Part of Mouth (Class)

Labi Labio– Dental Velar Guttur

al dental al
Air Flow Voice
(Order)
Stop Voiced
Voiceless π τ κ
Aspirate Voiceless ῾
Affricative Voiced ζ, σ
Voiceless ψ ξ
Fricative Voiced μ, φ β ν, δ, θ χ, γ , γγ, λ, ρ
Voiceless σ, ζ ῾
Spirant Voiceless σ, ζ
(Sibilant)
Liquid Voiced λ, ρ
Voiceless ῥ
Nasal Voiced μ ν γγ
Semi–Vowel/ Voiced ϝ ι̭
Semi–
Consonant
Phonemic
System
/a/ α
/ε/ ε, αι

/i/ ι, ει, η,
ηι
/y/–>/i/ υ, οι, υι

/o/ ω, ο

/u/ ου

Historical Greek Pronunciation

Square of Stops
Stem End+ Sigma =
β, π, φ ψ
γ, κ, χ ξ
δ, τ, θ σ
 Nominative Case – Subject, Predicate Nominative, Grammatically independent uses
(vocative, exclamation, proverbial, parenthetic, pendant)

Genitive Case – Modification/Restriction – Makes nouns more specific in quality in

relation to other nouns, broadly adjectival, special ablative use of separation. Many
Nouns! subtypes of genitives.

1st & 2nd Noun Declensions (Simplified) 3rd Noun Declension Dative Case – Indicates recipient of action (indirect object), advantage, instrument,
nd
2 Declension st
1 Declension nd
2 Declension Masc/Fem Neut locative, broadly adverbial – to/for who, how, where?
(M/f) (F/m) (N)
Accusative Case – Object, double object, limits as to quantity, extent, direction, or goal
Nom Sg ος α or η ον ς /- -
Gen Sg ου ας or ης ου ος ος
Dat Sg ῳ ᾳ or ῃ ῳ ι ι
Acc Sg ον αν or ην ον α /ν - Parsing: Gen, No., Case, Lex. Form, Gloss.

Accent Rules: Accents (Acute and Circumflex) can only appear in the trimoraic window at the end of the word, Grave
Nom Plu οι αι α ες α
only on the ultima. If the ultima is acute and followed by another word (bar enclitic) it becomes grave. Nouns tend to
Gen Plu ων ων ων ων ων
have persistent accents where verbs tend to be recessive.
Dat Plu οις αις οις σιν σιν
Acc Plu ους ας α ας α

First declension – stem ends in alpha

Second declension – stem ends in omicron
Third declension – stem ends in consonant

Unsimplified with Notes

First/Second Third Declension
Declension (Vowels) (Consonants)
Masc Fem Neut Masc/fem Neut
Nom ς ∅ ν ς , ∅1 ∅
sg
Gen ο2 ς υ ος3 ος
sg
Dat ι4 ι ι ι ι
sg
Acc ν ν ν ν5/α6 ∅
sg
Voc αη α α ∅
sg

N/V ι ι α ες α
pl
Gen ων ων8 ων ων ων
pl7
Dat ις9 ις ις σι(ν) σι(ν)
pl
Acc νς10 ς α ας/ες α
plu

1
ν, ρ, ς, and οντ stems use no ending, rather the preceding vowel lengthens.
2
This then contracts with the final stem vowel and forms ου.
3
Sometimes will lengthen to ως.
4
The final vowel will lengthen and the iota subscripts.
5
Generally, stems endings in a consonant will use alpha, those historically ending in consonantal iota or digamma will use nu.
6
This is actually the nu ending, but when nu is preceded by a consonant it can become sonant and become an alpha.
7
These case endings join with the final stem vowel.
8
This ending is always the result of contraction.
9
Ισι in the first declension and either ις or ισι in the second.
10
The nu drops out due to the sigma. In the first declension the alpha joins strait to the sigma, while in the second the omicron
lengthens to ου before the sigma.
Verbs
Infinitives
Four-Quad Verb Chart
Primary A Secondary A Aorist Active Middle Mid.-Pass.
σα Present ειν - εσθαι
1S ω ον
First Aorist σαι σασθαι θῆναι
εις ες σας
2S Second Aorist εῖν έσθαι θῆναι
Purpose: By itself, with gen. article, εἰς τό
Active

ει εν σεν
3S Result: ὥστε, gen art., by itself, εἰς τό
ομεν ομεν σαμεν
1P Cause: διά τό
ετε ετε σατε Temporal: πρό τοῦ (before), ἐν τῷ (when/while), μετά τό (after)
2P
ουσιν ον σαν
3P
Subjunctives – Possibility
Primary M Secondary M
ομαι ομην σαμην Present Active Subjunctive: Stem + lengthened c.v. + PAE (I might untie)
1S Present Middle/Passive Subjunctive: Stem + lengthened c.v. + PME (I might untie myself)
ῃ ου σω
2S
Middle

εται ετο σατο

3S Aorist Active Subjunctive: Stem + σ + lengthened c.v. + PAE (I might have untied)
σαμεθα Aorist Middle Subjunctive: Stem + σ + lengthened c.v. + PME (I may have untied myself)
1P ομεθα ομεθα
Aorist Middle/Passive Subjunctive: Stem + θ + lengthened c.v. (with circumflex) + PAE
εσθε εσθε σασθε
2P
ονται οντο σαντο 2nd Aorist Active and Middle: Same as Present
3P 2nd Aorist Middle/Passive: Same as 2nd Aor Act but with circumflex over c.v.
Not-Past Past
Indicatives - Reality Imperatives – Command/Request
Present Active Indicative: Stem + PAE (I am Untying)
Present Middle/Passive Indicative: Stem + PME (I am untying myself/ I am being untied) Stem + Ending (Untie!)
Present
Imperfect Active Indicative: ἐ + Stem + SAE (I was untying)
Active Middle Passive
Imperfect Middle/Passive Indicative: ἐ + Stem + SME (I was untying myself/I was being untied)
Sg Plu Sg Plu
nd
2 ε ετε 2 nd
ου εσθε
Aorist Active Indictive: ἐ + Stem + σ + SAE(A) (I untied)
3rd ετω ετωσαν 3 rd
έσθω έσθωσαν
Aorist Middle Indictive: ἐ + Stem + σ + SME(A) (I untied myself)
Aorist
Aorist Middle/Passive Indicative: ἐ + Stem + θη + SAE (I was untied) Active Middle Middle/Passive
Sg Plu Sg Plu Sg Plu
2nd Aorist Active Indicative: ἐ + Aorist Stem + SAE (I untied) 2nd σον σατε 2nd σαι σασθε 2nd (θ)ητι (θ)ητε
2nd Aorist Middle Indicative: ἐ + Aorist Stem + SME (I untied myself) 3rd σάτω σάτωσαν 3rd σάσθω σασθωσαν 3 rd
(θ)ήτω (θ)ητωσαν
2nd Aorist Middle/Passive Indicative: ἐ + Aorist Stem + θη + SAE (I was untied) 2nd Aorist Act: Pres Act Endings
2nd Aorist Mid: Pres Mid/Pass Endings
Future Active Indicative: Stem + σ + PAE (I will untie) 2nd Aorist Mid/Pass: Aor Mid/Pass (no θ)
Future Middle Indicative: Stem + σ + PME (I will untie myself)
Future Middle/Passive Indicative: Stem + θησ + PME (I will be untied) Optatives - Wish
Present C.V. = οι (I wish to untie)
Perfect Active Indicative: Redup. + Stem + κ + PAE (v) (I have untied) Aorist C.V. = αι (I wish I untied)
Perfect Mid/Pass Indicative: Redup. + Stem + PME (no c. vowel) (I have been untied)

Pluperfect Active Indicative: ἐ + Redup. + Stem + κ + SAE(ει) (I had untied)

Pluperfect Mid/Pass Indicative: ἐ + Redup. + Stem + SME (no c. vowel) (I had been untied)
Participle Formulas μι Verbs
Present Active Participle: Stem + Morpheme (οντ [m/n] ους [f]) + 3-1-3
Present Middle/Passive Participle: Stem + Morpheme (ομεν) + 2-1-2 Present Active Indicative Endings New Indicative Rules:
Sg Plu 1. Present and Imperfect reduplicate with an iota
Aorist Active Participle: Stem + Morpheme (σαντ [m/n] σας [f]) + 3-1-3 1st μι μεν 2. Aorist and Perfect use kappa infix
Aorist Middle Participle: Stem + Morpheme (σαμεν) + 2-1-2
Aorist Middle/Passive Participle: Stem + Morpheme (θεντ [m/n] θεις [f]) + 3-1-3
2nd ς τε
Otherwise all same markers and endings used
3rd σι(ν) ασι(ν) / ουσι(ν)
Perfect Active Participle: Redup + Stem + κ + Morpheme (οτ [m/n] υι [f]) + 3-1-3
Perfect Middle/Passive Participle: Redup + Stem + Morpheme (no c. vowel) (μέν) + 2-1-2 Non-Indicative μι Verbs
Subjunctive (Active) – Lengthened c.v., present endings
Periphrastic Participles Imperative – No c.v., redup. In present, no redup. In aorist
Copula Tense Participle Aspect Finite Tense Equivalent Infinitive – Redup.,ναι instead of ειν in present
(Provides Time) (Provides Aspect) Present Participle – Redup., Masc, Sg, ους instead of ων
Aorist Participle – No redup., otherwise same as present participle
Pres Imp Pres
Imp Imp Imp
Future Imp Future
Pres Perf Perfect
Imp Perf Pluperfect
Less dynamic, focus on the state over the action. Could also be stylistic. Verb form dying out.

Functions
- Adverbial
o Before Main verb – frame of reference, sets the scene
 Imperfective – Contemporaneous – While, as
 Perfective – Antecedent – When, after
o After the main verb – elaborates on the main verb, why/how
- Adjectival Attributive
o Describes a noun, usually follows order of attributive adjectives
o Agrees in gender, case and number
- Adjectival Predicate
o Claims something about a noun
- Adjectival Substantive
o Acts like a noun, usually has an article
o Number and gender reflect referent, case reflects function