KMJ26403

HYDROLOGY AND WATER

RESOURCES ENGINEERING

Mrs Siti Kamariah Bt Md Sa’at

Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology,
UniMAP
[email protected]

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COURSE SYNOPSIS
This course introduces principles of surface water hydrology and their applications
in water resources engineering. These include descriptive and quantitative
applications of the hydrologic cycle, weather system, precipitation, evaporation,
transpiration, surface and subsurface waters, stream flow hydrographs and flood
routing.

The course also covers applications of hydrologic and frequency analysis with
respect to basic water management design procedure with emphases on earth
embankments, reservoir and flood design. The use of water in agriculture especially
in irrigation and water quality management are also introduces in this course.
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COURSE OUTCOMES
At the end of the course, students are expected to have:

Level of Program
Course Outcome
Complexity Outcomes
Ability analyse the components of hydrologic cycle and concept of
CO1 watershed in solving problem in agricultural engineering. C4 PO1
Ability to assess hydrological data to solve problems in water budget
and hydrological gain and loss. C5
CO2 PO2
Ability to design solution on problem based on hydrology for unit
hydrograph, frequency analysis, flood routing, and flood
CO3 management and irrigation.
C6 PO11
Ability to use the hydrologic analyses techniques in hydrological
CO4 components measurement P4 PO5
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TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS
Bedient B. P; Huber W.C and Vieux B.E,. (2008) Hydrology & Floodplain
Analysis, 4th Ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Subramaya K.(2008),Engineering Hydrology, 3rd Ed. McGraw Hill,New
York,N.Y
DID. (2000), Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia, DID,
Malaysia
V.T. Chow, D.R. Maidment and L.W. Mays (1988,)Applied Hydrology,
McGraw-Hill
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TEACHING PLAN
42 hours lecture- Sync/Async
10 hours laboratory – Start week 8-11

No. Title / Topic

1 Measurement and analysis of Evaporation
2 Measurement and analysis of Evapotranspiration, ET
3 Measurement and determination of rainfall – runoff relationship
Stream gauging by area-velocity method using current meter/or float device
4
(Open ended lab)
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ASSESSMENT
Final Examination = 50%
Test = 20%
Assignments = 10%
Design Project = 10%
Lab Report = 10%
Total = 100%
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY AND
WATER RESOURCES PRINCIPLES
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WHAT IS HYDROLOGY?
From Greek word “hudor” means water and “logy” means research.
The science dealing with all aspects of the waters of the Earth.
Water is essential for all living things. It also participates in the physical and
geochemical evolution of most nonliving matter on Earth
Its adequate supply is a key factor for urban, agricultural, and industrial
development
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WHAT IS HYDROLOGY?
Deals with occurence,circulation, storange and distribution of surface and ground
water on earth
Relates to water quality and quantity
Hydrologic cycle and process
Water resources management
To solve human problem related to water such as flood, water supply
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The most important resources after oxygen.

Minimum requirement for human= 1.5L/d
Household usage. Average usage 225 L/d/person
Agriculture application- Mostly for irrigation
Plants also need water for photosynthesis and nutrient transport
Human civilization such as Nile River, Hwang Ho River, Klang River
Recreation
Industrial applications
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WHAT PERCENT OF THE EARTH’S TOTAL VOLUME OF WATER IS

STORED IN THE ATMOSPHERE?

0.001%
Water vapor
Clouds
(water vapor condensed on
particulate)
Total water in the world = 1.36 x 1018 m3
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THE GLOBAL WATER INVENTORY

The United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) estimates the global, accessible
freshwater supply to be about 200 000 km3 (Marshall, 2013)
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GLOBAL WATER WITHDRAWAL

Agriculture currently accounts for 69% of global water withdrawals, which are mainly used for irrigation but also
include water used for livestock and aquaculture. This ratio can reach up to 95% in some developing countries
(FAO, 2011).
Industry (including energy and power generation) accounts for 19%, while municipalities are responsible for the
remaining 12%.
Source: AQUASTAT (2010)
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Global Water Availability

SEASONAL VARIABILITY IN AVAILABLE WATER SUPPLY

SOURCE: WRI (2019).

Note: Seasonal variability measures the average within-year variability of available water supply, including both
renewable surface and groundwater supplies. Higher values indicate wider variations of available supply within a year.
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AVAILABLE WATER RESOURCE: MALAYSIA

Total available water: 630 km3/year
Surface water: 566 bil. m3/year (90%)
Groundwater: 64 bil. m/3year (10%)
Major water uses: irrigation, domestic & industrial water supplies.
Irrigation: consumes 70% of the total surface water used.
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
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MAJOR HYDROLOGIC CYCLE PROCESSES

Precipitation
Evaporation or ET (loss to atmosphere)
Infiltration (loss to subsurface soils)
Overland flow (sheet flow toward nearest
stream)
Streamflow
Ground water flow and well
 THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
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a- Evaporation due to the heat energy provided by solar radiation.

b- Water vapor moves upward and forms clouds.
c- Clouds condense and fall back to the oceans as a rain
d- Part of cloud is driven to the land
e- Cloud condense and precipitate to the land as a rain
f- Part of the precipitation may evaporate back to the atmosphere.
g- Another part of the precipitation may be intercepted by vegetation.
h- The remaining part may be evaporate it back to the atmosphere or move down to the
ground surface.
i- A portion of the water that reaches the ground enters the earths surface through
infiltration, enhancing the moisture content of the soil.
J- Vegetation sends a portion of the water from under the ground surface back to the
atmosphere through the process of transpiration.
K- Portion of the precipitation by different paths above and below the surface of the
earth reaches the stream channel is called runoff
Once it enters the stream channel , runoff becomes stream flow.
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PRECIPITATION
The vapor that accumulates or freezes on condensation nuclei is
acted on by gravity and falls to Earth’s surface.

rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail

primary connection in the water cycle that

provides for the delivery of atmospheric water
to the Earth
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WHAT TWO PROCESSES CHANGE LIQUID WATER INTO VAPOR

THAT CAN ASCEND INTO THE ATMOSPHERE?

•Evaporation
90%
•Transpiration
What percent of the water in 10%
the atmosphere comes from
evaporation?
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EVAPORATION

•The process by which liquid water is

transformed into a gaseous state
•Evaporation into a gas ceases when the gas
reaches saturation
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EVAPORATION V. PRECIPITATION
About equal on a global scale
Evaporation more prevalent over the oceans than precipitation
Over land, precipitation exceeds evaporation
Most water evaporated from the oceans falls back into the ocean
as precipitation
10% of water evaporated from the ocean is transported over
land and falls as precipitation
Once evaporated, a water molecule spends ~ 10 days airborne
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TRANSPIRATION
The process of water loss from plants through stomata.
(Stomata are small openings found on the underside of leaves that are
connected to vascular plant tissues.)

•passive process that depends on:

~humidity of the atmosphere
~the moisture content of the soil
•only 1 % of the water transpired used for growth
•transports nutrients from the soil into the roots and
carries them to the various cells of the plant
•keeps tissues from becoming overheated
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SURFACE RUNOFF
 Drains to a creek
To a stream
To a river
To an ocean
Rarely runoff drains to a closed lake
May be diverted for human uses
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METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING SURFACE RUNOFF

Type of precipitation
Rainfall intensity
Rainfall amount
Rainfall duration
Distribution of rainfall over the drainage basin
Direction of storm movement
Precipitation that occurred earlier and resulting soil moisture
Meteorological conditions that affect evapotranspiration
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PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AFFECTING SURFACE RUNOFF

Land use
Vegetation
Soil type
Drainage area
Basin shape
Elevation
Topography, especially the slope of the land
Drainage network patterns
Ponds, lakes, reservoirs, sinks, etc. in the basin, which prevent or delay
runoff from continuing downstream
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HUMAN FACTORS AFFECTING SURFACE RUNOFF

Urbanization -- more impervious surfaces reduce infiltration and

accelerate water motion
Removal of vegetation and soil -- surface grading, artificial
drainage networks increases volume of runoff and shortens runoff
time to streams from rainfall and snowmelt
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GROUNDWATER BEGINS AS INFILTRATION

Precipitation falls and

infiltrates into the
subsurface soil and rock

•Can remain in shallow soil layer

•Might seep into a stream bank
•May infiltrate deeper, recharging an aquifer
•May travel long distances
•May stay in storage as ground water
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HOW MUCH GROUND WATER?

Ground water occurs only close to
the surface (a few miles down)
 Density of soil/rock increases with depth
 The weight of the rocks above condense the
rocks below and squeeze out the open pore
spaces deeper in the Earth
CLIMATE
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CLIMATE IN MALAYSIA
Hot & humid tropical climate (seasonal
variations in rainfall)
• The annual mean rainfall
Peninsular Malaysia: 2,540 mm
Sabah: 2,630 mm
Sarawak: 3,850 mm
Highest 5,500 mm (in Sarawak)
• Mean annual temperature: 27°C (25 -
30o)
• Relative humidity: high (85 - 95%)
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ASSIGNMENT 1:
DISCUSS THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
-TO WATER CYCLE
-TO ECONOMIC, SOCIETY AND
ENVIRONMENT
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EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Risks for society

Direct risk: alterations in the

hydrometeorological processes
that govern the water cycle.

Indirectly risks: energy

production, food security,
economic development and
social inequalities, among
others.
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APPLICATION OF HYDROLOGY
Study the water balance of a region & the agricultural water balance
Predicting flood, landslide and drought risk
Real-time flood forecasting and flood warning
Designing irrigation schemes & managing agricultural productivity
Providing drinking water
Designing dams for water supply or hydroelectric power generation
Designing bridges
Designing sewers and urban drainage system
Predicting of erosion or sedimentation.
Assessing the impacts of natural & environmental change on water
resources
Assessing contaminant transport risk
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DAM
Pedu Dam Timah Tasoh Dam
Dam/Resevoir
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FLOOD
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DROUGHT
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STRUCTURES

Recycling Pump
Culvert
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PROBLEMS IN HYDROLOGY
Extreme weather and rainfall variation
Streamflow and major flood devastation
River routing and hydraulic conditions
Overall water supply - local and global scales
Flow and hydraulics in pipes, streams and channels
Flood control and drought measures
Watershed management for urban development
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THANK YOU

ANY QUESTION?