10/13/22, 5:27 PM Short-Circuit Protection Circuit Diagram

Short-Circuit Protection Circuit

Published  August 28, 2018   3

Kamna Thakur (/users/kamna-thakur)

K
Author

Short-Circuit Protection Circuit

Short-circuit is unintended connection between two terminals which are supplying power to the load. It can happen both in
AC or DC circuit, if it is an AC supply then short circuit can trip the power supply of whole area, but there are fuses and
overload protection circuits at many levels, from the power station to the house. And if it is a DC source like battery then it
can heat up the battery and battery will be discharged very quickly. In some cases battery can be exploded. There are lot of
ways to protect circuit from short-circuit and many types of fuses (https://circuitdigest.com/tutorial/fuse-types-and-working)
are available for overload protection.

We are going to design and study a simple low voltage Short-circuit protection circuit for DC voltage. The circuit is designed
with a purpose to run microcontroller circuit safely and can protect it from damaging due to short-circuit in other part of the
circuitry.

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10/13/22, 5:27 PM Short-Circuit Protection Circuit Diagram

Components required
SK100B PNP transistor - 1Nos.
BC547B NPN transistor - 1Nos.
1kΩ Resistor - 1Nos.
10kΩ Resistor - 1Nos.
330Ω Resistor - 2Nos.
470Ω Resistor - 1Nos.
Power supply 6VDC - 1Nos.
Breadboard - 1Nos.
Connecting wires - As per requirement

SK100B PNP Transistor

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10/13/22, 5:27 PM Short-Circuit Protection Circuit Diagram

Starting from the notch of the transistor is Emitter, middle is base and last is Collector

Emitter - E
Base - B
Collector - C

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10/13/22, 5:27 PM Short-Circuit Protection Circuit Diagram

BC547B NPN transistor

Short Circuit Protection Circuit

A common example of short-circuit is when positive and negative terminal of a battery are connected together with a low-
resistance conductor, like a wire. In this condition, battery can set to fire and can even explode. That’s what happens with
mobile batteries in mobiles at many times.

To avoid this short circuit condition, Short-circuit Protection Circuit is used. Short-circuit Protection Circuit will divert the
flow of current or break the contact between the circuit and the power source.

Sometimes we experience power failure with a sudden spark while using some faulty home appliances like oven, iron, etc,
then. The reason behind this is that, somewhere there is some excess current flows through some circuit inside that faulty
appliance. This may lead to shock or could fire up the house if not protected. So a fuse or circuit breaker is used in order to

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10/13/22, 5:27 PM Short-Circuit Protection Circuit Diagram

avoid such damage. In such condition circuit breaker or fuse disconnects the main supply to the house. A fuse breaker circuit is
also a form of short-circuit protection circuit, in which a low resistance wire is used which melts and disconnects the main
power supply to house whenever there is excess current pass through it.

So here we are going to study and design circuit to avoid the damage due to short-circuit in it.

Circuit Diagram

(/fullimage?i=inlineimages/u/Short-Circuit-Protection-Block-Diagram.png)

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10/13/22, 5:27 PM Short-Circuit Protection Circuit Diagram

(/fullimage?i=circuitdiagram/Simple-Short-Circuit-Protection-Circuit-Diagram.png)

Working of Short Circuit Protection Circuit

A simple low power DC Short-circuit Protection Circuit is shown above which consists two transistor circuits, one is BC547
NPN transistor circuit and other is SK100B PNP transistor circuit. The input is provided to the circuit using a 5V DC Power
supply, which can be either provided by some battery or using transformer.

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10/13/22, 5:27 PM Short-Circuit Protection Circuit Diagram

The working of the circuit is simple, when Green LED D1 glows means the circuit is functioning normally and there is no risk of
damage. The Red LED D2 is expected to glow only when there is short circuit.

When the power supply is turned ON, transistor Q1 gets biased and starts conducting and LED D1 gets turns ON.  During this
time Red LED D2 remains off as there is no Short-circuit.

The glowing of Green LED D1 also indicates that the supply voltage and output voltage is approximately equal.

In our stimulation circuit we have generated a ‘short’ using a switch at the output. When the ‘short’ occurs the output voltage
drops to 0V and Q1 stops conducting as its base voltage is 0V. Transistor Q2 also stops conducting as its collector voltage also
dropped to 0V.

So now current is started flowing through RED led D2 and pass through the ground via the short circuit path (through the
switch). That makes Red LED D2 starts conducting as it is forward biased and indicates that a short has been detected and the
current is diverted through the RED LED D2 instead of damaging the entire circuit.

Video

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10/13/22, 5:27 PM Short-Circuit Protection Circuit Diagram

Short-Circuit Protection Circuit

Power (/Tags/Power)
Electronic Fuse (/Tags/Electronic-Fuse)
Protection Circuit (/Tags/Protection-Circuit)

Comments
Submitted by Lalitha on Wed, 08/29/2018 - 22:09

Permalink (/comment/28682#comment-28682)

Embedded and vlsi design (/comment/28682#comment-28682)

Good and it's very useful,this generation students use more this type of informations.

Submitted by Ritoo on Thu, 08/30/2018 - 22:07

Permalink (/comment/28704#comment-28704)

App development (/comment/28704#comment-28704)

Hello, and thank you for your wonderful effort for the benefit of us beginners in electronics.

I would suggest that you create an app regarding this, as I could not find one on play store.

Submitted by Daniel Abbey (/users/dkabbey1959gmailcom) on Fri, 07/16/2021 - 13:00

Permalink (/comment/34228#comment-34228)

Good morning sir. How can (/comment/34228#comment-34228)

Good morning sir. How can this circuit be modified for use in 12v appliance? I'm a novice in electronics and want to build it.
Thanks.

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