Unit 23 Grammar SER TP @ Relative clauses / participles Relative clauses Relative clauses give us extra information about something/someone or identify which particular thing/person we are talking about. They are often introduced by the following words. Use Example which (for things and animals) Did you see the film which was on TV ast night? who (for people, and animals when we want to give _| Tom Davies, who is appearing in concert in Reading this week is them a personality) with me in the studio. when (for times) Doyou remember the day when we met? where (for places) Thisis the place where they filmed Citizen Kane. why for reasons) Thats the reason why he's so popular. whom (for people as the object of the relative clause) | Is that the man whom we saw at the cinema yesterday? : 5 ‘My next guest on the show is John Travolta, whose career goes rhose (for possession) back to the early seventies. When the relative pronoun (who, which, etc)is the subject of the relative clause, you do not need atch out, another subject. wi ¥ admire Jude Law, who always works hard on his films. X Jadeaice Jude Law, who be always works hard on his lms — © Whomis quite formal. It is natural in informal English to use who instead of whom, even when itis the object of the relative clause. After a preposition, however, we always use whom. Informally, we Usually put the preposition at the end of the clause and use who. ¥, Is thatthe man who we saw at the cinema yesterday? ¥, Charlie Chaplin was a comic genius to whom all comedians owe a great deal. ¥ Charlie Chaplin was a comic genius who ail comedians owe a great deal to. © Where can be replaced by a preposition + which. Less formally, we can put the preposition at the end of the clause. ¥ Thetheatre where /in which frst acted is somewhere around here. W The theatre which Ifirst acted in is somewhere around here. © We can do the same thing with when. ¥, Doyou know the year when /in which the first western was made? ¥ Doyou know the year which the frst western was made in? Non-defining relative clauses Non-defining relative clauses simply give us more information about something/someone, ‘The sentence makes complete sense without the relative clause. Use Example To give extra information about something/someone | fo” Watson, who starred In Bandits, is considering making a fm © Non-defining relative clauses are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. 7 Megamonsters, which was filmed in New York, isa very disappointing film. © We cannot leave out the word which introduces the relative clause and we cannot use the word that instead. © Which can refer back to the whole of the sentence, We finally got tickets for the concert. which was very lucky. (Itdoesn’t mean the concert was lucky.{t means getting tickets for the concert was lucky.) 142Relative clauses / participles Unit 23, Defining relative clauses Defining relative clauses tell us which one of a group of things/people we are talking about. The sentence doesn't usually make complete sense without the relative clause. Use Example The book which I've read was the best of al. The one who is wearing a blue shirts Justin Timberlake, isn't it? To tell us which one of a group of things/people we are talking about Defining relative clauses are not separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. < Vv This isthe DVD which Itold you about the other day. We can also use that to introduce the relative clause. Y Thisis the DVD that | told you about the other day. © \Wecan often leave out the word which introduces the relative clause when itis the object of the clause, ¥ Thisis the DVD Itold you about the other day. © ‘Notice that we do not need a preposition when we use where or when. The theatre where first acted is somewhere around here, X Thetheatre where frst acted ins somewhere around here ¥ Doyou know the year when the first western was made? X Deyouknowihe yearwhen the fest waste wasmadein? Participles Present participles end in -ing. Past participles usually end in -ed, although there are many irregular verbs. Perfect participles are formed using having + past participle. Use Example ‘To follow prepositions and conjunctions (present and perfect participles) By appearing in that cigarette advert, he damaged his acting career. After playing / having played video games all morning, |was really tired. ‘To explain the reason for something (present and perfect participles) Being quite good looking, Ralph decided to make a career asa model. Having seen the film before,| knew what was going to happen. To talk about actions happening at the same time (present participles) Waiting for the show to begin, | felt realy nervous. Toreplace some relative clauses (present and past participles) Imagine being the person directing a big budget film! (= Imagine being the person who is directing a big budget film!) The person chosen for the part will be contacted by phone.(= The person who is chosen for the part will be contacted by phone.) To talk about past actions happening in sequence (perfect participles) Having finished my homework, | decided to go to the cinema. ‘Asan alternative passive form (past participles) ‘Made to wait, the actor began to get very annoyed. aren oot {© You have to be careful that the participle and the rest of the sentence both refer to the same subject. Watching TV, !sawa news report about Hollywood. X Watching TV, a news report came on about Hollywood. 143Unit 23 Grammar ei A Circle the correct word. E 1 : 2 3 we 4 5 6 7 eS 8 8 S 10 a ou = ke e n 1 iB = 3 = 4 E 5 ' 6 % 7 8 9 10 " 12 : 5 1 & 2 a 2 3 oa I" 144 ‘The minister, which / who was appointed just last week, made no comment on the situation, Isn't that the spot which / where the accident happened last night? The human brain, which / who weighs about 1400 grammes,is ten times the size of a baboon’. There are several reasons which / why I don't want to see Michael tonight. Thisis the office which / where | work. The new girl in our class, who's / whose name is Alexandra, seems really nice. The Titanic, which / that people said was unsinkable, sank on her maiden voyage. Allthe people to who / whom the e-mail was sent replied. ‘April 1, which / when we play tricks on people, is known as April Fools’ Day. Harry Hill, who / whose new series starts next week, is one of my favourite comedians. A very popular breed of dog is the German Shepherd, which / who is often used as a guard dog. Blackpool Tower, which / that was modelled on the Eiffel Tower, is a very well-known landmark. B If aword in bold is correct, puta tick (V). If itis incorrect, rewrite it correctly. November 5" was the day which Guy Fawkes tried to blow up Parliament. ‘There were none of my favourite biscuits left when | had a cup of tea, that was really annoying. Ive ust got a new webcam that takes relly clear pictures. eens The Godfather was made by Francis Ford Copolla, who's daughter is also a film director. Can you think of any reason which Cathy should be angry With Me? su.summnsm Here's a photo of the hotel where we stayed in when we were in Beijing, How do you think the first man whom walked on the moon felt? This is the first occasion on which the leaders of these two countries have met. He is a person for who very few people feel much sympathy. wm ‘The moment which the hero suddenly appears from behind a tree is the best moment in the whole film. I meta man which had a dog with only thee legs. ‘My new school, who I moved to about a month ago, seems like quite a friendly place. C Rewrite as one sentence using a relative clause. My friend, Simon, plays the guitar. He has just released a CD. My. fii hae. eae R.. playa. the. quia Prince Charles is heir to the throne of England. His wife was Princess Diana. The euro replaced a number of national currencies. It was introduced in January 2002.Relative clauses / participles Unit 23 5 Friends ran for ten years. lt is one of my favourite series. 6 — Venusis a very hot place. It is much closer to the Sun than the Earth i 7 Cricket is popular in many countries around the world. tis played between two teams of eleven. 8 Parts of Buckingham Palace are open to the public. It is where the queen lives. 9 The greyhound is the fastest dog. It can reach speeds of over 65 kilometres an hour. 10 1984 was written by George Orwell. D Write one word in each gap. Do not write that and do not leave any gaps blank. Find me a show that works by our TV reviewer, Jeremy Platt I'm sure there was a reason (1)... . [became a TV reviewer. Maybe it was my love of classic shows (2) ... kept me entertained as a child. Or maybe it was the presenters ) @) ‘seemed to promise an exciting world of glamour and showbiz. To be honest, I've watched so many shows lately (4) have bored me to tears that I've forgotten. ‘Take Kid Swap, for example, the new show (5) :. . Channel 7 hopes will revive their viewing figures. The show takes kidS (6):...c.0innc. parents have had enough and swaps; them with kids from other families for two weeks. The problem with this show is that I'm just not sure at (7) ... it's aimed — parents or teenagers. Parents (8) show will find it childish, particularly at the: moment (9) vw. ON€ of-the teenagers does nothing but complain. Teenage viewers (10) watch more than the first five minutes will soon get bored of the parents, (11) ............-blame anybody but themselves for tk situation. This is definitely one idea (12) f = in the bin! Salt ea age E Tick (v) the gaps in Exercise D which could be completed using that. Put a cross (x) where that could not be used. 1. 10 "u 12 145146 23 Grammar F Choose the correct answer. 1 ‘Who’ that over there?’ ‘Oh, it’s our new teacher, started work today’ A that which he B whohe D who 2 ‘Which CD did you get Marcus in the end?’ ‘I got him the one wanted to hear.’ A that 8 whohe just said he really 3 ‘Whodid you send a Valentine's card to?” ‘Why do you like Tania so much?’ ‘Well, she's one of the few people to can really talk’ A which C that B whom D who ‘Why don't we go to Lione'’ for dinner tonight?" ‘ls that the new restaurant sewn Has just opened on the other side of town?” A which C where B thatit D which it ‘Could you lend me some money? ‘Ym not telling you, but it was someone ‘rat me one good reason name begins with”B"’ A which C whose A that C which B whoher —_D_ whose her B why D who 4 ‘Have you seen Jason Green's atest film? 8 ‘What do you want to do this summer?” ‘Is that the one IM en. joins the FBI?” ‘I think we should go somewhere wm A whichhe — © whomhe has plenty of sun and sand’ B thathe D which ‘A who when 8 where D that G Circle the words in bold which are not necessary. The number of options (1) that are available to us with (2) which to fil our leisure time is increasing all the time. While previous generations, (3) who lived before the electronic age, had musical instruments and card games (4) that they played to pass the time, we have PlayStations, computers, televisions and stereos. Although parents (5) whose teenagers spendallot of time on these activities might worry about the effect (6) whichitis having on them, for most of us they provide harmless fun, (7) which is becoming more important as life becomes more stressful.The television programmes (8) which we watch and the computer games (9) that we play all entertain us and, although there will always be people to (10) whom they seem a complete waste of time, the effect (11) that they have on society cannot be ignored. Entertainment is something (12) which we all need and,aslong as we're willing to pay, there will always be someone (13) who is willing to provide it. Hi Circle the correct word or phrase. Before meeting / met Harriet,| never knew what real love was. 'm sure that after passing / passed your exam, you'll feel a lot better. Having finishing / finished the letter, Peter printed it out. Looking / Looked through the window, | saw a strange man at the door. I cooked dinner and, doing / having done that, | sat down to watch TV. Hearing / Heard a noise outside, Janice went to investigate. Having lost / Losing my notes, | couldn't revise properly for the test. Having been / Being quite intelligent, Matt hopes to get into a good university. Having missed / Missing the start of the film, | decided not to bother watching the rest of it. After making / made her bed, Cherie had a shower. SwearvauawneRelative clauses / participles Unit 23 © 1 Complete the sentences so that the meaning remains the same. 1 I suddenly remembered where Id left my keys when | was waiting for the bus. Waiting se sense i 2 Islipped because | was trying to run in the rai : Trying oe : 3 [felt quite sorry for Tim when | saw him cry. 2 Seeing ,, esters 4 John was depressed because he knew he was going to fail the exam. Knowing ... 5 The reason I'm quite good at basketball is that I'm quite tall, . * Being NAaMm ousuns & save across into make saving some money for/ putting some money by for make a profit little/not much demand for to be/get in(to) debt to have cost (you) a fortune increase in inflation of spending it on to the expense of charged me a large amount of money ‘enough money to go last but not least notice the shoplifter taking/ take do the shopping from to from to for economics reality poverty expensively endless payment assistance daily financially wealthy unacceptable valueless luxuries Review 11 A 1 poverty 2 wealthy 3 daily/everyday 4. luxuries 5 acceptable 6 assistance 7 economists 8 investment 9 (invaluable 10 reality B W 12 13 4 15, 16 7 18 anmenr>g 19. was/got charged for 20 this credit card belong 21. asmall amount of 22. cost (me)a fortune 23. an apology from 24. saves me (from) having 25. nonotice of 26 am (abit/a little) short of 27 | borrow some money from anono>®e 8 arora >e Unit 23 > 1 who 2 where 3. which 4 why 5 where 6 whose 7 which 8 whom 9 when 10 whose 11 which 12. which when which 1 2 3 4 whose 5 why 6 which 7 who 8 9 whom 10 when, 11. who 12. which 2 Prince Charles, whose wife was Princess Diana, is heir to the throne of England, 3 Microsoft has a lot of power in the world of computers, which annoys some people. 4 The euro, which was introduced in January 2002, replaced a number of national currencies. 5. Friends, which is one of my favourite series, ran for ten years. 6 Venus, which is much closer to the Sun than the Earth is is a very hot place. 7. Cricket, which is played between two teams of eleven, is popular in many countries of the world. 8 Parts of Buckingham Palace, where the queen lives, are open to the public. 9. The greyhound, which can reach speeds of over 65 Kilometres an hour,is the fastest dog,10 1984 was written by George Having lost Orwell, whose real name was Being Eric Blair. Having missed making why which 1. for the bus, suddenly who remembered where Id left my which keys. which 2 torunin the rain, | slipped. whose 3. Tim cry,| felt quite sorry for him. whom 4 (that) he was going to fail the who ‘exam, John was depressed. when 5 quite tall,|'m quite good at who basketball who 6 knowing any Japanese, which Georgia used a phrase book when she was there. 7 alot of money, Ed can afford v three holidays abroad every v year. y 8 (that) she was lost, Maria v began to worry. Vv x a * 1. Looking through the window, y Isaw a plane passing qv overhead. 2V * 3. Having examined me, the doctor gave me a prescription. 4 Turning on the television, | heard the newsreader say D there had been an explosion. D 5 c 6v A B ; 1 who D 2V 3 been ait 5 her ov 7 not 8 which ov 10 he Unit 24 meeting "1 passing a finished 1c Looking 2A having done 38 Hearing ac Searid]an ono>eneo uN 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 BUwN= FH covaneun fi w after out for go down puton growon named after taken off coming (a)round let down about Make in fun with showed giving Voicing to the the out up the out be you enjoy yourself at isbound to do instead of worrying avoid queule)ing/the queue by getting apologised for not inviting/ having invited am happy for you to 249