Indefinite integrals

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Phan Thi Khanh Van

E-mail: [email protected]

October 4, 2019

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Table of contents

1 Antiderivatives

2 Indefinite integrals

3 Integral table

4 Integration techniques

5 Integral of rational functions

6 Integrals of irrational functions

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 Antiderivatives

Antiderivatives
A function F (x) is called an antiderivative of f (x) on
(a, b) if: F 0 (x) = f (x), ∀x ∈ (a, b)

If F (x) is an antiderivative of f (x) then F (x) + C is

also an antiderivative of f (x)
Any antiderivative of f (x) will have the form
F (x) + C

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 Indefinite integrals

Indefinite integrals
The collection of all antiderivatives of f (x) is called the
Rindefinite integral of f (x):
f (x)dx = F (x) + C

Properties
R 0
f (x)dx = f (x) + C
( f (x)dx)0 = f (x)
R
R R R
f (x) + g (x)dx = f (x)dx + g (x)dx
R R
αf (x)dx = α f (x)dx

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 Integral table

Integral table
α+1
x dx = xα+1 + C , α 6= −1
R α

R 1 R
dx = ln |x| + C sinh xdx = cosh x + C
R xx
e dx = e x + c
R
cosh xdx = sinh x + C
ax
R x
a dx = ln a + C R 1
dx = tanh x + C
R cosh2 x
sin xdx = − cos x + C R 1
R 2 dx = − coth x + C
cos xdx = sin x + C sinh x
R 1 1 x
a2 +x 2 dx = a arctan a +C
R 1
2 dx = tan x + C
R cos1 x R 1
2 dx = − cot x + C √
a 2 −x 2
dx = arcsin xa + C
sin x

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 Integral table

Integral table
R 1 1 |x−a|
x 2 −a2 dx = 2a ln |x+a| + C
R 1 √
√
x 2 ±a
dx = ln(x + x 2 ± a) + C
R√ √ √
x 2 ± adx = ± 2a ln(x + x 2 ± a) + 21 x x 2 ± a + C
R√ 2 √
a2 − x 2 dx = a2 arcsin xa + 21 x a2 − x 2 + C

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 Integration techniques

Change of variable
R
Given f (x)dx.
0
Put x =
R x(t), thenRdx = x (t)dt.
Thus, f (x)dx = f (x(t))x 0 (t)dt.

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 Integration techniques

Example
R√
Evaluate I = a2 − x 2 dx

Put x = a sin t, t = arcsin xa , (t ∈ [−π/2, π/2])

⇒ dxR = a cos tdt
2 R 2 2
I = a2 cos2 tdt= a2 1 +qcos 2tdt= a2 t + a4 sin 2t + C
x2 a2
sin 2t = 2 sin t cos t = 2 xa 1− a2 ⇒ I = 2 arcsin xa +
1
√
2 x a2 − x 2 + C

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 Integration techniques

Example
ln2 x+1
R
Evaluate I = x dx
dx t3
R
Put t = ln x, dt = x I = t 2 + 1dt = 3 +t+C =
ln3 x
3 + ln x + C

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 Integration techniques

Integration by parts
0 0 0
We have: (u(x)v
R 0 (x)) 0= u v +R v u R
Then, uv =R u v + v udxR = vdu + udv
Therefore, udv = uv − vdu

Example
R
Evaluate I = arctan xdx

Put u = arctan x, dv = dx
1
du = 1+x 2, v = x
R x R d(x 2 +1)
I = x arctan x − 1+x 2 dx = x arctan x − 2(1+x 2 ) =
x arctan x − 21 ln(1 + x 2 ) + C
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 Integral of rational functions

Integral of rational functions

R 1
(x+a) dx = ln |x + a| + C
(x+a)1−α
(x +a)−α d(x +a) =
R 1 R
(x+a)α dx = 1−α +C , α 6= 1
R 1 1 |x−a|
x 2 −a2 dx = 2a ln |x+a| + C
R 1 1 x
x 2 +a2 dx = a arctan a + C

Example
R dx R dx
R A B
1 I = x 2 −4x+3 = (x−1)(x−3) = ( (x−3) − (x−1) )dx
To find A, we multiply both sides by x − 3 and then
substitute
R 1 1x = 3: A = 1/2 Similarly: B = −1/2
I = 2 ( (x−3) − (x−1) )dx = 12 ln | x−3
1
x−1 | +C

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 Integral of rational functions

Example
R dx d(x+1)
√ = √1 arctan x+1
R
1
x 2 +2x+3 =
(x+1)2 +( 2)2 2
√
2
+C
R (3x+2)dx 3 R (2x−4)dx R dx
x 2 −4x+3 = 2 x 2 −4x+3 + 8
2
(x−1)(x−3)
= 32 ln |x 2 − 4x + 3| + 4 ln | x−3x−1 | +C
R (2x+3)dx R (2x+2)dx R d(x+1)
x 2 +2x+3 = x 2 +2x+3 +
3 √
(x+1)2 +( 2)2
= ln(x 2 + 2x + 3) + √12 arctan x+1 √ +C
2

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 Integral of rational functions

R Pn (x)
Integral of rational functions Qm (x) dx
If n ≥ m, we divide the polynomials to obtain:
Pn (x) Rk (x)
Qm (x) = Tp (x) + Qm (x)
If n < m, we factor Qm (x): (x − z0 )(x − z0 )):
Qm (x) =
(x − a)s1 .(x − b)s2 ...(x 2 + px + q)l1 (x 2 + p2 x + q2 )l2 ...
and then represent QP as:
P A B Cx+D C2 x+D2
Q = x−a + (x−a)2 + ... + x 2 +px+q + (x 2 +px+q)2 + ...
Find the coefficients A, B, C ...

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 Integral of rational functions

Example
R 3 2
I = x 3x+x−2x+4 1 + x−x −x+5
R
2 −x−1 dx= 3 +x 2 −x−1 dx
−x 2 −x+5 −x 2 −x+5 A B C
3 2
x +x −x−1 = (x−1)(x+1)2 = x+1 + (x+1)2 + x−1
To find C we multiply both sides by (x − 1) and then
substitute: x = 1: C = 3/4, to find B we multiply both
sides by (x + 1)2 and then substitute: x = −1:
B = −5/2, to find A we choose an arbitrary number x,
for ex. x = 0: −5 = A + B − C ⇒ A = −7/4
I = x − 47 ln |x + 1| + 2(x+1)
5
+ 34 ln |x − 1| + C

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 Integral of rational functions

Example
R 2 +2x+4)
I = (x(x2 +1)(x−3)
R A
dx= x−3 + Bx+C
x 2 +1 dx
To find A we multiply both sides by (x − 3) and then
substitute x = 3: A = 19 10 .
To find B, C we multiply both sides by (x 2 + 1) and then
substitute x = i (or x = −i):
(3+2i)(−i−3)
Bi + C = 3+2ii−3 = 10 = −7−9i
10
−9 −7
Then B = 10 , C = 10
I = 19 9 2 7
10 ln |x − 3| − 20 ln(x + 1) − 10 arctan(x) + C

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 Integrals of irrational functions

Integrals of irrational functions

R 1
√
a2 −x 2
dx = arcsin xa + C
R 1 √
√
x 2 ±a
dx = ln(x + x 2 ± a) + C
R√ √ √
x 2 ± adx = 2a ln(x + x 2 ± a) + 21 x x 2 ± a + C
R√ 2 √
a2 − x 2 dx = a2 arcsin xa + 21 x a2 − x 2 + C
√
(x, ax 2 +
For f√ √bx + c), √ we change the variable to ob-
tain u − a , u + a , a2 − u 2
2 2 2 2

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 Integrals of irrational functions

Example
dx √d(x−1)2
R R
1 √
x 2 −2x+4
=
√ (x−1) +3
= ln(x − 1 + x 2 − 2x + 4) + C
R (2x+3)dx R d(x 2 −2x+4)
√ dx 2
R
2 √
x 2 −2x+4
= √
x 2 −2x+4
+ 5
(x−1) +3
√ √
= 2 x − 2x + 4 + 5 ln(x − 1 + x 2 − 2x + 4) + C
2
R (2x 2 −2x+3)dx R √
3 √ = 2 x 2 − 2x + 4dx + √(2x−5)dx
2
x −2x+4 x 2 −2x+4

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 Integrals of irrational functions

Integral of irrational functions

√ √ √
f (x, n ax + b m ax + b put u = p ax + b, where p is
the least common multiple of (m, n)
√
f (x, a2 − x 2 ) put x = a cos t or x = a sin t
√
f (x, x 2 + a2 )put x = a tan t or x = a cot t
√
f (x, x 2 − a2 ) put x = cosa t or x = sina t
√dx 1
R
(x+β)α ax 2 +bx+c
,put u = (x+β)

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 Integrals of irrational functions

√
x α ax 2 + bdx of x α √dx
R R
ax 2 +b
, if α is odd, we put
√ q
u = ax + b, if α is even, put u = a + xb2 or
2

a sin t, a tan t...

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 Integrals of irrational functions

Exercises
dx √
R
1 √
3x+4+4 4 3x+4
dx√
R
2
(x+1)2 x 2 +4
R√
3 4 − x 2 dx
3
√x
R
4
x 2 +4
dx
dx
R
5 √
x 2 +4(x 2 +1)
√ dx
R
6
x x 2 +2x+2
√ dx √
R
7
x+3 3 x

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 Integrals of irrational functions

Exercises
R x
I = √ee 2xdx+3 √dx
R
1 6
1+ 3−2x
R x 2 dx
√ √dx
2
R
7
R x 3 +2 x+ 2x−1
3 x arctan
√xdx
R x 2
8 e (x + 1)dx
R arcsin xdx
4 √ 9
R
(2x + 3) sin xdx
R 2 1−x R
5 ln xdx 10 e 2x cos(2x + 2)dx

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