SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Grade 12

Philippine Politics and Governance

DIVISION ARALING PANLIPUNAN TOOLS

(DAPAT)
First Quarter - Lesson 2

DIFFERENT TENETS
OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES

Grade 12- Philippine Politics and Governance i

Differentiate the political ideologies
HUMSS_PG12- Ib-c-7
 Social Sciences – Grade 12
Division Araling Panlipunan Tools (DAPAT)
Philippine Politics and Governance
First Edition, 2020

Published in the Philippines

by the Department of Education
Schools Division of Iloilo
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City

Section 176 of Republic Act 8293 states that: The Government of the
Philippines may not have any copyright in any work. However, the permission of the
government agency or office that prepared the work is required.

The Division Araling Panlipunan Tools (DAPAT) or any part of it is published

for use by the schools of the Department of Education especially the Schools Division
of Iloilo.

No part of this material may be reproduced or printed in any way without the
permission of the Department of Education, Schools Division of Iloilo. Its sale is strictly
prohibited.

Development Team of Division Araling Panlipunan Tools (DAPAT)

Writer: Lurry Clare S. Trogo

Illustrators: Cheelyn S. Tabares

Armand Glenn S. Lapor
Patrick T. Lomigo
Layout Artists: Lurry Clare S. Trogo
Roy John A. Montaniel
Division Quality Assurance Team:
Lilibeth E. Larupay
Liza A. Balogo
Armand Glenn S. Lapor
Andie P. Padernilla
Management Team: Dr. Roel F. Bermejo Dr. Nordy D. Siason Jr.
Dr. Lilibeth T. Estoque Dr. Azucena T. Falales
Ruben S. Libutaque Lilibeth E. Larupay
Liza A. Balogo

Grade 12- Philippine Politics and Governance ii

Differentiate the political ideologies
HUMSS_PG12- Ib-c-7
 Foreword

Welcome to Senior High School Social Sciences, Grade 12.

The Division Araling Panlipunan Tools (DAPAT) was co-authored,

designed, developed and reviewed by educators from the Department of Education,
Schools Division of Iloilo. This is done to guide you, and the teachers who will be
teaching the subject to help the student achieve the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum.

The purpose of the Division Araling Panlipunan Tools (DAPAT) is to guide

students in independent learning activities according to their ability, speed and time. It
also aims to help the students develop and achieve lifelong skills with consideration of
their needs and situations.

For the learning facilitator:

The Division Araling Panlipunan Tools (DAPAT) was created to meet the
current needs of students in the country. To effectively assist the teachers, make sure
it is clear to the students how to study or answer the activities in this material.

For students:

The Division Araling Panlipunan Tools (DAPAT) was created in response to

your need. Its main purpose is to help you with your studies while you are not in the
classroom. In this way you will have the freedom to study the entertaining activities
contained in this material. Read and understand the instructions.

Grade 12- Philippine Politics and Governance iii

Differentiate the political ideologies
HUMSS_PG12- Ib-c-7
 The following are important notes in using this module:
• Use the module with caution. Do not mark any part of the module with any
marks or letters. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
• Don't forget to answer the Test before moving on to the other activities in the
module.
• Read the instructions carefully before doing each exercise.
• Observe honesty and integrity in carrying out tasks and in correcting answers.
• Finish the current task before going to another exercises.
• Please return this module to your teacher or facilitator when you have
completed all the exercises.

If you find difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult
your teacher or facilitator. You can also ask help from your mother or father, or your
elder sibling or any of your housemates who are older than you. Always instill in your
mind that you are not alone.
We hope that through this module, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deeper understanding of relevant competencies. You can do it!

INTRODUCTION

The study of politics would always give importance to a political idea. These facts
have been observed since the time of Plato onwards. There is nothing so important
as an idea for it can bring change to the world. Over the millennia, political
philosophers had expounded these ideas to a variety of political ideologies.
As political ideology varies from country to country, this module will help you
understand the different tenets of political ideologies, their nature, and their
characteristics.
Along with this module are four other modules that will help you see the
differences among the political ideologies as well as the effects of these political
ideologies on the various political communities especially in the Philippine setting.

Grade 12- Philippine Politics and Governance 1

Differentiate the political ideologies
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 YOUR TARGET

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

• differentiate the political ideologies (HUMSS_PG12-Ib-c-7);

• explain the concept of political ideology; and
• describe the different tenets of political ideologies.

CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Task 1: Let’s Recall

Directions: Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is
wrong. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

1. In communism, individuals are motivated to work because the government

gives their share based on their needs.
2. The liberal government should interfere with the lives of the people to protect
their rights.
3. Anarchism is formed by individuals who voluntarily submit themselves to be
governed by a leader.
4. Conservative government serves its people by ensuring that they bring in
progress and development to the state
5. The workers are the owners of the different factors of production in a Liberal
State.
6. The Fascist state values the state over individual rights.
7. Political ideologies are diverse and may vary from country to country.
8. Conservatives value tradition over change.
9. The communist state allows owners of private property.
10. Communism promotes social equality.

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 POLITICAL IDEOLOGY

LEARN THIS

Task 2: Ideology Hunt

Directions: Look for hidden terms inside the word box. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

H L I B E R T A R I A N I S M
T F C R G K G Q T T P U W L O
S S T I H L I Z V P W C D I L
Y O E M A I E M B F E C S B D
D C C E U E R I E O S O A E S
G S A I F H U T P S T N V R T
J T P X A N A R C H I S M A A
A K Y M S L L U A I Q E A L R
S H O V C A I R R T W R S I E
R C H J I T K S E A Y V J S N
I Z D N S R D T M F E A O M T
O T Y A M E S I L J D T L A W
T J S L S W N M S K S I D S O
L L Q O G Y G A I H A S A W N
J I W C O M M U N I S M Y T T

1. ________________________
2. ________________________
3. ________________________
4. ________________________
5. ________________________
6. ________________________
7. ________________________

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 DISCOVER

Task 3: Solution Seeker

Directions: Read the poem provided below and answer the questions that follow on
a separate sheet of paper.

Outcast, Dark Sun

Lucil Donguines

Spending days with Many livings longer in

darkness; silence,
Desperately in pain, Behind bars, aged and
Hands outstretched towards infirm,
the sky, Unprotected
To block the sun that blinded From dangers of truth,
my eyes
Countries partially free,
Yet heat continues to melt, Races, religion and
Seeing nothing but shadows nationality
of death Rights denied, echoed from
Blinded with fears. Unwanted souls behind.

Slaves bought and sold No escape, life is uneasy

Children on streets; No heaven, but hell
Hungry, starving and Awaits surprisingly
diseased, Death is the eternal enemy.

1. What kind of society is described in the poem?

2. How can you survive this kind of society?
3. What should the government do to help the society?

REMEMBER

Political ideology is defined as a set of ideas, beliefs, or principles that provides

the foundation of political action. It is mainly used to formulate policies that would
preserve, enhance, or change the existing political system. It also includes principles
that explain how a society is organized, how it should work, and how certain strategies
can bring about social order through its government.

Grade 12- Philippine Politics and Governance 4

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 Below are different political ideologies:

1. Fascism
Fascism is an authoritarian ideology that promotes nationalism at all cost. As
the state embraces, serves, and protects its people, the people’s highest priority is to
honor the state and secure its well-being.
The government is granted great amount of power and authority to control all
factors of production. All decisions of the government are always directed to the
national interest. Private owners must submit to the manner of management by the
state for it is always geared towards the general welfare. The interest of the state is
the highest priority and even supersedes all social needs. All private individuals and
businesses must work for the good of the state.
In upholding the national interest, the citizens should give up their self- interest
if it comes in conflict with that of the state. The government practices authoritarianism
as it controls the population as a whole. Violence may occur to eradicate the
opposition.

2. Communism
Communism is an ideology that advocates public ownership to promote socio-
economic equality. A communist believes that if there is no private property there will
be an economic equality. It has set its goals in eradicating the gap between groups of
people specifically those who have and those who have not.
The state is the owner of major businesses that provide services in education,
production, transportation, and agriculture. The government ensures the equal
distribution of goods based on the needs of its people.
Communism proposes a society where all members enjoy benefits equally from
the fruit of their collective labor. Social classes are abolished as the government takes
charge of the distribution of wealth. It provides opportunities for the poor to improve
their social status like a middle class. To attain an equal society, the wealth of the rich
is taken by the government and is redistributed to the poor.

3. Socialism
Socialism is an economic system where workers own the factors of production
with the government playing the role as steward of the assets of the people. The
ownership is attained through a government that is elected by the people or through a
private corporation where everyone is a shareholder.
Socialist governments take care of both the social needs and the individual
needs of their constituents. Using the command economy, resources are distributed
through central planning. Major and essential businesses are run or owned by the
government while smaller ones are privately owned.

Grade 12- Philippine Politics and Governance 5

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 In socialism, the benefit that each member of the society gets is equated to the
amount he contributes to the state. With this system, people are motivated to work for
longer hours to get more shares from the government. From the share of production,
a fund for the common good is deducted and the remaining shares is proportionately
given to the people.
Socialist governments focus on projects involving education, housing, and
public welfare because the government owns a large percentage of the economy on
behalf of the people.

4. Liberalism
Liberalism’s advocacy is to ensure that the inherent right of an individual is
protected by the government. These inherent rights are the right to life, liberty, and
property.
The primary concern of liberals is how to create a government that would
ensure that people are free to exercise their rights with its powers limited to
supervision. People are given the privilege to freely exercise their rights. The
government welcomes change and innovation if it will be beneficial to the general
welfare.
In a liberal state, the political authority to govern comes from the consent of the
people themselves. The role of the government is to remove all obstacles that can
prevent an individual to live freely or fully realize its full potential. The hindrance to the
exercise of these rights are discrimination, poverty, and ignorance.
Liberalism believes in the inviolability of human rights especially life, liberty and
property and promotes freedom of speech and expression, freedom to assembly,
freedom of thought and other civil rights. It is open to new opinions, roles, and behavior
beyond traditional beliefs and values.
It limits the role of government as it allows the free trading and open market
systems. It establishes laissez fair economic system.
5. Conservatism
Conservatism is an ideology that believes on the preservation of tradition and
radical changes must be avoided. The pillars of conservatism are tradition, human
imperfection, organic society hierarchy, authority, and property rights. It promotes
traditional social institutions in the context of culture and tradition.
Conservatism’s main advocacy is to preserve the status quo to maintain social
stability and continuity. It is characterized by a slow reformation of society as it seeks
to return the values of the earlier times.
Conservatism leans on the right-wing politics which advocates the preservation
of personal wealth and private ownership with an emphasis on self-reliance and
individualism. It values the formulation and sustainability of society which are
dependent on leaders who are guided by tradition in the administration of state affairs.
Major traditional institutions that plays great role in the society are education, religion,
and the government. It is the government’s duty to serve the existing way of life and

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 politicians must resist the temptation of implementing change that would transform the
society.

6. Libertarianism
Libertarianism is a political philosophy that treats individual liberty with primary
political value. It means to liberate or to defend freedom.
It is based on the assumption that there is a natural harmony between
productive people. Conflict would set in if the government imposed the collection of
taxes. Libertarians strongly consider the individual right to liberty with a high emphasis
on the right to property. A person gets to keeps what he earns instead of giving it to
others or the government in a form of taxes. They believe that individuals have the
freedom to behave and to dispose of their property as they see fit, provided that their
actions do not step on the freedom of others.
Libertarianism envisions a state where the government's role is to pave the way
for individuals to enjoy their rights and to eradicate all forms of obstacles that would
hinder the achievement of the citizen’s full potential. With this setup, it is understood
that there is a lesser intervention coming from the government especially with the
individual’s private and personal life.
In a libertarian state, people can express their opinion freely without getting
imprisoned. They can exercise their religious beliefs openly, and they can use and
abuse the property that they own. However, the government does not provide welfare
services. The state believes in the principle of individual responsibility. Taxes are not
essential if people practice private charity.

7. Anarchism
Anarchism is a radical and revolutionary political philosophy. It is defined as a
society created without the government. The harmony in this community can be
obtained not by obeying government officials but by agreement among its citizen that
they will cooperate and perform their duties as an individual as they work together
towards a common goal.
Anarchism promotes the concept of self-governance among people. The
absence of the government cannot hinder them from living a harmonious life due to
the will of the people to voluntarily submit themselves for an appropriate organization.
An anarchic state includes self-managed state that even there is an absence of
the rulers, it is highly organized. The power and authority of a government are replaced
by a voluntary association of people. Harmony can be attained even without persons
to impose laws because individuals willingly submit and discipline themselves as they
enjoy their rights while respecting the rights of others.
The key principles under Anarchism are autonomy, freedom, self- organization,
direct democracy, and egalitarianism.

Grade 12- Philippine Politics and Governance 7

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 YOUR LEARNINGS

Task 4: Spot the Difference

Directions: Write the unique traits of each ideology in the circle while the common
traits of the two ideologies in the overlapping space. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

FASCISM SOCIALISM COMMUNISM

ANARCHISM CONSERVATISM LIBERTARIANISM

THINK AND REFLECT

Task 5: Beyond the Lesson

Directions: Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Why is it important to learn the different political ideologies?
2. What do you think is the most effective political ideology? Why?

Grade 12- Philippine Politics and Governance 8

Differentiate the political ideologies
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 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Task 6: Lessons Learned

Directions: Below are the different terms related to political ideologies. Identify what
term is being referred to by the statement. Write the letter of the correct
answer on a piece of paper.

1. It is an ideology where factors of production are owned by the state.

A. Communism B. Conservatism C. Liberalism D. Socialism
2. It is the system of planning in the government of a socialist state.
A. individual B. central C. departmental D. dictatorial
3. Liberalism has high regard to and would value ____________.
A. tradition B. national interest C. individual rights D. foreign policy
4. Conservatives give high value to this idea in its governance.
A. laws change B. change C. tradition D. development
5. The following ideologies uphold individualism except __________.
A. Libertarianism B. Communism C. Conservatism D. Socialism
6. It is an ideology that adheres to the national interest of the state over the rights of
an individual.
A. Communism B. Conservatism C. Liberalism D. Fascism
7. The meaning of anarchy is ________________.
A. no government C. command economy
B. central planning D. government ownership
8. It is an ideology that upholds the concept of self-governance.
A. Libertarianism B. Anarchy C. Conservatism D. Socialism
9. Socialism, Fascism and Communism are ideologies that are __________.
A. totalitarian B. collectivist C. individualist D. authoritarian
10. Harmony can still be attained in Anarchism through _____________.
A. freedom to exercise of rights C. upholding the interest of the state
B. voluntary organizations D. paying taxes to sustain state affairs

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Differentiate the political ideologies
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 Answer Key
Task 1: Let’s Recall
1. True 6. True
2. False 7. True
3. False 8. True
4. False 9. False
5. False 10. True

Task 2: Ideology Hunt

Answers may come in any order. 4. Liberalism
1. Communism 5. Libertarianism
2. Socialism 6. Fascism
3. Conservatism 7. Anarchism

Task 3: Solution Seeker

Answers may vary.

Task 4: Spot The Difference

Answers may vary.

Task 5: Beyond The Lesson

Answers may vary

Task 6: Lessons Learned

1. A 6. D
2. C 7. A
3. C 8. B
4. C 9. B
5. D 10. B

References
1. Communism accessed April 27, 2020
https://www.britannica.com/topic/communism
2. Conservatism accessed April 27, 2020
https://www.britannica.com/topic/ conservatism
3. Liberalism accessed April 27, 2020
https://www.britannica.com/topic/ Liberalism
4. Socialism accessed April 27, 2020
https://www.britannica.com/topic/ Socialism
5. What is Communism accessed April 27, 2020
https://www.livescience.com/42980-what-is-communism.html
6. What is Conservatism accessed April 27, 2020
https://www.livescience.com/42980-what-is-conservatism.html
7. What is Liberalism accessed April 27, 2020
https://www.livescience.com/42980-what-is- Liberalism.html
8. What is Socialism accessed April 27, 2020
https://www.livescience.com/42980-what-is- Socialism.html

Grade 12- Philippine Politics and Governance 10

Differentiate the political ideologies
HUMSS_PG12- Ib-c-7