Experiment No 2

Objective:
To investigate the relationship between the shear stress and shear strain for rubber and to
determine the modulus of rigidity of the material.
Apparatus:
i. Modulus of rigidity of Rubber apparatus
ii. Steel Rule
iii. Dial indicator
iv. Hangers and Weights
Introduction:
Shear Force:
Shear force acting in a direction parallel to a surface or to a planar cross section of a body. Shear
force often result in shear strain. Also called shearing force.
Shear Stress:
Forces parallel to area resisting the force cause shearing stress or tangential stress.
Shear stress can be denoted by 𝒯 which is given by:
Ps
T=
A
Where Ps is the resultant shearing force which passes through the centroid of area A being
shared.
Shear Strain:
Shear strain is measured as the displacement of the surface that is in direct contact with the
applied shear stress from its original position.
Shear Strain is denoted by “γ”. It has no units.
Mathematically,
w
γ=
L
For smaller angle,
γ=tanθ ≈ θ
In engineering, shear strain is defined as the tangent of the angle, and is equal to the length of
deformation at its maximum divided by the perpendicular length in the plane of force
application, which sometimes makes it easier to calculate. Strains measure how much a given
deformation differs locally from a rigid-body deformation.
Modulus of Rigidity:
Modulus of rigidity or shear modulus is defined as the ratio between the shear stress and shear
strain. It is defined by G.
Mathematically,
Shear Stress
Shear Modulus=
Shear Strain
Its units are Nm-2 or Pa as like shear stress units.
Derivation:

Figure 1shows distortion in rectangular block

Let us consider the deformation of a rectangular block where the forces acting on it are known to
be shearing stress as shown in figure 1.
The change of angle at the corners of an originally rectangular element is defines as the shear
strain.
Let,
Ps= Shearing load or load acting on the body
l=length of a body
A=Area under the load=l×t
T =Shear stress induced∈thebody
G=Modulus of Rigidity∨Shear Moduls
γ=Shear strain produed ∈the body
δs=Deformation produced∈the body
From the Diagram,
Cc=Dd= δs=Shear Deformation
Dd δs
Tanγ= =
Bd w
For smaller angles we know that,
 Tanγ ≈ γ
Since we know that:
t
G=
γ
Or,
Ps w
G=( )( )
δs l . t
Literature Review:
the one who firstly gave this idea of stress and strain which lead us to many other theories was
Galileo. He was the one who firstly performed experiments of stress and strain and told us that
by applying force, a material could have stress in it which causes modulus to occur. This theory
of shear modulus was invented by Leonhard Euler in 1757. Euler's theory of shear modulus is
used to estimate the modulus of rigidity of materials having some stress in them. The Euler's
theory is based on certain assumptions related to many applications used in our daily life and
includes things like stress limits.
Methodology:
i. Set the dial indicator so that its anvil rests on the top of the loading pate.
ii. Set the dial indicator at zero.
iii. With the hanger in position apply a load to the hanger and read the vertical displacement
of the loading plate relative to fixing plate from the dial indicator.
iv. Repeat the experiment for increasing load and record the vertical displacement of the
loading plate in each case.
v. Unload and note the corresponding readings with the load decreasing.
vi. Calculate the modulus of rigidity of rubber material.
Observation and Calculations:
Length of rubber block (l ) =12∈¿
Width of rubber block ( w )=4∈¿
Thickness of rubber block ( t )=1∈¿
Least count of dial indicatior=0.01∈¿

No Load Shear Deflection-δs Shear Shear Modulus of Rigidity

of Stress Strain
Ps (in) (psi)
Obs
(psi) γ=δs/w
(lbs)
Loading Unloading Average G=𝒯/γ G G
(From (standard
graph) value)

1. 0.5 7.8×10-4 1.2×10-3 9.8×10-4 0.042 2.54×10-4 171.4

2. 1 1.8×10-3 1.9×10-3 1.9×10-3 0.083 4.65×10-4 178.49

 3. 1.5 2.9×10-3 2.7×10-3 2.8×10-3 0.125 7×10-4 178.5 190.65 300

4. 2 3.5×10-3 3.7×10-3 3.6×10-3 0.166 9.1×10-4 182.4

5. 2.5 4.3×10-3 4.3×10-3 4.3×10-3 0.208 1.08×10-3 192.6

Specimen Calculations:
For first observation,
A=l× t=12×1=12∈¿
Ps=0.5lbs

Ps 0.5
Shear Stress= =
A 12
−2
Shear Stress ( T )=0.042 N m
δs 9.8 ×10−4
Shear Strain= =
w 4
−4
Shear Strain ( γ )=2.54 × 10
Shear Stress T
Modulus of Rigidity ( G )= =
Shear Strain γ
0.042
G=
2.54 × 10−4
G=171.4 psi
Graph:
0.25

0.2
f(x) = 190.650008601324 x − 0.00432097988698565

0.15
𝒯

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012
γ

Figure 2graph between shear stress and shear strain

Result and Discussion:
When we compare our experimental values of modulus of rigidity of rubber with the standard
values of modulus of rubber there is the huge difference between them, this huge difference or
percentage of error is may be due to the rubber used in the experiment has already shear stress
produced in the rubber as it using many times. Thus due to the already shear stress in the rubber,
it causes the difference or percentage of error greater between the experimental and standard
values of modulus of rigidity of rubber. The percentage of error between the experimental and
standard values of modulus of rigidity of rubber is around 40%.
Conclusion:
i. The error in this experiment is due to the shear stress already present in the rubber before
the experiment is held.
ii. The factors that may affect the calculation and thus causing the error in linear load-
deflection such as friction, human error, external condition and temperature etc.
iii. Modulus of rigidity or Shear modulus is the ratio of shear stress and shear strain and it
has same units as stress as the shear strain has no units
References: