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46 views12 pagesAY2022 - Module 05 - Laplace Transform
Uploaded by
ORQUIA, James Carl N.Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 12
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila
ADVANCED MATHEMATICS FOR M.E.
2ND SEMESTER AY: 2021 - 2022
MODULE 05
Comers
_
the syllabus’ topio(s) in a digestible and organized approach. It includes the topic ove
module guides you, the student, to lear the course you are taking by discussing each of
ow, its
objectives or learning outcomes, supplementary course material to aid you on your studies,
content, and activities & assessments,
5.0.1 Overview
The Laplace transform is a very powerful mathematical tool applied in various areas of
engineering and science. With the increasing complexity of engineering problems, Laplace
transforms help in solving complex problems with a very simple approach; the transform is an
integral transform method which is particularly useful in solving linear ordinary differential
equations. It has very wide applications in various areas of physics, electrical engineering,
mechanical engineering, control engineering, optics, signal processing. The Laplace transform is
also a valuable tool in solving differential equations, such as in electronic circuits, and in feedback
control systems, such as in stability and control of aircraft systems.
5.0.2 Module Objectives
After working through this module, you will be able to:
1. Define a Laplace transform.
2. Recognize common notations used for the Laplace transform.
3. Derive Laplace transforms of elementary functions.
4. Use a standard list of Laplace transforms to determine the transform of common
functions
5. Derive the Laplace transform of e f(t).
6. Use a standard list of Laplace transforms to determine transforms of the form e% f(t),
7. Derive the Laplace transforms of derivatives.
8. State and use the initial and final value theorems.
51 5.0.3 Course Materials
To complement this leariing module, the students are advised to read, or watch the following
resources listed below.
Reading Materials:
Chapter 6; Laplace Transforms
Kreyszig, E., Kreyszig, H., and Norminton, E.J. (2011). Advanced Engineering
Mathematics, 10th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, United States of America
Chapter 3: Laplace Transforms
Potter, M.C., Lessing, J.L., and Aboufadel, E.F. (2019). Advanced Engineering
Mathematics, Fourth Edition. Springer Nature, Switzerland
Online Resources:
Laplace Transform Explained and Visualized Intuitively
hitps:/www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MXMDrs6ZmA
Lesson 01 - Laplace Transform Definition (Engineering Math)
httos:/www. youtube comiwatch?v=80E 1shAX96U
Lesson 02 - Deriving the Essential Laplace Transforms, Part 1
htts:/www.voutube,com/watch?v=CERKIuu27ul
Laplace Transform Practice
https:/www.youtube.comiwatch?v=RDtITuZDZi4
Initial Value and Final Value Theorems
https:/www.voutube,com/watch?v=5nQO3xrxkVw
5.0.4 Topics
Introduction to Laplace transform and its properties
* Definition of Laplace transform, Linearity property of Laplace transform, and Laplace
transform of elementary functions, Laplace transform of e% f(t) and the form e* f(t) ,
Laplace transform of derivatives, the initial and final value theorems
52 5.1 Introduction to Laplace transform
The solution of most electrical circuit problems can be reduced ultimately to the solution of
differential equations. The use of Laplace transforms provides an alternative method for solving
linear differential equations.
5.1.1 Definition of a Laplace transform
The Laplace transform of the function f(¢) is defined by the integral J,” e~** f(e) dt , where s is
@ parameter assumed to be a real number.
‘Common notations used for the Laplace transform
There are various commonly used notations for the Laplace transform of f(t) and these include:
1. Lf] or UFO]
24) of of
3. 7s) or F(s)
Also, the letter p is sometimes used instead of s as the parameter. The notation adopted in this
module will be f(¢) for the original function and £[ f(¢)] for its Laplace transform. Hence,
zifol= [eso ae
O
5.1.2 Linearity property of the Laplace transform
The Laplace transform is termed a linear operator because of the properties as shown below:
zLf@)= [emt kro ae
o
=k/ etfad
[re f(t) dt
Then,
Lk FO] = k LL FO]
where k is any constant.
Similarly,
Hla fo + bao] = [ema fo + ba olae
53 zal es(pae+b | e*g(oa
afve 'f(e) ae + fe g(t) de
Then,
La f() +b gO] = aL[fO]+b £19]
where a and b are any constants
Pec!
ENE
Using the definition of Laplace transform, a number of elementary functions may be transformed
such as:
5.2.1 Laplace of a constant
(a) f=1,
(b) f(O=k,
Since Lk] = k£[ 1]
_k
os
5.2.2 Laplace of a function
(c) f(0) = e% , where ais a real constant + 0.
ze} = [ererac= [Veo ae
0 lo
ene
1
, =e-9°"?
()_ f(t) = cos at , where a is a real constant.
{cos at| = [ “e*"(cos at)ae
0
54 gu (asin at — s cos at)|
lo
eae
eX)
“sta?
_is
“sa
[asin a(os) — s cos a(o)}
(fe) fae
[OF
() f(0) =e", where n = 0,1,2,3,.... By a similar method to (e) it may be shown that,
@e@)_3
ele 5
5 and ge]
These results can be extended to n being any positive integer. Thus,
#
£1) = et
(9) f(@ = sinh at , where a is a real constant. Since sinh at = 3(e' — e~**), then
£[sinh at] =
3 almal-a
a)
“2ls-a s
a
55. a F(t)
ond
EERO
Consider the definition of Laplace transform of f(t),
cipol= [enso ae
= f ele f()] dt
lo
= [emergent
0
Hence the substitution of (s — a) for s in the transform shown corresponds to the multiplication of
the original function f(t) by e% . This is known as a shift theorem.
£Le% f(0)] = F(s—a)
5.3.1 Laplace transform of the form e* f(¢)
Based on the shift theorem above, the Laplace transform of the form e" f(t) may be deduced:
{a) Ll e**
|
Since £[ e"] =" , then £[ e en | ="
(b) £[ e* sin we]
Since £| sin wt ] = "5, then £[ e sin wt] = —S—
(©) £[e* cosh wt |
Since £[ cosh wt | = 3, then £[e“ cosh wt ] =
A summary of the Laplace transforms of the form et f(t) is shown below:
Cece ce
First derivative
Let the first derivative of f(¢) be f"(C) then, from the definition of the Laplace transform,
apeol= [era
lo
Since,
dy du
ugg tea uv ge ae
56 When evaluating fy" e™*tf'(t) de,
Letu=e- and & = fie), then
au ast =[paae=
a7 et and v= [rae fo
Hence,
[esrear= te sore - [10 ses ae
o lo
=[0-s(0)]+ sf" at
o
=-f(0) +s L1f(O)
Assuming e-** f(t) + 0 as t + , and f(0) is the value of f(t) att = 0. Thus,
AIP l= s41f01- £0)
5.4.2 Second derivative
Let the first derivative of f(@) be f(t) then, from the definition of the Laplace transform,
ALF") = f etp"(o de
Integrating by parts gives:
I em prae
a sf est pat
=f) +s FO)
Substituting £[ f’(¢)] and assuming e-* f'(t) > 0 as t > © , and f'(0) is the value of f’(t) at
t=0. Thus,
L1F"(O) = s? LL f(O)] — sf(0) — sf)
The equations for the Laplace transform of derivatives are used in the solution of differential
equations and simultaneous differential equations.
EERE Ornren nee ror
There are several Laplace transform theorems used to simplify and interpret the solution of certain
problems. Two such theorems are the initial value theorem and the final value theorem.
7 5.5.1 The
I value theorem
The initial value theorem states that,
img [/(0)] = lim (8 £LFO13
For example, if f(t) = 3e* then
By the initial value theorem,
byte = pe
st-9(55)
3-3
Which illustrates the initial value theorem.
5.5.1 The final value theorem
The final value theorem states that,
lim (s £[f(01}
For example, if f(t) =
By the final value theorem,
Which illustrates the final value theorem.
‘The initial and final value theorems are used in pulse circuit applications where the response
of the circuit for small periods of time, or the behavior immediately after the switch is closed, are
of interest. The final value theorem is particularly useful in investigating the stability of systems
(such as in automatic aircraft-anding systems) and is concemed with the steady state response
for large values of time ¢ , i.., after all transient effects have died away.
58 Laplace transforms
Function
£0 aipol= [ews(oae
1| Unit impulse 8(¢) 1
1
2] unitstep 1(¢) 1
5
1
3 t z
et 1
4 i Di’ where n = 1,2,3,... Y
5] t, wheren=1,2,3, aon
3
6 = E
ing
1
7 te
oe tae
1 1
ity -
8 @-t e , where n= 1,2,3,
9 te , where n= 1,2,3,..
10 sin wt
any cos wt
12 sinh wt
13
14 +
sta)
15 1
(s+a)(s +b)
7
16
G¥ajs +b)
59 1
uF s(t ajs+b)
1
_ seta?
1 : 1
19) Gylat-1 +e) F@+a)
20| e*sinwt
GraP rot
21| et cos wt
22| 1-coswt
23| wt—sinwe
24) sina@t—at cos wt
1
25| 5 tsin wt
26| tcoswe
i
27| —Gi
Joy (Sin wt + cot cos aot)
1
- oe a
28 g-gn cos @zt) , where w? # w} Grae
29 ent sin on V1— Gt , where 0<%<1 oh
1-@ 32+ Wars + wo?
1
= ent sin (wnVt — 7 t—
Ae (on/t-#e-9) .
30 me =
where = tan™ = + lo, +
0
