Name: JOELREY R DOROMAL 2HMF

Republic of the Philippines

North Eastern Mindanao State University

Tandag City, Surigao del Sur
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
www.sdssu.edu.ph

MODULE 1
Lesson 2 & 3

2022
 GE- STS

A Course Pack in
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

By STS GROUP

2022
2. Historical Antecedents of Science, Technology and Society

Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, the students should be able to:

1. explain the social contexts shaped and were shaped by science and technology
across three historical periods.
2. identify inventions and discoveries that changed the world over the course of history;
and
3. discuss the scientific and technological developments in the Philippines.

An antecedent is defined as a precursor to the unfolding or existence of something. The

historical antecedents in science and technology are factors that paved the way for the
presence of advanced and sophisticated scientific and technological innovations today.

Ancient Period

The advances during the ancient period allowed civilizations to flourish by finding better
ways of communication, transportation, self-organization, and of living in general.

Ancient Wheel. People from ancient civilizations used animals for transportation long
before the invention of the wheel. No one knows exactly who invented the wheel and when.
There is, however, a general agreement that the ancient wheel grew out of mechanical device
called the potter’s wheel- a heavy flat disk made of hardened clay which was spun horizontally
on an axis. It is believed that the Sumerians invented the potter’s wheel shortly about 3500 BC.
The invention of the ancient wheel is often credited to the Sumerian’s since no other ancient
civilization used a similar device at the time. It could be that a potter thought of shifting the
potter’s wheel to a 90-degree angle for the purpose. Nonetheless, it would not be until 1000 to
1 5 0 0 years later that the wheel was first used on carts.
 Figure 1. Ancient Wheel

Paper. Roughly around 3000 BC, the ancient Egyptians began writing on papyrus, a material
similar to thick paper. Papyrus is made from the pith of the papyrus plant Cyperus papyrus. It
is lightweight, strong, durable, and most importantly, portable. Before the Egyptians invented
the papyrus, writing was done on stone. Because of the difficulty of writing on stone, writing
was reserved only for very important occasions. With the advent of the papyrus,
documentation and record-keeping became efficient, widespread, and vast. Through it
use, information dissemination became exponentially faster. Records were kept and stood the
test of time.

Figure 2: The Edwin Smith Papyrus

Shadoof. The shadoof was an early tool invented and used by ancient Egyptians to irrigate
land. Among Egyptians who lived near the Nile River, irrigation was necessary to water their
crops. The shadoof, also spelled as shaduf, is a hand-operated device used for lifting water. Its
invention introduced the idea of lifting things counterweights. Because of this invention,
irrigation and farming became much more efficient. The shadoof is also believed to be an
ancient precursor of more sophisticated irrigation tools.

Figure 3: Shadoof

Anitikythera mechanism. Antikythera mechanism, ancient Greek mechanical device used to

calculate and display information about astronomical phenomena. The remains of this ancient
“computer,” now on display in the National Archaeological Museum in Athens, were recovered
in 1 9 0 1 from the wreck of a trading ship that sank in the first half of the 1 st century bce
near the island of Antikythera in the Mediterranean Sea. Its manufacture is currently dated
to 100 bce, give or take 3 0 years.

Figure 4: A fragment of the Antikythera mechanism

 The Antikythera mechanism had the first known set of scientific dials or scales, and its
importance was recognized when radiographic images showed that the remaining fragments
contained 30 gear wheels. No other geared mechanism of such complexity is known from the
ancient world or indeed until medieval cathedral clocks were built a millennium later.

The Antikythera mechanism was fabricated out of bronze sheet, and originally it would have
been in a case about the size of a shoebox. The doors of the case and the faces of the
mechanism are covered with Greek inscriptions, enough of which survive to indicate clearly
much of the device’s astronomical, or calendrical, purpose. It is believed that a hand-turned
shaft (now lost) was connected by a crown gear to the main gear wheel, which drove the
further gear trains, with each revolution of the main gear wheel corresponding to one solar
year. On the front of the mechanism is a large dial with pointers for showing the position of the
Sun and the Moon in the zodiac and a half-silvered ball for displaying lunar phases. The drive
train for the lunar position is extremely sophisticated, involving epicyclic gearing and a slot-and-
pin mechanism to mimic subtle variations (known as the “first anomaly”) in the Moon’s motion
across the sky. (See Hipparchus and Ptolemaic system.)

Two large dials are on the back of the mechanism. The large upper dial has a five-turn spiral
slot with a moving pointer to show the 2 3 5 lunations, or synodic months, in the Metonic cycle.
This cycle is almost exactly 19 years long and is useful in regulating calendars. A subsidiary four-
year dial showed when the various Panhellenic games should take place, including the
ancient Olympic Games. The large lower dial has a four-turn spiral with symbols to show
months in which there was a likelihood of a solar or lunar eclipse, based on the 1 8 . 2 - year
saros eclipse cycle. These astronomical cycles would have been known to the Greeks
from Babylonian sources. The inscriptions imply that there may originally have been a
display of planetary positions, most likely on the front face, but nearly all the relevant parts
are missing.

The Antikythera mechanism is the only known physical survivor of a long tradition of
mechanical astronomical displays. The widespread existence of such devices can be inferred
from references in Greco-Roman literature, particularly in the descriptions left by Marcus
Tullius Cicero (1 st century BCE), that stretch from Archimedes ( 3rd century BCE) to a poetic
reference in the late 4th or early 5th century BCE. The exact purpose of the Antikythera
mechanism remains speculative, however. Nor is it known if the bronze-geared technology and
the advanced mechanical design skills involved in its construction were exploited for other
applications within the Greco-Roman world.
 Aeolipile, steam turbine invented in the 1st century ad by Heron of Alexandria and
described in his Pneumatical. The aeolipile was a hollow sphere mounted so that it could turn
on a pair of hollow tubes that provided steam to the sphere from a cauldron. The steam
escaped from the sphere from one or more bent tubes projecting from its equator, causing the
sphere to revolve. The aeolipile is the first known device to transform steam into rotary motion.
Like many other machines of the time that demonstrated basic mechanical principles, it was
simply regarded as a curiosity or a toy and was not used for any practical purpose.

Figure 5: An illustration of Hero’s Engine

Middle Ages

Heavy Plough. It is considered one of the most important technological innovations

during the Middle Ages is the innovation of the heavy plough. Clay soil, despite being more
fertile than lighter types of soil, was not cultivated because of its heavy weight. However,
through the invention of the heavy plough, it became possible to harness clay soil. According to
Professor Thomas Berne beck Andersen of the University of Southern Denmark succinctly
describes the impact of the invention of the heavy plough: “The heavy plough turned European
agriculture and economy on its head. Suddenly, the fields with the heavy, fatty, and moist clay
soils became those that gave the greatest yields.” Because of this, Europe particularly its
northern territories, saw rapid economic prosperity. The heavy plough stirred an agricultural
revolution in Northern Europe marked by higher and healthier agricultural revolution in
Northern Europe marked by higher and healthier agricultural yields and more efficient
agricultural practices.

Figure 6: An impression of the heavy plough

Gunpowder. The gunpowder is one of the most interesting inventions in China.

Originally, it was developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality. They
mixed charcoal, Sulphur, and potassium nitrate, but instead of creating an elixir of life,
they accidentally invented a black powder that could actually generate large amounts of
heat and gas in an instant. Ironically, instead of prolonging life, gunpowder is widely used
to propel bullets from guns and cannons which cause countless deaths. In fact, gunpowder
propelled weapons are preferred by raiders who plan to attack at a distance. The same
weapons are also used to dissipate any attempts of invasion. On the other hand,
gunpowder is also used in fireworks during important celebrations in China.

Figure 7: Gunpowder
 Printing Press. After the Chinese developed woodblock printing, Johann Gutenberg was
able to invent the printing press, a more reliable way of printing using a cast type. He utilized
wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of the
letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which then made an exact
impression on paper. This general invention soon evolved to be the mechanical printing press
which was eventually used all over the world. The printing press was invented to address the
need for publishing books that would spread information to many people at a faster rate. This
invention also made works accessible to individuals who could not even write (Streissguth,
1997).

Figure 8: Printing Press

Microscope. Another invention in the Middle Ages is the microscope. Growing

populations caused massive migration and urbanization during the period. More and more
people transferred to polluted and populated urban areas which resulted in more people
getting sick and needing medical attention. To develop the proper medicines for illnesses,
experts must understand the sickness through an investigation. Thus, they needed a device that
could magnify things invisible to the eye. Guided by the principles used for the invention of
eyeglasses in earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was able to develop the first compound
microscope. With this device, people were able to observe organisms that were normally
unseen by the naked eye. The microscope was key in discovering new means in preventing and
curing various illnesses (Davidson, 2015).
 Figure 9: Antique Microscope

Paper Money. Although it was not until the 17th century that bank notes began to
be used in Europe, the first known versions of paper money could be traced back to the
chinese in 17th century AD as an offshoot of the invention of block printing, which is similar to
stamping. Before the introduction of paper money, precious metals, such as gold and silver
were used as currency. However, the idea of assigning value to a marked piece of paper did
not immediately become popular. In fact, when the Mongols attempted to introduce paper
money into the Middle East market in the 13th century, it did not gain immediate success.
Nonetheless, traders and merchants eventually realized the huge advantage of using paper
money because it was easier to transport around compared to the previous forms of
currencies.

Figure 10: Paper Money

Mechanical Clock. Although devices for timekeeping and recording sprung from the
ancient times, such as the Antikythera mechanism, it was not until the Middle Ages that
clockwork technology was developed. The development of mechanical clocks paved the way for
accurately keeping track of time. The sophistication of clockwork technology of the mechanical
clock drastically changed the way days were spent and work patterns were established,
particularly in the more advanced Middle Age cities.
 Figure 11: A medieval mechanical clock found in Prague, Czech Republic

Spinning Wheel. Another important invention of the Middle Ages is the spinning wheel,
a machine used for transforming fiber into thread or yarn and eventually woven into cloth on
a loom. Although no consensus could be made regarding the origin of the spinning of the
wheel, it is theorized that the Indian invented the spinning wheel between 6th and 11th
century AD. Prior to the invention of the spinning wheel, weaving was done predominantly
through the more time- consuming and tedious process of hand spinning. According to White
( 1 9 7 4 ) , the invention of the spinning wheel sped up the rate at which fiber could be spun by
a factor of 10 to 100 times. Thus, White argued that this invention ushered in a
breakthrough in linen production when it was introduced in Europe in 13th century AD.

Figure 12: Spinning Wheel

Modern Ages

The booming world population during the 19th century onwards demanded that more
goods be produced at a faster rate. People needed efficient means of transportation to trade
more goods and cover a larger distance. Machines that required animals to operate must
thus be upgraded. Faster and easier means to communicate and compute should be
developed to establish connections between and among nations. All these needs
resulted in the development of industries. However, due to massive industrialization, the
modern times again faced more complicated problems. Food processing and medicine posed
some of the bigger challenges since health was of great concern.

Pasteurization. As people were able to develop better means of production to meet the
needs of the population, food preservation and food safety became an issue. The challenge to
keep manufactured food from deteriorating was greater for dairy products, especially milk,
since they usually spoiled faster. These goods needed to be consumed almost immediately after
production or they would cause illness diphtheria, food poisoning, and typhoid fever. Since
transporting these products would also take time, it would be impossible to trade them. Louis
Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist, found a way to solve the problem.
He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill harmful bacteria that
allow them to spoil faster. Through this process, milk could be stored and consumed for a
longer period. It also prevented illnesses caused by harmful bacteria (Macalester College,
2010). Other contributions of Pasteur to science, technology, and medicines included his works
on molecular asymmetry, fermentation, and vaccination.

Figure 13: Pasteurization

 Jacquard Loom. As the Industrial revolution reached full speed, the jacquard loom was
considered as one of the most critical drivers of the revolution. Built by French weaver Joseph
Marie Jacquard, the Jacquard loom simplifies textile manufacturing. Prior to the invention of
the jacquard loom, a drawloom was used which required two individuals to operate- the
weaver and a drawboy if figured designs on textiles were needed. As such, intensified manual
labor and greater effort had to be exerted to produce complex designs. In 1 8 0 1 , Jacquard
demonstrated the ingenuity of his version of a loom in which a series of cards with punched
holes automatically created complex textile designs and made mass production easier. The
jacquard loom is also an important antecedent of modern computer technology as it
demonstrated the use of punched cards to instruct a machine to carry out complex tasks, i.e.
making different textile patterns.

Figure 1 4 : Jacquard loom

Calculator. Although earlier versions of the calculator had already been developed,
circumstances in the modern times required a faster way to compute more complicated
equations. Computing devices must also be easy to carry since they would be utilized on a day-
to-day basis. The creation of modern calculators did not only pave the way for easier arithmetic
calculations, but also resulted in the development of more complex processing machines like
the computer.
 Figure 15: Calculator

Petroleum Refinery. The modern times demanded better means of powering homes
and transportation. At first, people used animal oils for generating light to illuminate their
homes. However, the production of animal oils could not keep up with the demand. Faced with
this concern, Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by refining petroleum. Kerosene
was later on referred to as the “illuminating oil” because it was used as first to provide
lighting to homes. After some time, it was applied for heating purposes. The development
of kerosene established the petroleum refinery industry (Skrabec,2010). At present,
petroleum is widely used in powering automobiles, factories, and power plants, among others.

Figure 1 6 : Petroleum Refinery

Engine-Powered Airplane. Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright are credited for designing
and successfully operating the first engine-powered aircraft. The Wright brothers approached
the design of powered aircraft and flight scientifically. Orville and Wilbur proved that aircrafts
could fly without airfoil-shaped wings. They demonstrated this in their original Flying machine
patent (US patent #821393), showing that slightly tilted wings, which they referred to as
aeroplanes, were the key features of a powered aircraft. Their pioneering success marked an
age of powered flights. Sans modern knowledge on aerodynamics and a comprehensive
understanding of the working of aircraft wings, the Wright brothers were brilliant scientists
who paved the way for modern aircraft technology.

Figure 17: Engine Powered Airplane

Television. The Scottish engineer John Logie Baird is largely credited for the invention of
the modern television. Baird successfully televised objects in outline in 1924, recognizable
human faces in 1925, and moving objects in 1926, and projected colored images in 1928.Baird’s
television technology caught on really swiftly. In fact, the British Broadcasting Corporation
( BBC) used this for its earliest television programming in 1 9 2 9 . Despite being the first television
invented. Beird’s television was later on criticized for its fuzzy and flickering images, primarily
because it was mechanical compared to electronic versions that were developed much later .

Figure 18: Television

Compound Microscope. A Dutch spectacle maker named Zacharias Janssen is credited

for the invention of the first compound microscope in 1950.Together with his father Hans
Zacharias began experimenting with lenses by putting together several lenses on a tube. This
led to an amazing discovery that an object, when placed near the end of te tube, can be
magnified far larger than what a simple magnifying lens can do. Janssen’s compound
microscope was an important progression from the single lens microscope. It was capable
of magnifying objects three times their size when fully closed and up to ten times when
extended to the maximum. Today, the compound microscope is an important instrument
in many scientific studies, such as in the areas of medicine, forensic studies, tissue
analysis, atomic studies, and genetics.

Figure 1 9 : Compound Microscope

Philippine Inventions

Despite being considered a developing country; the Philippines also contribute to the
global advancement of science and technology. It is quite remarkable to note the ingenuity
of the Filipinos despite the lack in resources. The Philippines is known to be one of the
most vulnerable countries in terms of natural disasters. Many of the discoveries and inventions
made by the Filipinos were therefore built from indigenous materials or created to adapt to the
harsh tropical environment.

Electronic Jeepney (e-jeepney). The jeepney is perhaps one of the most recognizable
national symbols of the Philippines and the most popular mode of public transportation in the
country. It is also one of the most enduring symbols of Filipino ingenuity. Jeepneys were
designed and improvised from scratch out of military jeeps that the Americans left in the
country after World War II. As demand for more responsive transportation technology arose,
the e-jeepney was introduced in Metro Manila and Bacolod City. The e-jeepney is the inventive
response to criticisms to the traditional jeepney that belched smoke, directly causing air
pollution which made it unsustainable and uneconomical. E-jeepneys are designed to be
environment friendly, eliminating noise and air pollution as they run on electricity. They are
also more economical for electricity is far cheaper than ordinary drivers to earn more profit.

Figure 20: E-jeepney

Erythromycin. Perhaps one of the most important medical inventions is the

Erythromycin. The Illonggo scientist Abelardo Aguilar invented this antibiotic out of strain of
bacterium called Streptomyces erythreus, from which this drug derived its name. As with the
case of several other local scientists, however, Aguilar was not credited for this discovery by
Eli Lilli Co., Aguilar’s US employer, to whom he sent the strain for separation. The US
Company eventually owned merits for this discovery.

Figure 21: Erythromycin

Medical Incubator. World renowned Filipino pediatrician and national scientist, Fe del
Mundo, is credited for the invention of incubator and jaundice relieving device. Del Mundo was
the first woman pediatrician to be admitted to the prestigious Harvard University’s School of
Medicine. She is also the founder of the first pediatric hospital in the county. Her pioneering
work in pediatrics that spanned a total of eight decades won her the 1877 Ramon Magsaysay
Award, Asia’s premier prize granted to outstanding individuals whose selfless service
remarkably contributed to the betterment of society. Her original improvised incubator
consisted of two native laundry baskets of different sizes that are placed one inside the other.
Warmth is generated by bottles with hot water placed around the baskets. A makeshift hood
over the baskets allows oxygen to circulate inside the incubator. Del Mundo’s incubator was
particularly outstanding as it addressed the state of Philippine rural communities that had no
electricity to aid the regulation of body temperatures of newborn babies. For this purpose,
del Mundo’s invention was truly ingenious.

Figure 2 2 : Medical Incubator

Mole Remover. In 2000, a local invention that had the ability to easily remove
moles and warts on the skin without the need for any surgical procedure shot to fame.
Rolando dela Cruz is credited for the invention of local mole remover that made use of
extracts of cashew nuts (Anacardium occidentale), which are very common in the
Philippines. The indigenous formula easily caught on for its accessibility, affordability, and
painless and scarless procedure. Dela Cruz won a gold medal for this invention in the
International Invention, Innovation, Industrial Design, and Technology Exhibition in Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia in 2000.

nut extracts
Figure 23: Rolando dela Cruz’s commercial product- a mole remover formula made of cashew

nut extracts
 Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System. Dengue, a mosquito-borne viral illness, is
endemic in tropical and subtropical areas, including the Philippines. This virus is usually
transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito, rampant during the rainy seasons. Insecticides were
previously used to kill the species. However, recent studies show that insecticide resistance has
evolved in some mosquito populations. Likewise, using insecticides is harmful not only to
humans but also to the environment. In 2 0 1 0 , the Department of Science and Technology-
Industrial Technology Development Institute (DOST-ITDI) was able to introduce the Mosquito
Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System, also known as OL Trap. This trap system is made of natural
ingredients that are lethal mosquitos but safe for humans and the environment.

Figure 24: Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System

Banana Ketchup. Filipino technologist, Maria Orosa, is credited for the invention of
banana ketchup, a variety of ketchup different from the commonly known tomato ketchup. Her
invention appeals particularly to Filipinos who love using condiments to go along with their
food. Historical accounts posit that Orosa invented the banana ketchup at the backdrop of
World War II when there was a huge shortage of tomatoes. As a result, Orosa developed a
variety of ketchup that made use of mashed banana, sugar, vinegar, and spices, which were all
readily available. Orosa’s banana ketchup is brownish-yellow in natural color, but is dyed red to
resemble the color of the most loved tomato ketchup.
 Figure 25: Banana Ketchup

Exercise 1. Reflection Task 1 (Individual Task)

Name: ___________________________________
Joel Rey R Doromal Date Submitted: __________

Course/Section: ___________________________
2HMF Score:

Instructions: Answer the following questions comprehensively.

1. Give three other scientific and technological developments in the world and in the
Philippines that created a large impact on your daily life. Why? Discuss

The three other scientific and technological developments iin the world
and in the Philippines that created a large impact in my daily life is the
Shadoof, Paper Money and Jeepney. It’s because this are the scientific and
technological that give us a best thing in our daily life. We’ve experience
this all things and enjoy that is why this give me memorable and large
impact in my life.

2. What historical antecedents gave rise to the inventions you mentioned

in the first question?

The histoical antecedents gave rise to the invention I’ve mentioned is I chose a historical one
because it deals with our ancient equipment or what we have experienced in our lives. It's a big deal
for us because it's one of the things we used in the era when the new changes hadn't arrived in our
area._
_

3. How did the developments in science and technology shape human history?

Ans: The wide variety of technologies and science discoveries produced by

humanity has led to the building and development of the civilizations of each age,
 stimulated economic growth, raised people’s standards of living, encouraged
cultural development, and had a tremendous impact on religion, thought, and
many other human activities. The impact of science and technology on modern
society is broad and wide-ranging, influencing such areas as politics, diplomacy,
defense, the economy, medicine, transportation, agriculture, social capital
improvement, and many more. The fruits of science and technology fill every
corner of our lives.

Exercise 2 . Reflection Task 2 ( Individual Task)

Name: ___________________________________ Date Submitted: __________

Course/Section: ___________________________ Score:

Poster Making

Instructions:

1. Selects any inventions on the different historical antecedents in the course of science
and technology. (Ancient Period, Middle Ages, Modern Ages, and Philippine Inventions)
2. On a long bond paper or any makeshift canvass of the same size, the student will draw,
paint or stick a photograph of an invention from the chosen inventions besides those
that were already discussed in this section.
3. Student will come up a particular theme you want to employ in designing the poster.
4. At the back of the poster, student should place a 100 to 200 write-up about the
invention that specifically addresses the following questions:
4.1. What is the invention?
4.2. What are the precursors of your chosen invention? What tools existed prior to it
or how did people carry out activities before its invention?
4.3. What are the social, political, cultural, or economic contexts in which the
invention was made?
4.4. What are the social, political, cultural, or economic impacts of your chosen
invention?
 3 Transformation of Society by Science and Technology

This section reviews the intellectual revolutions that changed the way people perceive
the influence of science on society in general. It focuses on the Copernican, Darwinian,
Freudian, Information, Mesoamerican, Pre-modern east Asia, Modern East Asia, Pre-modern
South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Modern Near and Middle East, and Modern Africa.
By discussing these intellectual revolutions in the context of science, technology and
society students will engage in a critical analysis of on-going intellectual and scientific
revolutions, which they may find themselves to be part of. This section aims to establish
the interaction between science and technology and society, cementing further the
relationship as introduced in the first session.

Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, the students should be able to:

1. explain how the Intellectual Revolution changed the way how humans see the world
2. articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology
3. research on other intellectual revolutions that advance modern science and scientific
thinking.
 The term Intellectual Revolution refers to Greek speculation about the nature in the period
before Socrates (between 600 to 400 BCE). Therefore, experts believe that there are
appropriate words for IR and these are pre-Socratic or nontheological or first philosophy.

There are three characteristics features of this Greco Intellectual revolution in verse form.
First, the word is not a product of supernatural forces that do not make things happened but
it is a natural whole entity. Second, there are laws of nature which people strongly believed
and follow because it is highly immoral to ignore them. Third, humans of highly and
respectable intellect discovered these laws of nature.

1.1.1. Copernican Revolution

. It is the paradigm shift from Ptolemaic model of the heavens which

was unchallenged until the 16th century, described the cosmos as having
Earth stationary at the center of the universe, to the heliocentric model with
the Sun at the center of the Solar System.
. Nicolaus Copernicus formulated the heliocentric model of the universe. At
the time, the belief was that the Earth was the center of the solar system
based on the geocentric model of Ptolemy.
. The model illustrated the Earth, along with other heavenly bodies, to be
rotating around the Sun.
. When Copernicus introduced his model, it was then rejected by the public
and people believe that the idea of Ptolemy is correct. It appalled many since
their religious belief had taught them that the Earth was created first before all
other things. Copernicus was even persecuted as a heretic because his
teachings were against what was widely accepted by religion. After some
time, astronomers realized that the Copernican model simplified the orbits
for planets. It also answered issues that could not explain using the geocentric
model.
. As time passes, it was eventually accepted the Copernican model since
there were works from other philosophers who supported the model of
Copernicus. It was eventually accepted by the people in a period which was
called the birth of modern astronomy. This era began what was known as the
scientific revolution which resulted in the transformation of society’s thoughts
and beliefs.
. Thus, the Copernican Revolution marked a turning point in the study
of cosmology and astronomy making it a truly important intellectual revolution.

1.1.2. Darwinian Revolution

 . This revolution was considered to be one of the most controversial
intellectual revolutions of its time. In 1859, Charles Darwin, an English
naturalist, biologist, and geologist, published his book, On the Origin of Species.
In this book, Darwin introduced the theory of evolution, which posited that
populations pass through a process of natural selection in which only the fittest
would survive.

. He stated that the organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment
and would gradually change into something that would be more
competitive to survive, a process known as evolution. However, this
theory became controversial as people perceived it to be contradictory to the
church’s teaching that the source of life is a powerful creator. The theory
emerged at a time when most of the population believed and accepted the
biblical version of the Earth’s creation. Because of this conflict, the people
were divided- some believed that the theory explained the origin of life, but
the religious and the faithful strongly refuted it. It was only after some time
that people came to understand that Darwin’s theory of evolution was not in
fact against the teachings of the church and both can coexist.

. The place of the Darwinian Revolution in modern science cannot

be underestimated. Through the Darwinian Revolution, the development
of organisms and the origin of unique forms of life and humanity could
be rationalized by a lawful system or an orderly process of change underpinned
by laws of nature.

1.1.3. Freudian Revolution

. In the 20th century Sigmund Freud, an Austrian psychiatrist

developed psychoanalysis a scientific method understanding inner and
unconscious conflicts embedded within one’s personality, springing from free
associations, dreams, and fantasies of the individual.
. The theory of Freud explained that there are many conscious and
unconscious factors that can influence behaviors and emotions. He also
argued that personality is the product of three conflicting elements: id, ego, and
superego.
. Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of psycho analysis as a
science since its concepts were more philosophical and super natural. Many
believed that Freud’s theory had no scientific basis as no empirical or
experimental data could support it.
 . Amidst controversy, Freud’s psychoanalysis is widely credited for
dominating psychotherapeutic practice in the early 20th century.
Psychodynamic therapies that treat a myriad of psychological disorders still
remain largely informed by Freud’s work on psychoanalysis.

1.1.4. Information Revolution

. This revolution describes the present economic, social and technological

trends after the first wave of Industrial Revolution. It is the
development of technologies such as computers, digital communication, and
microchips in the second half of the 20th century that has led to dramatic
reduction in the cost of obtaining, processing, storing, and transmitting
information in all forms such as text, graphics, audio and video.
. Evidently, the convergence of computers and communications has changed
our lives because of what they do with information and not what they are.
The electronic delivery system makes information available anywhere. Ideas
can be everywhere at once, in real time anytime and in full color.
. Like snail mails have been reduced since the introduction of emails. Instead
of typing and retyping words in a piece of bond paper, corrections are
done without using the traditional correction fluid or pencil eraser to do it.
One can hold a face-to-face conversation through Skype, Zoom etc. Additionally,
students seldom visit the libraries because of the availability of internet
through their smartphones.
. Economically, information revolution may have improved business
transactions but reduced the employment rate. Machines can do what
humans can in a factory at a faster rate. On the social aspects, human
lives have improved tremendously. It is now a necessity to own a gadget
unlike before that it was more a status symbol rather than a necessity.
. Information is still reshaping our lives. Information is universal energy,
effecting change, creating and disrupting order. Information in the form of
proprietary databases can be monopolistic. It is information that is forcing us to
question the true nature of the decision process and the perception of reality.
 Exercise 1. Reflection Task 1 (Individual Task)

Name: ___________________________________ Date Submitted: __________

Course/Section: Score:

Instructions: On the space provided, write TRUE if the statement is correct or FALSE if it is not.

FALSE 1. An intellectual revolution emerges as a result of the interaction of man

and society.

TRUE 2. Intellectual revolutions are necessary in understanding how society

is transformed by science and technology.

FALSE 3. Intellectual revolutions are often met with huge support and general
acceptance.

FALSE 4. Intellectual revolutions shape science and technology and often spare
society from its influence.

TRUE 5. The Copernican revolution introduced the concept of heliocentrism.

TRUE 6. According to Copernicus, the Earth is the center of the solar system.

TRUE 7. The Darwinian revolution changed the way people understood nature
and evolution.

FALSE 8. Charles Darwin received huge support from the church.

FALSE 9. Sigmund Freud introduced scientific approaches to understanding the

human subconscious.

FALSE 10. The Freudian revolution was, in itself, controversial and met with resistance.

Exercise 2 . Reflection Task 2 (Individual Task)

Name: ___________________________________ Date Submitted: __________

Course/Section: Score:

COMIC STRIP in the REVOLUTIONS

Instructions: Choose one of the different revolutions discussed in this section. On the
space below make a comic strip on how you able to discussed the chosen revolution. In
making the comic strip you should be guided the steps to make it more appealing and
substantial. (1) Write your ideas for your comic (2) Draw the three-frames (3) Use the basic
shapes to draw (4) Add in the speech and lettering (5) Add detail to your cartoon, and (6)
Go over your comic in pen. You may use another sheet of paper if needed.
 Exercise 3. Reflection Task 3 (Individual Task)

Name: ___________________________________ Date Submitted: __________

Course/Section: Score:

Instructions: Aside from the four intellectual revolutions discussed in this section,
other intellectual revolutions also took place across history in many parts of the world,
such as North America, Asia, Middle East, and Africa. The student task is to
research on a particular intellectual revolution that took place in any of the four
geographical locations mentioned. Prepare an 8 to 10 PowerPoint presentation and
report the highlights of your chosen intellectual revolution. Use the following questions
for your presentation.

1. What is the intellectual revolution all about?

ANS: The Intellectual Revolution. The Intellectual Revolution. The term "Intellectual Revolution" is
used to refer to Greek speculation about the "nature" in the period before Socrates. Hence, the
alternative, technical terms are "pre Socratic" or "non-theological" or "first philosophy".
2. Who are the key figures in the revolution?
ANS: .Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, samuel adams, george washington, jhon adams, and
benedict arnold
 3. How did the revolution advance modern science and scientific thinking at the time?
The Revolution Controversy was a British debate over the French Revolution from 1789 to 1795. ...
Most Britons celebrated the storming of the Bastille in 1789 and believed that Kingdom of France
should be curtailed by a more democratic form of government.
4. What controversies met the revolution?
ANS: The Revolution Controversy was a British debate over the French Revolution, lasting from 1789
through 1795. A pamphlet war began in earnest after the publication of Edmund Burke's Reflections on
the Revolution in France (1790), which surprisingly supported the French aristocracy.

5. Cite your own implication on the chosen revolution.

The moral issues posed by revolutions are both practically important and theoretically complex. There are also
interesting conceptual questions as to how to distinguish revolution from resistance, rebellion, and secession,
all of which also involve opposition to existing political authority. Unfortunately, the recent renaissance in just
war theorizing focuses implicitly on interstate wars and thus has largely ignored the morality of revolution, at
least as a topic worthy of systematic theorizing in its own right.[1] Recent work on the morality of
asymmetrical warfare, on terrorism, and on humanitarian military intervention provides valuable resources for
constructing a theory of the morality of revolution, but until the appearance of Christopher Finlay’s book,
Terrorism and the Right to Resist: A Theory of Just Revolutionary War (2015), nothing approaching a
systematic account of the morality of revolution has been available.[2] In other words, moral theorizing
relevant to revolution has been rather fragmentary and adventitious, because it has mainly occurred in the
pursuit of other topics rather than as part of an inquiry directed squarely at the phenomenon of revolution.
Furthermore, although prominent figures in the history of Philosophy have held views on revolution, they have
primarily concentrated on the issue of just cause (and in some cases on rightful authority to wage revolutionary
war), without addressing a number of other moral problems that revolutions raise, such as the question of
whether revolutionaries can rightly use forms of violence that the armed forces of states are morally prohibited
from using and whether they may conscript fighters, punish defectors and traitors, and expropriate property
needed for the struggle. There are hopeful signs, however, that moral theorists will soon give revolution the
attention it deserves.
Prepared by:

CHARLIE SHEEN M. PERNITEZ, LPT, MSTS (CAR)

Instructor