how the data will be collected
the animal is more likely than other and stored, and what are the benefits
members of its species survive and and cost of participating.
reproduce to pass on its chromosomes
to its own offspring.  Neuroethics is devoted to better
understanding implications of and
developing best practices in ethics for
Evolution of Large Brains (L.O. 1.4)
neuroscience research with human
participants.
 Evolve means to develop gradually

 The process of evolution is a gradual Careers in Neuroscience (L.O. 1.7)

change in the structure and physiology
 Behavioral Neuroscientist- study all
of plant and animal species as a result
behavioral phenomena that can be
of natural selection.
observed in humans and animals.
Attempt to understand the physiology
 The first hominids appeared in Africa.
of behavior.
 The first hominid to leave Africa was
Homo erectus (upright man)
 Neurologist- physicians who diagnose
and treat diseases of the brain.
  Cognitive Neuroscientist- researchers
with a Ph. D. and specialized training
in the principles and procedures of
neurology.

 Behavioral Neuroscientist- received

a Ph. D. from a graduate program in
psychology or from interdisciplinary
program.

Strategies for learning (LO 1.8.)

 Learning about behavioral

neuroscience involves much more
than memorizing facts.

 Take notes that organize information

into meaningful groups.

 Teach yourself by teaching someone

else.

 Study in the environment you will be

tested in.

 Study with the absolute minimum of

distractions.

 Spread out your study sessions.

 Study the most challenging topics,
first or last.

 Use mnemonics (shortcuts)