Isotopes

• Application:
Calculate the average atomic mass of Cl.
Given: % abundance of 3517Cl = 75% and
that of 3717Cl = 25 %
Represent the obtained results by a bar
graph (histogram) and a pie chart.

13
Neils Bohr

Energy Maximum
level number of
electrons
n = 1, K 2
n=2
n = 2, L 8
n = 3, M 18 n=1
n = 4, N 32
For any n 2n2

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Energy Maximum
level number of
electrons

Order of electron
n = 1, K 2
n = 2, L 8
n = 3, M 18
n = 4, N 32

filling
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Element Electron arrangement

6C 2,4
10 Ne 2,8
12 Mg 2,8,2
17 Cl 2,8,7

19 K 2,8,8,1

20 Ca 2,8,8,2

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 Duet /Octet
Valence Shell Valency
Rule
The octet rule refers to
Outermost the tendency of atoms to Number of
prefer to have full set of
shell electrons (just like noble Electrons
Electrons in gases : 2 or 8 e- in needed to
it are called the valence shell satisfy the
valence octet or duet
electrons rule

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 Applying Duet /Octet Rule to Periodicity
(rings a bell? Periodic Trends) – ACTIVITY
1. Describe the following atoms and ions using electron shell notation:
a. Ca
b. Cl
c. Cl-
d. Li+
Element First
2. The first ionization energy refers to the required energy to remove one electron Ionization
from a gaseous atom to form a gaseous ion. The adjacent table below shows the energy
(KJ.mol-1)
first ionization energy for the elements across period 2 of the periodic table. The
relative sizes of the values can be explained in terms of: Lithium 520

Beryllium 900
- Charge of the nucleus (Q nucleus)
- Amount of e – e repulsion Boron 801
- Distance from nucleus to valence shell.
a. Formulate an equation showing the first Ionization energy of Boron (B). Carbon 1086
Include state symbols
b. State the general trend in Ionization energy across period 2. Nitrogen 1402
c. Identify the two elements which have lower than expected Ionization energy
Oxygen
values.
d. Explain this general trend in terms of simple electrostatics involving the Flourine 1681
charges on electrons, protons and number of electron shells.
Neon 2081
e. Predict the value for the first Ionization energy of oxygen.
f. Evaluate and explain in electrostatic terms the following claim by the
student:
“Neon has the highest Ionization energy because the electron being removed 18
from a filled outer shell.”
 Applying Duet /Octet Rule to Periodicity
(rings a bell? Periodic Trends) – ACTIVITY
3. The figure below shows a section of the periodic table, but it is drawn in
an unfamiliar format. The noble gases (group 18) are shown in the middle.
These elements are unreactive and do not usually form compounds.
Describe and explain what this representation reveals about the
relationship between valency of elements and their distance from the noble
gases on the periodic table.

19
 Lewis Dot symbol (Electron Dot Notation) :

This represents these valence electrons as "dots" around the four sides of
the elemental symbol. Recall, it is the valence electrons that are involved in most
chemical reactions. Therefore, these Lewis electron-dot symbols should help us
understand the chemical properties of these elements.

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 Lewis Dot symbol (Electron Dot Notation) and reactivity

Full set of
electrons
in the
valence
shell
(noble
share gases) =>
Not
reactive

React by loosing electrons since easier to React by gaining electrons (1, 2 or 3 to

loose 1, 2 or 3 to have full set. They have full set).They loose an entire energy
level. (ANIONS) 21
loose an entire energy level. (CATIONS)
Groups and Forming ions - Link with Periodic Table:

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Lewis Dot symbol (Electron Dot Notation) for IONS and ionic
compounds:

Anions: Put them between

Cations: Put them between
brackets surrounded with
brackets and the charge
their full set of lone pairs
outside
and the charge outside.
Example:
Example:

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Lewis Dot symbol (Electron Dot Notation) – More examples

APPLY:
Write the Lewis Notation for the ions and the respective ionic
compound formed from Al3+ and F- ions.

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Lewis Dot Notation for atoms and ions and ionic
compounds - Application

Worksheet 1 – Unit 2

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Dot and Cross Diagrams: extension to

Sharing of
Loss and gain of
electrons
electrons (ionic
(covalent bond) 26
bond)
Lewis Dot STRUCTURES for COVALENT compounds

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