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Diffusionism

Diffusionism attempted to understand how cultural traits spread from one society to another through processes like migration, trade, and war. It emerged as a critique of evolutionary theories that proposed all humans had equal capacity for innovation. Diffusionists believed important inventions occurred in specific places and spread through diffusion. There were three main schools - the British argued all cultures originated from Egypt, the German believed multiple independent origins was possible, and the Americans emphasized imitation and studied how traits diffused between neighboring cultural groups. While crucial to early anthropology, diffusionism suffered from ethnocentric biases.

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77 views

Diffusionism

Diffusionism attempted to understand how cultural traits spread from one society to another through processes like migration, trade, and war. It emerged as a critique of evolutionary theories that proposed all humans had equal capacity for innovation. Diffusionists believed important inventions occurred in specific places and spread through diffusion. There were three main schools - the British argued all cultures originated from Egypt, the German believed multiple independent origins was possible, and the Americans emphasized imitation and studied how traits diffused between neighboring cultural groups. While crucial to early anthropology, diffusionism suffered from ethnocentric biases.

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mehrin morshed
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DIFFUSIONISM:

Diffusionism as an anthropological school of thought, was an attempt to


understand the distribution of culture in terms of the origin of culture traits and
their spread from one society to another.

Diffusion may be simply defined as the spread of a cultural item from its place of
origin to other places. A more expanded definition depicts diffusion as the process
by which discrete culture traits are transferred from one society to another, through
migration, trade, war, or other contact.

Diffusionist research originated as a means of understanding the nature of the


distribution of human cultural traits across the world. Diffusionism emerged as an
“anti-evolutionist" school of thought, highly critical of the evolutionary school and
its premise of “psychic unity of mankind".

Versions of diffusionist thought –


1. all cultures originated from one culture center (heliocentric diffusion); 2.
cultures originated from a limited number of culture centers (culture circles);
3. each society is influenced by others but that the process of diffusion is both
contingent and arbitrary.

Points of Reaction -
1. The cross-cultural encounters provided the impetus for the development of
concepts concerning the processes involved in cultural progress.
2. The concept of diffusion originated in its opposition to the concept of evolution,
which proposed that all human beings possessed equal potential for inovation.
3. It was in reaction to the concept of psychic unity of mankind.
Basic Premises -
1. Human are basically uninventive.
2. Important inventions were made only once at a particular place.
3. They spread through diffusion to different places.

Characteristics of Diffusion -
1. Adoption of a cultural trait by a group depends on meaningfulness and
usefulness the trait to the socio economic life.
2. The original form of the cultural trait need not he retained during the course of
diffusion.
3. Diffusion is more or less from a developed to underdeveloped culture. 4.
Diffusion may create culture change in the group that borrows.
5. Barriers for diffusion include factor like transport, communication,
ethnocentrism, geography etc.

Schools of Diffusion -
Diffusionism is further classified into three schools- British, German and
American.

I. British School of Diffusion - The British school is extreme diffusionist and anti-
evolutiomst. It is also called Pan-Egyptian school or Heliocentric school because
for these scholars, all the cultures originated from one culture centre- Egypt.
Culture traits diffused or migrated to rest of the parts of the world from here. The
chief proponents are G. E. Smith W. J. Perry and W. H. R. Rivers.

II. German School of Diffusion - The German School is considered refined in its
approach and methodology compared to their British counterparts. the
development of culture occurs at several different places at several times. Thus, the
culture traits originate independently, at several parts of the world and migrated to
other places. Inventions and discoveries were continuous processes and they reach
to other areas by migration. The proponents in this school of anthropological
thought were Frederick Ratzel, Frietz Graebner and Father William Schmidt.

III. American School of Diffusion - The diffusion of culture from one place to
another is caused by the process of imitation. Borrowing the traits from one culture
group is easier at times than to invent them within one's own culture. The group
which borrows a culture trait adopts it to suit the needs of its own culture. Thus,
diffusion and modification are two principles that operate. The diffused traits are
more similar in areas residing in a particular geography. The process of diffusion is
more prevalent among cultural groups residing in close contact to each other. In
order to explain diffusion, this group of scholars devised a methodology called
Culture-Area approach. Under this approach, the world is divided into different
cultural areas on the basis of geographical regions. Geographical aspects of culture
are indispensable in studying culture areas. A study pursued through this approach
reveals that groups residing in close geographical area represent more uniformity
than others. This is why the American school is also known as “Culture Area
School".

The American school of Diffusion is represented by Franz Boas, A. L. Kroeber and


Clark Wissler. Diffusion, as an anthropological school of thought, was a crucial
part in the development of anthropological concepts, however, it has suffered with
ethnocentric bias. This resulted in emergence of functional school of thought.

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