DISPUTE RESOLUTION Notes

Important terms in Crisis Management

Crisis Management - is the process by which an organization deals with a major event that threatens to harm the
organization or the general public.

Crisis - is any event that is expected to lead to an unstable and dangerous situation affecting an individual, group,
community or society.

Risk Management - involves assessing potential threats and finding the best ways to avoid those threats.

Crisis Management - dealing with threats after they have occurred.Crises Management is occasionally referred as
incident management.

Crisis Negotiation - is a technique for law enforcement to communicate with people who are threatening violence
including barricaded subject, hostage taker, stalkers, threats, workplace violence or person threatening suicide.

Forensic Psychology - forensic discipline that evaluates behavioral patterns and how they relate to crime.

Hostage Negotiation - a negotiation conducted between law enforcement agencies, diplomatic or other
governmental representatives for the release of a person held hostage against their will by criminal, terrorist or
other elements.

Crises Management Plan - crises management methods of a business or organization.

3 Elements of Crises Management

  1. threat to the organization or public
  2. element of surprise
  3. short decision time

Types of Crises
  1. Natural Disaster
  2. Technological Crises
  3. Confrontation
  4. Malevolence
  5. Organizational Misdeeds
  6. Work place violence
  7. Rumors
  8. Terrorist attacks/Man made disasters

Natural Disaster - considered acts of god - such as environmental phenomena as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
floods, landslides, storms, tsunamis and droughts that threaten life, property and the environment itself.

Technological Crises - are caused by human application of science and technology.

Confrontation Crises - occur when discontented individuals and/or groups, fight business, government and various
interest groups to win acceptance of their demands and expectations.

Common Type of Confrontation Crises

  1. Boycott
  2. Picketing
  3. Sit-ins
  4. blockade
  5. Occupation of buildings
  6. Resisting/Disobeying police
  7. Ultimatums to those in authority

Crises of malevolence - opponents or miscreants individuals use criminal means or other extreme tactics for the
purpose of expressing hostility or anger toward a company or country with aim of destabilizing or destroying it. ex.
product tampering, kidnapping, terrorism, espionage.

Crises of Organizational Deeds - occurs when management takes actions it knows will harm stakeholders without
adequate precaution.

3 Types of Organizational Misdeeds

  1. Crises of skewed management values
  2. Crises of Deception
  3. Crises of Management Misconduct
SEGMENT I: CONFLICT

1. What is Conflict?
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A conflict is an activity which takes place when conscious beings (individuals or groups) wish to carry out mutually
 inconsistent acts concerning their wants, needs or obligations. (Nicholson, M., 1992)
Conflict may also refer to a natural disagreement or struggle between people which may be physical, or between
conflicting ideas. It can either be within one person, or they can involve several people or groups. It exists when they have
incompatible goals and one or more believe that the behavior of the other prevents them from their own goal achievement. The
word “Conflict” comes from the Latin word “conflingere” which means to come together for a battle.

2. What are Conflict Theories?

Conflict theory states that tensions and conflicts arise when resources, status, and power are unevenly distributed
between groups in society and that these conflicts become the engine for social change. In this context, power can be understood
as control of material resources and accumulated wealth, control of politics and the institutions that make up society, and one's
social status relative to others (determined not just by class but by race, gender, sexuality, culture, and religion, among other
things). (Crossman, 2019)

Conflict theory originated in the work of Karl Marx, who focused on the causes and consequences of class conflict
between the bourgeoisie (the owners of the means of production and the capitalists) and the proletariat (the working class and the
poor). Many social theorists have built on Marx's conflict theory to bolster it, grow it, and refine it over the years. Many others
have drawn on conflict theory to develop other types of theory within the social sciences, including the following:
1. Feminist theory;
2. Critical race theory;
3. Postmodern theory and postcolonial theory;
4. Queer theory;
5. Post-structural theory, and
6. Theories of globalization and world systems.

So, while initially conflict theory described class conflicts specifically, it has lent itself over the years to studies of
how other kinds of conflicts, like those premised on race, gender, sexuality, religion, culture, and nationality, among
others, are a part of contemporary social structures, and how they affect our lives.
3. What are the Conflict Resolution Strategies?
Kenneth Thomas and Ralph Kilmann (2015) developed five conflict resolution strategies Thomas – Kilmann Instrument or more generally
known as TKI Conflict Strategies that people use to handle conflict, including avoiding, defeating, compromising, accommodating, and
collaborating.
The Thomas-Kilmann Instrument is designed to measure a person’s behavior in conflict situations. “Conflict situations” are those in which the
concerns of two people appear to be incompatible.
In such conflict situations, an individual’s behavior can be described along two dimensions: (1) assertiveness, the extent to which the person
attempts to satisfy his own concerns, and (2) cooperativeness, the extent to which the person attempts to satisfy the other person’s concerns.

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 The following are the five (5) Conflict Resolution Strategies:

a. Conflict Resolution Strategy #1: Avoiding

This is unassertive and uncooperative. The person neither pursues his own concerns nor those of the other individual. Thus,
he does not deal with the conflict. Avoiding might take the form of diplomatically sidestepping an issue, postponing an
issue until a better time, or simply withdrawing from a threatening situation.

Avoiding is when people just ignore or withdraw from the conflict. They choose this method when the discomfort of
confrontation exceeds the potential reward of resolution of the conflict. While this might seem easy to accommodate for the
facilitator, people are not really contributing anything of value to the conversation and may be withholding worthwhile
ideas. When conflict is avoided, nothing is resolved.
b. Conflict Resolution Strategy #2: Competing
This is assertive and uncooperative. An individual pursues his own concerns at the other person’s expense. This is a power-
oriented mode in which you use whatever power seems appropriate to win your own position—your ability to argue, your rank,
or economic sanctions. Competing means “standing up for your rights,” defending a position which you believe is correct, or
simply trying to win. Competing is used by people who go into a conflict planning to win. Competing might work in sports or
war, but it’s rarely a good strategy for group problem solving.
c. Conflict Resolution Strategy #3: Accommodating
This is unassertive and cooperative—the complete opposite of competing. When accommodating, the individual neglects his
own concerns to satisfy the concerns of the other person; there is an element of self-sacrifice in this mode. Accommodating
might take the form of selfless generosity or charity, obeying another person’s order when you would prefer not to, or
yielding to another’s point of view.
Also, accommodating is a strategy where one party gives in to the wishes or demands of another. They are being cooperative
but not assertive. This may appear to be a gracious way to give in when one figures out s/he has been wrong about an
argument. It is less helpful when one party accommodates another merely to preserve harmony or to avoid disruption.
Like avoidance, it can result in unresolved issues. Too much accommodation can result in groups where the most
assertive parties commandeer the process and take control of most conversations.
d. Conflict Resolution Strategy #4: Collaborating
It is both assertive and cooperative—the complete opposite of avoiding. Collaborating involves an attempt to work with others to
find some solution that fully satisfies their concerns. It means digging into an issue to pinpoint the underlying needs and
wants of the two individuals. Collaborating between two persons might take the form of exploring a disagreement to learn from
each other’s insights or trying to find a creative solution to an interpersonal problem.

A group may learn to allow each participant to contribute with the possibility of co-creating a shared solution that
everyone can support.
e. Conflict Resolution Strategy #5: Compromising
It is moderate in both assertiveness and cooperativeness. The objective is to find some expedient, mutually acceptable solution
that partially satisfies both parties. It falls intermediate between competing and accommodating. Compromising gives up more
than competing but less than accommodating. Likewise, it addresses an issue more directly than avoiding, but does not explore
it in as much depth as collaborating. In some situations, compromising might mean splitting the difference between the two
positions, exchanging concessions, or seeking a quick middle- ground solution.
The concept of this is that everyone gives up a little bit of what they want, and no one gets everything they want. The
perception of the best outcome when working by compromise is that which “splits the difference.” Compromise is perceived as
being fair, even if no one is particularly happy with the outcome.

SEGMENT II: ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR)

4. What is Republic Act No. 9285?
This Act is known as the "Alternative Dispute Resolution Act of 2004."
5. What is the policy of the State regarding Alternative Dispute Resolution
(ADR)?
It is hereby declared the policy of the State to actively promote party autonomy in the resolution of disputes or the
freedom of the party to make their own arrangements to resolve their disputes. Towards this end, the State shall encourage
and actively promote the use of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) as an important means to achieve speedy and impartial
justice and declog court dockets. As such, the State shall provide means for the use of ADR as an efficient tool and an
alternative procedure for the resolution of appropriate cases. Likewise, the State shall enlist active private sector
participation in the settlement of disputes through ADR.
6. Does RA 9285 limits the power of the Supreme Court to adopt any ADR System?
No. This Act shall be without prejudice to the adoption by the Supreme Court of any ADR system, such as
mediation, conciliation, arbitration, or any combination thereof as a means of achieving speedy and efficient means of
resolving cases pending before all courts in the Philippines which shall be governed by such rules as the Supreme Court
may approve from time to time. (Sec. 2, RA 9285)
7. What is Alternative Dispute Resolution?
Alternative Dispute Resolution System means any process or procedure used to resolve a dispute or controversy, other
than by adjudication of a presiding judge of a court or an officer of a government agency, as defined under RA 9285, in which a
neutral third party participates to assist in the resolution of issues, which includes arbitration, mediation, conciliation, early neutral
evaluation, mini-trial, or any combination thereof. (Sec. 3, par. a, RA 9285)
8. What is Arbitration?
 Arbitration means a voluntary dispute resolution process in which one or more arbitrators, appointed in accordance with
the agreement of the parties, or rules promulgated pursuant to RA 9285, resolve a dispute by rendering an award. (Sec. 3,
par. d, RA 9285)
Note: Award means any partial or final decision by an arbitrator in resolving the issue or controversy.
9. Who is an Arbitrator?
Arbitrator means the person appointed to render an award, alone or with others, in a dispute that is the subject of an
arbitration agreement. (Sec. 3, par. e, RA 9285)
10. What is Early Neutral Evaluation?
This means an ADR process wherein parties and their lawyers are brought together early in a pre-trial phase to present
summaries of their cases and receive a nonbinding assessment by an experienced, neutral person, with expertise in the subject in
the substance of the dispute. (Sec. 3, par. n, RA 9285)
11. What is Mediation?
Mediation means a voluntary process in which a mediator, selected by the disputing parties, facilitates communication and
negotiation, and assist the parties in reaching a voluntary agreement regarding a dispute. (Sec. 3, par. q, RA 9285)
12. Who is a Mediator?
Mediator means a person who conducts mediation. (Sec. 3, par. r, RA 9285)
13. What is Mediation Party?
This means a person who participates in a mediation and whose consent is necessary to resolve the dispute. (Sec. 3,
par. s, RA 9285)
14. What is Mediation-Arbitration?
"Mediation-Arbitration" or Med-Arb is a step dispute resolution process involving both mediation and arbitration. (Sec. 3, par.
t, RA 9285)
15. What is Mini-trial?
This means a structured dispute resolution method in which the merits of a case are argued before a panel
comprising senior decision makers with or without the presence of a neutral third person after which the parties seek a
negotiated settlement (Sec. 3, par. u, RA 9285)
16. How arbitration, mediation and conciliation are different from each other?
Arbitration, mediation and conciliation are the main Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanism which is generally adopted
by the people to resolve their disputes in an informal manner. They try to reach a solution by settlement or negotiation with the
assistance of a third neutral party and have turned out to be an effective alternative to the litigation process.
Arbitration is a process where the parties submit their case to a neutral third party who on the basis of discussion
determine the dispute and comes to a solution.
Mediation and conciliation both are an informal process. Whereas, arbitration is more formal as compared to them.
In mediation, the mediator generally sets out alternatives for the parties to reach out an agreement. The main advantage of the
mediation is that the settlement is made by the parties themselves rather than a third party. It is not legally binding on the
parties. In addition, the basic motive of mediation is to provide opportunities to parties to negotiate and come to a final
solution catering the needs of both sides.
Dispute resolution through conciliation involves the assistance of a neutral third party who plays an advisory role in
reaching an agreement. The process adopted by all the three are different but, the main purpose is to resolve the dispute in a
way where the interest of the parties is balanced.
17. What is ADR Provider?
"ADR Provider" means institutions or persons accredited as mediator, conciliator, arbitrator, neutral evaluator, or any
person exercising similar functions in any Alternative Dispute Resolution system. This is without prejudice to the rights of the
parties to choose nonaccredited individuals to act as mediator, conciliator, arbitrator, or neutral evaluator of their dispute. (Sec.
3, par. b, RA 9285)
18. What is the liability of ADR providers/Practitioners?
The ADR provides /practitioners shall have the same civil liability for acts done in the performance of their official
duties as that of public officers as provided in Section 38 (1), Chapter 9, Book 1 of the Administrative Code of 1987, upon a
clear showing of bad faith, malice or gross negligence. (Article 1.5, IRR, RA 9285)

19. What are the cases wherein Republic Act No. 9285 does not apply?
The provisions of RA 92856 shall not apply to resolution or settlement of the following:
a. Labor disputes covered by Presidential Decree No. 442, otherwise known as the Labor Code of the Philippines, as
amended and its Implementing Rules and Regulations;
b. The civil status of persons;
c. The validity of a marriage;
d. Any ground for legal separation;
e. The jurisdiction of courts;
f. Future legitime;
g. Criminal liability;
h. Those which by law cannot be compromised; and
i. Those disputes referred to court-annexed mediation. (Article 1.3, IRR, RA 9285)

SEGMENT III: THE OFFICE FOR ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE

RESOLUTION
20. What is the Office for Alternative Dispute Resolution?
The Office for Alternative Dispute Resolution (OADR) is as an agency attached to the Department of Justice. It shall have
a Secretariat and shall be headed by an Executive Director, who shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines, taking into
consideration the recommendation of the Secretary of Justice. (Article 2.1., IRR, RA 9285)
21. What are the powers of the OADR?
The OADR shall have the following powers:
a. To act as appointing authority of mediators and arbitrators when the parties agree in writing that it shall be
empowered to do so;
b. To conduct seminars, symposia, conferences and other public fora and publish proceedings of said activities and
relevant materials/information that would promote, develop and expand the use of ADR;
c. To establish an ADR library or resource center where ADR laws, rules and regulation, jurisprudence, books, articles and
other information about ADR in the Philippines and elsewhere may be stored and accessed;
d. To establish training programs for ADR providers/practitioners, both in the public and private sectors; and to
undertake periodic and continuing training programs for arbitration and mediation and charge fees on participants. It may
do so in conjunction with or in cooperation with the IBP, private ADR organizations, and local and foreign government
offices and agencies and international organizations;
e. To certify those who have successfully completed the regular professional training programs provided by the OADR;
f. To charge for services rendered such as, among others, for training and certifications of ADR providers;
g. To accept donations, grants and other assistance from local and foreign sources; and
h. To exercise such other powers as may be necessary and proper to carry into effect the provisions of the ADR Act. (Art. 2.2.,
 IRR, RA 9285)
22. What are the functions of OADR?
The OADR shall have the following functions:
a. To promote, develop and expand the use of ADR in the private and public sectors through information, education and
communication;
b. To monitor, study and evaluate the use of ADR by the private and public sectors for purposes of, among others,
policy formulation;
c. To recommend to Congress needful statutory changes to develop, strengthen and improve ADR practices in accordance
with international professional standards;
d. To make studies on and provide linkages for the development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of government
and private ADR programs and secure information about their respective administrative rules/procedures, problems
encountered and how they were resolved;
e. To compile and publish a list or roster of ADR providers/practitioners, who have undergone training by the OADR,
or by such training providers/institutions recognized or certified by the OADR as performing functions in any ADR system.
The list or roster shall include the addresses, contact numbers, e-mail addresses, ADR service/s rendered (e.g. arbitration,
mediation) and experience in ADR of the ADR providers/practitioners;
 f.To compile a list or roster of foreign or international ADR providers/practitioners. The list or roster shall include the
addresses, contact numbers, e-mail addresses, ADR service/s rendered (e.g. arbitration, mediation) and experience in
ADR of the ADR providers/practitioners; and
g. To perform such other functions as may be assigned to it. (Art. 2.3., IRR, RA 9285)
23. State the Divisions of OADR.
The OADR shall have the following staff and service divisions, among others:
a. Secretariat – shall provide necessary support and discharge such other functions and duties as may be directed by the
Executive Director.
b. Public information and Promotion Division – shall be charged with the dissemination of information, the promotion of the
importance and public acceptance of mediation, conciliation, arbitration or any combination thereof and other ADR forms
as a means of achieving speedy and efficient means of resolving all disputes and to help in the promotion,
development and expansion of the use of ADR.
c. Training Division – shall be charged with the formulation of effective standards for the training of ADR practitioners;
conduct of training in accordance with such standards; issuance of certifications of training to ADR practitioners and ADR
service providers who have undergone the professional training provided by the OADR; and the coordination of the
development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of government and private sector ADR programs.
d. Records and Library Division – shall be charged with the establishment and maintenance of a central repository of ADR
laws, rules and regulations, jurisprudence, books, articles, and other information about ADR in the Philippines and
elsewhere. (Art. 2.4., IRR, RA 9285)
24. What is Advisory Council? State its composition.
There is also created an Advisory Council composed of a representative from each of the following:
a. Mediation profession;
b. Arbitration profession;
c. ADR organizations;
d. IBP; and
e. Academe.
The members of the Council, who shall be appointed by the Secretary of Justice upon the recommendation of the OADR
Executive Director, shall choose a Chairman from among themselves. (Art. 2.5., IRR, RA 9285)

25. What is the role of the Advisory Council?

The Advisory Council shall advise the Executive Director on policy, operational and other relevant matters. The Council
shall meet regularly, at least once every two (2) months, or upon call by the Executive Director. (Art. 2.6., IRR, RA 9285)

SEGMENT IV: MEDIATION

26. What are the Terms Applicable to the Segment/Discussion on International Commercial Arbitration?
Explain. Terms and Applicable to the Chapter Mediation
1. Ad hoc Mediation means any mediation other than institutional or court-annexed.
2. Institutional Mediation means any mediation process conducted under the rules of a mediation institution.
3. Court-Annexed Mediation means mediation process conducted under the auspices of the court and in accordance with Supreme
Court approved guidelines, after such court has acquired jurisdiction of the dispute.
4. Court-Referred Mediation means mediation ordered by a court to be conducted in accordance with the agreement of the parties
when an action is prematurely commenced in violation of such agreement.
5. Certified Mediator means a mediator certified by the Office for ADR as having successfully completed its regular professional
training program.
6. Mediation means a voluntary process in which a mediator, selected by the disputing party voluntary agreement regarding a
dispute.
7. Mediation Party means a person who participates in a mediation and whose consent is necessary to resolve the dispute.
8. Mediator means a person who conducts mediation.
9. Non-Party Participant means a person, other than a party or mediator, who participates in a mediation proceeding as a witness,
resource person or expert. (Rule 2, par. B, IRR, RA 9285)
27. What is the scope of application of the Implementing Rules?
These Rules apply to voluntary mediation, whether ad hoc or institutional, other than court-annexed mediation and only in
default of an agreement of the parties on the applicable rules.
These Rules shall also apply to all cases pending before an administrative or quasi-judicial agency that are subsequently
agreed upon by the parties to be referred to mediation. (Article 3.1., IRR, RA 9285)
28. Define Ad hoc, Institutional and Court-Annexed Mediation.
1. Ad hoc Mediation means any mediation other than institutional or court-annexed.
2. Institutional Mediation means any mediation process conducted under the rules of a mediation institution.
3. Court-Annexed Mediation means mediation process conducted under the auspices of the court and in accordance with Supreme
Court approved guidelines, after such court has acquired jurisdiction of the dispute.
29. What is the State policy on Mediation?
In applying and construing the provisions of these Rules, consideration must be given to the need to promote
candor of parties and mediators through confidentiality of the mediation process, the policy of fostering prompt, economical
and amicable resolution of disputes in accordance with principles of integrity of determination by the parties and the policy that
the decision-making authority in the mediation process rests with the parties.
A party may petition a court before which an action is prematurely brought in a matter which is the subject of a
mediation agreement, if at least one party so requests, not later than the pre-trial conference or upon the request of both parties
thereafter, to refer the parties to mediation in accordance with the agreement of the parties. (Article 3.2., IRR, RA 9285)
 SELECTION OF A MEDIATOR
30. Do parties have the right to select a Mediator?
Yes. The parties have the freedom to select a mediator. The parties may request the Office for Alternative Dispute
Resolution (OADR) to provide them list or roster or the resumes of its certified mediators. The OADR may be requested to inform
the mediator of his/her selection. (Article 3.3., IRR, RA 9285)
31. Is it required that a Mediator has special qualifications by background or profession?
As a Rule, ADR act does not require that a mediator shall have special qualifications by background or profession
unless the special qualifications of a mediator are required in the mediation agreement or by the mediation parties. (Sec. 13,
RA 9285)
32. May a party waive his right to participate in Mediation?
Yes, except as otherwise provided in RA 9285, a party may designate a lawyer or any other person to provide assistance
in the mediation. A lawyer of this right shall be made in writing by the party waiving it. A waiver of participation or legal
representation may be rescinded any time. (Sec. 14, RA 9285)
Note: Rescind means to revoke or cancel.
33. When a Mediator be replaced?
If the mediator selected is unable to act as such for any reason, the parties may, upon being informed of such fact, select
another mediator. (Article 3.4., IRR, RA 9285)
34. What are the grounds wherein a Mediator may refuse or withdraw such?
A mediator may refuse from acting as such, withdraw or may be compelled to withdraw from mediator proceedings
under the following circumstances:
a. If any of the parties so requests the mediator to withdraw;
b. The mediator does not have the qualifications, training and experience to enable him/her to meet the reasonable
expectations of the parties;
c. Where the mediator's impartially is in question;
d. If continuation of the process would violate any ethical standards;
e. If the safety of any of the parties would be jeopardized;
f. If the mediator is unable to provide effective services;
g. In case of conflict of interest; and
h. In any of the following instances, if the mediator is satisfied that:
1. One or more of the parties is/are not acting in good faith;
2. The parties' agreement would be illegal or involve the commission of a crime;
3. Continuing the dispute resolution would give rise to an appearance of impropriety;
4. Continuing with the process would cause significant harm to a non-participating person or to the public; or
5. Continuing discussion would not be in the best interest of the parties, their minor children or the dispute resolution
process. (Article 3.5., IRR, RA 9285)
 ETHICAL CONDUCT OF A MEDIATOR
35. Explain the following terms as Ethical Conduct of a Mediator:
1. Competence
It is not required that a mediator shall have special qualifications by background or profession unless the special
qualifications of a mediator shall:
a. maintain the continually upgrade his/her professional competence in mediation skills;
b. ensure that his/her qualifications, training and experience are known to and accepted by the parties; and
c. serve only when his/her qualifications, training and experience enable him/her to meet the reasonable
expectations of the parties and shall not hold himself/herself out or give the impression that he/she does
not have.

Upon the request of a mediation party, an individual who is requested to serve as mediator shall disclose his/her
qualifications to mediate a dispute. (Article 3.5., IRR, RA 9285)
2. Impartially
A mediator shall maintain impartiality.
a. Before accepting a mediation, an individual who is requested to serve as a mediator shall:

 make an inquiry that is reasonable under the circumstances to determine whether there are
known facts that a reasonable individual would consider likely to affect the impartiality of the
mediator, including a financial or personal interest in the outcome of the mediation and any existing
or past relationship with a party of foreseeable participant in the mediation; and
 disclose to the mediation parties any such fact known or learned as soon as practical before accepting
a mediation.
b. If a mediator learns any fact described in paragraph (a) of this Article after accepting a mediation, the mediator shall
disclose it as soon as practicable to the mediation parties. (Article 3.7., IRR, RA 9285)
3. Confidentiality
A mediator shall keep in utmost confidence all confidential information obtained in the course of the
mediation process.
a. A mediator shall discuss issues of confidentiality and the extent of confidentiality provided in any private sessions or
caucuses that the mediator holds with a party. (Article 3.8., IRR, RA 9285)
4. Consent and Self-Determination
a. A mediator shall make reasonable efforts to ensure that each party understands the nature and character of the
mediation proceeding including private caucuses, the issues, the available options, the alternatives to non-settlement, and
that each party is free and able to make whatever choices he/she desires regarding participation in mediation generally
and regarding specific settlement options.
If a mediator believes that a party, who is not represented by counsel, is unable to understand, or
fully participate, the mediation proceedings for any reason, a mediator may either:
 limit the scope of the mediation proceedings in a manner consistent with the party's ability to
participate, and/or recommend that the party obtain appropriate assistance in order to continue
with the process; or
 terminate the mediation proceedings.
b. A mediator shall recognize and put in mind that the primary responsibility of resolving a dispute and the shaping of a
voluntary and uncoerced settlement rests with the parties. (Article 3.9., IRR, RA 9285)
5. Separation of Mediation from Counseling and Legal Advice
a. Except in evaluative mediation or when the parties so request, a mediator shall:
 refrain from giving legal or technical advice and otherwise engaging in counseling or advocacy;
and
 abstain from expressing his/her personal opinion on the rights and duties of the parties and the merits
of any proposal made.
b. Where appropriate and where either or both parties are not represented by counsel, a mediator shall;
 recommend that the parties seek outside professional advice to help them make informed decision and
to understand the implication of any proposal; and
 suggest that the parties seek independent legal and/or technical advice before a settlement
agreement is signed.
c. without the consent of al parties, and for a reasonable time under the particular circumstance, a mediator who also
practices another profession shall not establish a professional relationship in that other profession with one of the
parties, or any person or entity, in a substantially and factually related matter. (Article 3.10., IRR, RA 9285)
6. Charging of Fees.
With respect to charging of fees:
a. A mediator shall fully disclose and explain to the parties the basis of cost, fees and charges.
b. The mediator who withdraws from the mediation shall return to the parties any unearned fee and unused deposit.
c. A mediator shall not enter into a fee agreement, which is contingent upon the results of the mediation or the amount of the
settlement. (Article 3.11., IRR, RA 9285)
 7. Promotion of Respect and Control of Abuse of Process.
The mediator shall encourage mutual respect between the parties, and shall take reasonable steps, subject to the
principle of self- determination, to limit abuses of the mediation process. (Article 3.12., IRR, RA 9285)
8. Solicitation or Acceptance of any Gift.
No mediator or any member of a mediator’s immediate family or his/her agent shall request, solicit, receive or
accept any gift or any type of compensation other than the agreed fee and expenses in connection with any matter
coming before the mediator. (Article 3.13., IRR, RA 9285)

 ROLE OF PARTIES AND THEIR COUNSELS IN MEDIATION

36. May a party designate a lawyer to assist him in Mediation?
Yes, except as otherwise provided by the ADR Act or by there Rules, a party may designate a lawyer or any other
person to provide assistance in the mediation. A waiver of this right shall be made in writing by the party waiving it. A waiver of
participation or legal representation may be rescinded at any time. (Article 3.14., IRR, RA 9285)
37. Enumerate the Roles of a Counsel in Mediation proceedings.
a. The lawyer shall view his/her role in the mediation as a collaborator with the other lawyer in working together toward the
common goal of helping their clients resolve their differences to their mutual advantage.
b. The lawyer shall encourage and assist his/her client to actively participate in positive discussions and cooperate in crafting
an agreement to resolve their dispute.
c. The lawyer must assist his/her client to comprehend and appreciate the mediation process and its benefits, as well as the
client’s greater personal responsibility for the success of mediation in resolving the dispute.
d. In preparing for participation in mediation, the lawyer shall confer and discuss with his/her client the following:
 The mediation process as essentially a negotiation between the parties assisted by their respective
lawyers, and facilitated by a mediator, stressing it its difference from litigation, its advantages and
benefits, the clients heightened role in mediation and responsibility for its success and explaining
the role of the lawyer in mediation proceedings,
 The substance of the upcoming mediation such as;
o The substantive issues involved in the dispute and their prioritization in terms of importance to his/her client’s
real interests and needs.
o The study of other party’s position in relation to the issues with a view to understanding the underlying
interests, fears, concerns and needs;
o The information or facts to be gathered or sought from the other side or to be exchanged that are
necessary for informed decision-making;
o The possible options for settlement but stressing the need to be open-minded about other possibilities; and
o The best, worst and most likely alternative to a non-negotiated settlement. (Article 3.15., IRR, RA 9285)
38. What other matters a Counsel must do to assist in the
Mediation? To assist in the Mediation, the lawyer:
a. shall give support to the mediator so that his/her client will fully understand the rules and processes of mediation;
b. shall impress upon his/her client the importance of speaking for himself/herself and taking responsibility for making
decisions during the negotiations within the mediation process.;
c. may ask for a recess in order to give advice or suggestions to his/her client in private, if he/she perceives that his/her
client is unable to bargain effectively; and
d. shall assist his/her client and the mediator put in writing the terms of the settlement agreement that the parties have
entered into. That lawyers shall see to it that the terms of the settlement agreement are not contrary to law, morals,
good customs, public order or public policy. (Article 3.16., IRR, RA 9285)
 CONDUCT OF MEDIATION
39. What are the articles to be considered in the conduct of Mediation?
The articles to be considered in the conduct of Mediation are the following:
a. The mediator shall not make untruthful or exaggerated claims about the dispute resolution process, its costs and benefits,
its outcome or the mediator’s qualifications and abilities during the entire mediation process.
b. The mediator shall held the parties reach a satisfactory resolution to their dispute but has no authority to impose a
settlement on the parties.
c. The parties shall personally appear for mediation and may be assisted by a lawyer. A party maybe represented by an
agent who must have full authority to negotiate and settle the dispute.
d. The mediation process shall, in general, consists of the following stages:
 opening statement of the mediator
 individual narration by the parties;
 exchange by the parties;
 summary of issues;
 generation and evaluation of options; and
 closure

e. The mediation proceeding shall be held in private. Person, other than the parties, their representatives and mediator, may
attend only with the consent of all the parties,

f.
the mediation shall be closed:
 by the execution of a settlement agreement by the parties;
 by the withdrawal of any party from mediation; and
 by the written declaration of the mediator that any further effort at mediation would not be helpful. (Article
3.17., IRR, RA 9285)
40. Where is the place of Mediation?
 The parties are free to agree on the place of mediation. Failing such agreement, the place of mediation shall be any place
convenient and appropriate to all parties. (Article 3.18., IRR, RA 9285)
 EFFECT OF AGREEMENT TO SUBMIT A DISPUTE TO MEDIATION UNDER INSTITUTIONAL RULES
41. What does an agreement to submit a dispute to mediator by an institution include?
An agreement to submit a dispute to mediation by an institution shall include an agreement to be bound by the
internal mediation and administrative policies of such institution. Further, an agreement to submit a dispute to mediation under
institutional mediation rules shall be deemed to include an agreement to have such rules govern the mediation of the dispute and
for the mediator, the parties, their respective counsels and non- party participants to abide by such rules. (Article 3.19., IRR, RA
9285)
  ENFORCEMENT OF MEDIATED SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT
42. What are the operative principles to guide Mediation?
The mediation shall be guided by the following operative principles:
a. A settlement agreement following successful mediation shall be prepared by the parties with the assistance of their
respective counsels. If any, and by the mediator. The parties and their respective counsels shall endeavor to make
the terms and condition of the settlement agreement complete and to make adequate provision for the contingency of
breach to avoid conflicting interpretations of the agreement.
b. The parties and their respective counsels, if any, shall sign the settlement agreement. The mediator shall certify that
he/she explained the contents of the settlement agreement to the parties in a language known to them.
c. If the parties agree, the settlement agreement may be jointly deposited by the parties or deposited by one party
with prior notice to the other party/ties with the Clerk of Court of the Regional Trial Court (a) where the principal
place of business in the Philippines of any of the parties is located; (b) if any of the parties is an individual, where
any of those individuals resides; or (c) in the National Capital Judicial Region. Where there is a need to enforce the
settlement agreement, a petition may be filed by any of the parties with the same court in which case, the court
shall proceed summarily to hear the petition, in accordance with the Special ADR Rules.
d. The parties may agree in the settlement agreement that the mediator shall become a sole arbitrator for the dispute
and shall treat the settlement agreement as an arbitral award which shall be subject to enforcement under Republic
Act No. 876, otherwise know as "The Arbitration Law", notwithstanding the provisions of Executive Order No. 1008, s.
1985, other wise known as the "Construction Industry Arbitration Law" for mediated disputes outside the Construction
Industry Arbitration Commission. (Article 3.20., IRR, RA 9285)
 CONFIDENTIALITY OF INFORMATION
43. What are the principles and guidelines on the information obtained through Mediation?
Information obtained through mediation proceedings shall be subject to the following principles and guidelines:
a. Information obtained through mediation shall be privileged and confidential.
b. A party, mediator, or non-party participant may refuse to disclose and may prevent any other person from disclosing
a confidential information.
c. Confidential information shall not be subject to discovery and shall be inadmissible in any adversarial proceeding, whether
judicial or quasi- judicial. However, evidence or information that is otherwise admissible or subject to discovery does not
become inadmissible or protected from discovery solely by reason of its use in a mediation.
d. In such an adversarial proceeding, the following persons involved or previously involved in a mediation may not be
compelled to disclosed confidential information obtained during the mediation:
 the parties to the dispute;
 the mediator or mediators;
 the counsel for the parties;
 the non-party participants
 any person hired or engaged in connection with the mediation as secretary, stenographer, clerk or assistant; and
 any other person who obtains or possesses confidential information by reason of his/her profession.
e. The protections of the ADR Act shall continue to apply even if a mediator is found to have failed to act impartially.
f. A mediator may not be called to testify to provide confidential information gathered in mediation. A mediator who is
wrongfully subpoenaed shall be reimbursed the full cost of his/her attorney’s fees and related expenses. (Article
3.21., IRR, RA 9285)
44. May the privilege of confidentiality of information be waived?
Yes, under the following circumstances, a privilege of confidentiality of information is deemed waived:
a. A privilege arising from the confidentiality of information may be waived in a record or orally during a proceeding by the
mediator and the mediation parties.
b. With the consent of the mediation parties, a privilege arising from the confidentiality of information may likewise be waived
by a non-party participant if the information is provided by such non-party participant.
c. A person who discloses confidential information shall be precluded from asserting the privilege under Article 3.21
(Confidentiality of Information) to bar disclosure of the rest of the information necessary to a complete understanding of
the previously disclosed information. If a person suffers loss or damage as a result of the disclosure of the confidential
information, he/she shall be entitled to damages in a judicial proceeding against the person who made the disclosure.
d. A person who discloses or makes a representation about a mediation is precluded from asserting the privilege mentioned
in Article 3.21 to the extent that the communication prejudices another person in the proceeding and it is necessary for the
person prejudiced to respond to the representation or disclosure. (Article 3.22., IRR, RA 9285)
45. What are the exceptions to the privilege of confidentiality of information?
a. There is no privilege against disclosure under Article 3.21 in the following instances:
 in an agreement evidenced by a record authenticated by all parties to the agreement;
 available to the public or made during a session of a mediation which is open, or is required by law to be open, to
the public;
 a threat or statement of a plan to inflict bodily injury or commit a crime of violence;
 intentionally used to plan a crime, attempt to commit, or commit a crime, or conceal an ongoing crime or criminal
activity.
 sought or offered to prove or disprove abuse, neglect, abandonment or exploitation in a proceeding in which a
public agency is protecting the interest of an individual protected by law; but this exception does not apply where a
child protection matter is referred to mediation by a court or where a public agency participates in the child
protection mediation;
 sought or offered to prove or disapprove a claim or complaint of professional misconduct or malpractice filed against a
party, non-party participant, or representative of a party based on conduct occurring during a mediation.

b. If a court or administrative agency finds, after a hearing in camera, that the party seeking discovery of the proponent of the
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 evidence has shown that the evidence is not otherwise available, that there is a need for the evidence that
substantially outweighs the interest in protecting confidentially, and the mediation communication is sought or
offered in:
 a court proceeding involving a crime or felony; or
 a proceeding to prove a claim or defense that under the law is sufficient to reform or avoid a liability on a
contract arising out of the mediation.
c. A mediator may not be compelled to provide evidence of a mediation communication or testify in such proceeding.
d. If a mediation communication is not privileged under an exception in sub-section (a) or (b) hereof, only the portion of the
communication necessary for the application of the exception for non-disclosure may be admitted. The admission of a
particular evidence for the limited purpose of an exception does not render that evidence, or any other mediation
communication, admissible for any other purpose. (Article 3.23., IRR, RA 9285)
46. May a Mediator be allowed to make a report to communicate matters regarding Mediation?
As a Rule, NO. A mediator may not make a report, assessment, evaluation, recommendation, finding or other communication regarding a
mediation to a court or agency or other authority that may make a ruling on a dispute that is the subject of a mediation, except:

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 a. to state that the mediation occurred or has terminated, or where a settlement was reached; or
b. as permitted to be disclosed under Article 3.23 (Exception to the Privilege of Confidentiality of Information).
The parties may, by an agreement in writing, stipulate that the settlement agreement shall be sealed and not disclosed to
any third party including the court. Such stipulation, however, shall not apply to a proceeding to enforce or set aside the settlement
agreement. (Article 3.24., IRR, RA 9285)

 FEES AND COST OF MEDIATION

47. In Ad Hoc Mediation, what are the rules on Fees and Cost?
In ad hoc mediation, the parties are free to make their own arrangement as to mediation cost and fees. In default thereof,
the schedule of cost and fees to be approved by the OADR shall be followed. (Article 3.25., IRR, RA 9285)
48. In Institutional Mediation, what does mediation cost include?
In institutional mediation, mediation cost shall include the administrative charges of the mediation institution under which
the parties have agreed to be bound, mediator’s fees and associated expenses, if any. In default of agreement of the parties as to
the amount and manner of payment of mediation’s cost and fees, the same shall be determined in accordance with the applicable
internal rules of the mediation service providers under whose rules the mediation is conducted. (Article 3.26., IRR, RA 9285)
49. What are the factors in determining mediation fee?
A mediation service provider may determine such mediation fee as is reasonable taking into consideration the following
factors, among
others:
a. the complexity of the case;
b. the number of hours spent in mediation; and
c. the training, experience and stature of mediators. (Article 3.26., IRR, RA 9285)

SEGMENT V: INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION

50. What are the Terms Applicable to the Segment/Discussion on International Commercial Arbitration?
Explain. Terms Applicable to the Chapter on International Commercial Arbitration:
1. Appointing Authority as used in the Model Law shall mean the person or institution named in the arbitration agreement as the
appointing authority; or the regular arbitration institution under whose rules the arbitration is agreed to be conducted. Where the
parties have agreed to submit their dispute to institutional arbitration rules and unless they have agreed to a different procedure,
they shall be deemed to have agreed to the procedure under such arbitration rules for the selection and appointment of arbitrators.
In ad hoc arbitration, the default appointment of an arbitrator shall be made by the National President of the Integrated Bar of
the Philippines (IBP) or his /her duly authorized representative.
2. Arbitral Tribunal (under the Model Law) means a sole arbitrator or a panel of arbitrators.
3. Arbitration means any arbitration whether or not administered by a permanent arbitration institution.
4. Commercial Arbitration means an arbitration that covers matters arising from all relationships of a commercial nature, whether
contractual or not. Relationships of a commercial nature include, but are not limited to, the following commercial transactions: any
trade transaction for the supply or exchange of goods or services; distribution agreements; construction of works; commercial
representation or agency; factoring; leasing; consulting; engineering; licensing; investment; financing; banking; insurance; joint
venture and other forms of industrial or business cooperation; carriage of goods or passengers by air, sea rail or road.
5. Convention Award means a foreign arbitral award in a Convention State.
6. Convention State means a state that is a member of the New York Convention.
7. Court (under the Model Law) means a body or organ of the judicial system of the Philippines (i.e., the Regional Trial Court, Court
of Appeals and Supreme Court).
8. International Arbitration means an arbitration where:
a. the parties to an arbitration agreement have, at the time of the conclusion of that agreement, their places of business in
different states; or
b. one of the following places is situated outside the Philippines in which the parties have their places of business:
 the place of arbitration if determined in, or pursuant to , the arbitration agreement;
 any place where a substantial part of the obligations of the commercial relationship is to be performed or the
place with the subject matter of the dispute is most closely connected; or
c. the parties have expressly agreed that the subject matter of the arbitration agreement relates to more
than one country. For this purpose:
(a)if a party has more than one place of business, the place of business is that which has the closest relationship to the
arbitration agreement;
(b)if a party does not have a place of business, reference is to be made to his/her habitual residence.
9. New York Convention means the United Nations Convention of the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards
approved in 1958 and ratified by the Philippine Senate under Senate Resolution No.71.
10. Non-Convention Award means a foreign arbitral ward made in a state, which is not a Convention State.
11. Non-Convention State means a state that is not a member of the New York Convention. (Rule 2, par. C, IRR, RA
9285)
51. What is the scope of application of Chapter 4 of the IRR of RA 9285 on International Commercial Arbitration?
a. It applies to international commercial arbitration, subject to any agreement in force between the Philippines and other
state or states.
b. It applies only if the place or seat of arbitration is the Philippines and in default of any agreement of the parties on the
applicable rules.
c. It shall not affect any other law of the Philippines by virtue of which certain disputes may not be submitted to arbitration or
may be submitted to arbitration only according to provisions other than those of the ADR Act. (Article 4.1., IRR, RA
9285)
52. Cite the Rules on International Commercial Arbitration.
The following are the rules of interpretation in international commercial arbitration:
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 a. International commercial arbitration shall be governed by the Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration.
b. In interpreting this Chapter, regard shall be had to the international origin of the Model Law and to the need for
uniformity in its interpretation. Resort may be made to the travaux preparatoires and the Report of the Secretary-General
of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law dated March 1985 entitled, "International Commercial
Arbitration: Analytical Commentary on Draft Text identified by reference number A/CN. 9/264".
c. Moreover, in interpreting this Chapter, the court shall have due regard to the policy of the law in favor of arbitration
and the policy of the Philippines to actively promote party autonomy in the resolution of disputes or the freedom of the
parties to make their own arrangement to resolve their dispute.
d. Where a provision of this Chapter, except the Rules applicable to the substance of the dispute, leaves the parties free to
determine a certain issue, such freedom includes the right of the parties to authorize a third party, including an
institution, to make that determination.
e. Where a provision of this Chapter refers to the fact that the parties have agreed or that they may agree or in any
other way refers to an agreement of the parties, such agreement includes any arbitration rules referred to in that
agreement.

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 f. Where a provision of this Chapter, other than in paragraph (a) of Article 4.25 (Default of a Party) and paragraphs (b)
(i) of Article 4.32 (Termination of Proceedings), refers to a claim, it also applies to a counter-claim, and where it
refers to a defense, it also applies to a defense to such counter-claim. (Article 4.2., IRR, RA 9285)
53. When is a written communication deemed received?
a. Unless otherwise agreed by the parties:
 any written communication is deemed to have been received if it is delivered to the addressee personally or
at his/her place of business, habitual residence or mailing address; if none of these can be found after
making a reasonable inquiry, a written communication is deemed to have been received if it is sent to the
addressee’s last known place of business, habitual residence or mailing address by registered letter or any
other means which provides a record of the attempt to deliver it;
 the communication is deemed to have been received on the day it is so delivered.
b. The provisions of this Article do not apply to communications in court proceedings, which shall be governed by the Rules
of Court. (Article 4.3., IRR, RA 9285)
54. May the right to object be waived?
Yes. The right to object may be waived. Any party who knows that any provision of this Chapter from which the parties
may derogate or any requirement under the arbitration agreement has not been complied with and yet proceeds with the
arbitration without stating the objections for such non-compliance without undue delay or if a time limit is provided
therefor, within such period of time, shall be deemed to have waived the right to object. (Article 4.4., IRR, RA 9285)
55. What is the extent of Court intervention?
In matters governed by this Chapter, no court shall intervene except where so provided in the ADR Act. Resort to
Philippine courts for matters within the scope of the ADR Act shall be governed by the Special ADR Rules. (Article 4.5., IRR,
RA 9285)
56. What other functions must be performed by the appointing authority?
a. The functions referred to in paragraphs (c) and (d) of Article 4.11 (Appointment of Arbitrators) and paragraph (c) of Article
4.13 (Challenge Procedure) and paragraph (a) of Article 4.14 (Failure or Impossibility to Act) shall be performed by the
appointing authority as defined in Article 1.6 C1, unless the latter shall fail or refuse to act within thirty (30) days from
receipt of the request in which case the applicant may renew the application with the court. The appointment of an
arbitrator is not subject to appeal or motion for reconsideration.
b. The functions referred to in paragraph (c) of Article 4.16 (c) (Competence of Arbitral Tribunal to Rule on its Jurisdiction),
second paragraph of Article 4.34 (Application for Setting Aside an Exclusive Recourse Against Arbitral Award), Article 4.35
(Recognition and Enforcement), Article 4.38 (Venue and Jurisdiction), shall be performed by the appropriate Regional
Trial Court.
c. A Court may not refuse to grant, implement or enforce a petition for an interim measure, including those provided
for in Article 4.9 (Arbitration Agreement and Interim Measures by Court), Article 4. 11 (Appointment of Arbitrators), Article
4.13 (Challenge Procedure), Article 4,27 (Court Assistance in Taking Evidence), on the sole ground that the Petition is
merely an ancillary relief and the principal action is pending with the arbitral tribunal. (Article 4.6., IRR, RA 9285)

 ARBITRATION AGREEMENT
57. Explain the form of an Arbitration Agreement
The Arbitration agreement, as defined in Articles 1.6 A4, shall be in writing. An agreement is in writing if it is contained in a
document signed by the parties or in an exchange of letters, telex, telegrams or other means of telecommunication which provide a
record of the agreement, or in an exchange of statements of claim and defense in which the existence of an agreement, or in an
exchange of statements of claim and defense in which the existence of an agreement is alleged by one party and not denied by
another. The reference in a contract to a document containing an arbitration clause constitutes an arbitration agreement provided
that the contracts is writing and the reference is such as to make that clause part of the contract. (Article 4.7., IRR, RA 9285)
58. What are the rules when a substantive claim is before a court?
The following are the rules when a substantive claim is before the court:
a. A court before which an action is brought in a matter which is the subject of an arbitration agreement shall, if at least one
party so requests of both parties thereafter, refer the parties to arbitration unless it finds that the arbitration
agreement is null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed.
b. Where an action referred to in the previous paragraph has been brought , arbitral proceedings may nevertheless be
commenced or continued, and an award may be made, while the issue is pending before the court.
c. Where the action is commenced by or against multiple parties, one or more of whom are parties to an arbitration
agreement, the court shall refer to arbitration those parties who are bound by the arbitration agreement although the civil
action may continue as to those who are not bound by such arbitration agreement. (Article 4.8., IRR, RA 9285)
59. May a party request for an interim measure of protection before or during the arbitral proceedings?
Yes. It is not incompatible with an arbitration agreement for a party to request from a court, before the constitution of the
arbitral tribunal or during arbitral proceedings, an interim measure of protection and for a court to grant such
measure.
To the extent that the arbitral tribunal has no power to act or is unable to act effectively, a request for interim
measure of protection, or modification thereof as provided for, and in the manner indicated in Article 4.17 (Power of
Tribunal to Order Interim Measures ), may be made with the court.
The rules of interim or provisional relief provided for in paragraph ( c ) of Article 4.17 of these Rules shall be
observed.
A party may bring a petition under this Article before the court in accordance with the Rules of Court or the Special ADR
Rules. (Article 4.9., IRR, RA 9285)
 COMPOSITION OF ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL
60. How many Arbitrators may the parties agree upon?
The parties are free to determine the number of arbitrators Failing such determination, the number of arbitrators shall be
three (3). (Article 4.10., IRR, RA 9285)
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 61. Explain how Arbitrators are appointed.
The appointment of arbitrators is governed by the following procedures:
a. No person shall be produced by reason of his/her nationality from acting as an arbitrator, unless otherwise agreed by
the parties.
b. The parties are free to agree on a procedure of appointing the arbitrator or arbitrators, subject to provisions of paragraphs
(d) and (e) of this Article.
c. Failing such agreement:
 in an arbitration with three (3 ) arbitrators, each party shall appoint one arbitrator, and the two (2) arbitrators
thus appointed shall appoint the third arbitrator; if any party fails to appoint the arbitrator within thirty (30) days of
receipt of a request to do so from the other party, or if the two (2) arbitrators fail to agree on the third arbitrator
within thirty days (30) days of their appointment shall be made, upon request of a party, by the appointing
authority;
 in an arbitration with a sole arbitrator, if the parties are unable to agree on the arbitrator, he/she shall be appointed,
upon request of a party, by the appointing authority.

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 d. Where, under an appointment procedure agreed upon the parties,
 a party fails to act as required under such procedure, or
 the parties, or two arbitrators, are unable to reach an agreement expected of them under such procedure, or
 a third party, including an institution, fails to perform any function entrusted to it under such procedure,
Any party may request the appointing authority to take the necessary measure to appoint an arbitrator, unless the
agreement on the appointment procedure provides other means for securing the appointment.
A decision on a matter entrusted by paragraphs (c) and (d) of this to the appointing authority shall be immediate
executory and not be subject to a motion for reconsideration or appeal. The appointing authority shall have in
appointing an arbitrator, due regard to any qualifications required of the arbitrator by the agreement of the parties and to
such considerations as are likely to secure the appointment of an independent and impartial arbitrator and, in the case
of a sole or third arbitrator , shall take into account as well the advisability of appointing an arbitrator of a nationality
other than the Rules of Court of the Special ADR Rules. (Article 4.11., IRR, RA 9285)
62. What are the grounds to challenge an
Arbitrator? The grounds for challenge are
as follows:
a. When a person is approached in connection with his/her possible appointment as an arbitrator, he/she impartiality or
independence. An arbitrator, from the time of his/her appointment and throughout the arbitral proceedings shall, without
delay, disclose any such circumstance to the parties unless they have already been informed of them him/her.
An arbitrator may be challenged only if circumstances exist that give rise to justifiable doubts as to his/her impartiality or
independence, or if he/she does not possess qualifications agreed to by the parties. A party may challenge an
arbitrator appointed by him/her, or in whose appointment he/she has participated, only for reasons of which he/she
becomes aware after the appointment has been made. (Article 4.12., IRR, RA 9285)
63. What is the procedure in challenging an
Arbitrator? The challenge procedure is as
follows:
a. The parties are free to agree on a procedure for challenging an arbitrator, subject to the provisions of this Article.
b. Failing such agreement, a party who intends to challenge an arbitrator shall, within fifteen (15) days after becoming aware
of the constitution of the arbitral tribunal or after becoming aware of any circumstances referred to in paragraph (b) of
Article 4.12 (Grounds for Challenge,) send a written statement of the reasons for the challenge to the arbitral tribunal.
Unless the challenged arbitrator withdraws from his/her office or the other party agrees to the challenged arbitrator
withdraws from his/her office or the party agrees to the challenge, the arbitral tribunal shall decide on the challenge.
c. If a challenge under any procedure agreed upon by the parties or under the procedure of paragraph (b) of this Article is not
successful, the challenging party may request the appointing authority, within thirty (30) days after having received
notice of the decision rejecting the challenge, to decide on the challenge, which decision shall be immediately
executory and not subject to motion for reconsideration or appeal. While such a request is pending, the arbitral tribunal,
including the challenged arbitrator, may continue the arbitral proceedings and make an award.
A party may bring a petition under this Article before the court in accordance with the Rules of Court or the Special
ADR Rules. (Article 4.13., IRR, RA 9285)
64. What is the consequence if there is failure or impossibility to act as an Arbitrator?
a. If an arbitrator becomes de jure or de facto unable to perform his/her functions or for other reasons fails to act without
undue delay, his/her mandate terminates if he/she withdraws from his/her office or if the parties agree on the termination.
Otherwise, if the controversy remains concerning any of these grounds, any party may request the appointing
authority to decide on the termination of the mandate, which decision shall be immediately executory and not
subject for motion for reconsideration or appeal.I
b. If, under this Article or paragraph (b) of Article 4.13 (Challenge Procedure), an arbitrator withdraws from his/her office or a
party agrees for termination of the mandate of an arbitrator, this does not imply acceptance of the validity of any
ground referred to in this Article or in paragraph (b) of Article 4.12 (Grounds for Challenge). (Article 4.14., IRR, RA
9285)

65. What is the consequence if the mandate of an Arbitrator is terminated?

Where the mandate of an arbitrator terminates under Articles 4.13 (Challenge Procedure) and 4.14 (Failure or
Impossibility to Act) or because of his/her withdrawal from office for any other reason or because of the revocation of his/her
mandate, a substitute arbitrator shall be appointed according to the rules that were applicable to the appointment of the
arbitrator being replaced. (Article 4.15., IRR, RA 9285)

 JURISDICTION OF ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL

66. Discuss the competence of Arbitral Tribunal to Rule on jurisdiction.
a. The arbitral tribunal may rule on its own jurisdiction, including any objections with respect to the existence or validity
of the arbitration agreement or any condition precedent to the filing of the request for arbitration. For that purpose, an
arbitration clause, which forms part of a contract shall be treated as an agreement independent of the other terms of the
contract. A decision by the arbitral tribunal that the contract is null and void shall not entail ipso jure the invalidity of the
arbitration clause.
b. A plea that the arbitral tribunal does not have jurisdiction shall be raised not later than the submission of the statement of
defense (I.e., in an Answer or Motion to Dismiss). A party is not precluded from raising such plea by the fact that
he/she has appointed, or participated in the appointment of, an arbitrator. A plea that the arbitral tribunal is
exceeding the scope of its authority shall be raised as soon as the matter alleged to be beyond the scope of its
authority is raised during the arbitral proceedings. The arbitral tribunal may, in either case, admit a later plea if it
considers the delay justified.
c. The arbitral tribunal may rule on a plea referred to in paragraph (b) of this Article either as a preliminary question or
in an award on the merits. If the arbitral tribunal rules as a preliminary question that it has jurisdiction, any party may
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 request, within thirty (30) days after having received notice of that ruling, the Regional Trial Court to decide the matter,
which decision shall be immediately executory and not subject to motion for reconsideration or appeal. While such a
request is pending, the arbitral tribunal may contribute the arbitral proceedings and make an award. (Article 4.16., IRR,
RA 9285)
67. Does the Arbitral tribunal have the power to order interim measures?
a. Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral tribunal may, at the request of the party, order any party to take such
interim measures of protection as the arbitral tribunal may consider necessary in respect of the subject to matter of the
dispute following paragraph (c) of this Article. Such interim measures may include, but shall not be limited to,
preliminary injunction directed against a party, appointment of receivers, or detention, preservation, inspection of
property that is the subject of the dispute in arbitration.
b. After constitution of the arbitral tribunal, and during arbitral proceeding, a request for interim measures of protection, or
modification thereof shall be made with the arbitral tribunal. The arbitral tribunal is deemed constituted when the sole
arbitrator or the third arbitrator, who has been nominated, has accepted the nomination and written communication of said
nomination and acceptance has been received by the party making the request.
c. The following rules on interim or provisional relief shall be observed:
 Any party may request that the interim or provisional relief shall be observed:

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  Such relief may be granted:
o To prevent irreparable loss or injury;
o To provide security for the performance of an obligation;
o To produce or preserve evidence
o To compel any other appropriate acts or omissions.
 The order granting provisional relief may be conditioned upon the provision of security or any act or omission
specified in order.
 Interim or provisional relief is requested by written application transmitted by reasonable means to the arbitral tribunal and
the party against whom relief is sought, describing in appropriate details of the precise relief, the party against whom the
relief is requested, the ground for the relief, and the evidence, supporting the request.
 The order granting or denying an application for the interim relief shall be binding upon the parties.
 Either party may apply with the court for assistance in implementing or enforcing an interim measure ordered by an
arbitral tribunal.
 A party who does not comply with the order shall be liable for all damages, resulting from noncompliance, including
all expenses, and reasonable attorney's fees, paid in obtaining the order's judicial enforcement. (Article 4.17., IRR,
RA 9285)

 CONDUCT OF ARBITRAL PROCEEDINGS

68. Discuss the conduct of Arbitral proceedings.
1. On Treatment of Parties
The parties shall be treated with equality and each shall be given a full opportunity of presenting his/her case. (Article
4.18., IRR, RA 9285)
2. On Determination of the Rules of Procedures
a. Subject to the provisions of this Chapter, the parties are free to agree on the procedure to be followed by the arbitral
tribunal in conducting the proceedings.
b. Falling such agreement, the arbitral tribunal may, subject to this Chapter, conduct the arbitration in such manner as it
considers appropriate. Unless the arbitral tribunal considers it inappropriate, the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules adopted by
the UNCITRAL on 28 April 1976 and the UN General Assemble on 15 December 1976 shall apply subject to the following
clarification: All references to the "Secretary-General of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague" shall be
deemed to refer to the appointing authority.
c. The power conferred upon the arbitral tribunal includes the power to determine the admissibility, relevance, materiality and
weight of any evidence. (Article 4.19., IRR, RA 9285)
3. On Venue of Arbitration
a. The parties are free to agree on the place of arbitration. Failing such agreement, the place of arbitration shall be in Metro
Manila unless the arbitral tribunal, having regard to the circumstances of the case, including the convenience of the parties,
shall decide on a different place of arbitration.
b. Notwithstanding the rule stated in paragraph (a) of this provision, the arbitral tribunal may, unless otherwise agreed by the
parties, meet at any place it considers appropriate for consultation among its members, for hearing witnesses, experts or
the parties, or for inspection of goods, other property or documents. (Article 4.20., IRR, RA 9285)
4. On the Commencement of Arbitral Proceedings
Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral proceedings in respect of a particular dispute commence on the date
on which a request for that dispute to be referred to arbitration is received by the respondent. (Article 4.21., IRR, RA
9285)
5. On the Language to be Used
a. The parties are free to agree on the language or languages to be used in the arbitral proceedings. Failing such
agreement, the language to be used shall be English. This agreement, unless otherwise specified therein, shall apply
to any written statement by a party, any hearing and any award, decision or other communication by the arbitral
tribunal.
b. The arbitral tribunal may order that any documentary evidence shall be accompanied by a translation into the
language or languages agreed upon by the parties or determined by the arbitral tribunal in accordance with paragraph
(a) of this Article. (Article 4.222., IRR, RA 9285)
6. On the Statements of Claim and Defense
a. Within the period of time agreed by the parties or determined by the arbitral tribunal, the claimant shall state
the facts supporting his/her/its claim, the points at issue and the relief or remedy sought, and the respondent shall
state his/her/its defense in respect of these particulars, unless the parties have otherwise agreed as to the required
elements of such statements. The parties may submit with their statements, all documents they consider to be
relevant or may add a reference to the documents or other evidence they will submit.
b. Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, either party may amend or supplement his/her claim or defense during
the course of the arbitral proceedings, unless the arbitral tribunal considers it inappropriate to allow such
amendment having regard to the delay in making it. (Article 4.23., IRR, RA 9285)
7. On Hearing and Written Proceedings
a. Subject to any contrary agreement by the parties, the arbitral tribunal shall decide whether to hold oral hearings for the
presentation of evidence or for oral argument, or whether the proceedings shall be conducted on the basis of
documents and other materials. However, unless the parties have agreed that no hearings at an appropriate
stage of the proceedings, if so requested by a party.
b. The parties shall be given sufficient advance notice of any hearing and of any meeting of the arbitral tribunal for
the purposes of inspection goods, other property or documents.
c. All statements, documents or other information supplied to the arbitral by one party shall be communicated to the
other party. Also, an expert report or evidentiary document on which the arbitral tribunal may rely in making its
decision shall be communicated to the parties. (Article 4.24., IRR, RA 9285)
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 8. On Default of a party
Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, if, without, showing sufficient cause,
a. the claimant fails to communicate his statement of claim in accordance with paragraph (a) Article 4.23
(Statement of Claim and Defense), the arbitral tribunal shall terminate the proceedings;
b. the respondent fails to communicate his/her/its statement of defense in accordance with paragraph (a) Article 4.23
(Statement of Claim and Defense), the arbitral tribunal shall continue the proceedings without treating such failure in
itself as an admission of the claimant’s allegations.
c. any party’s fails to appear at a hearing or to produce documentary evidence, the arbitral tribunal may continue the
proceedings and make the award on the evidence before it. (Article 4.25., IRR, RA 9285)
9. On Expert appointed by the Arbitral Tribunal
Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral tribunal,
a. may appoint one or more experts to report to it on specific issues to be determined by the arbitral tribunal; or
b. may require a party to give the expert any relevant information or to produce, or to provide access to, any relevant
documents, goods or other property for his/her inspection.

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 Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, if a party so requests or if the arbitral tribunal considers it necessary,
the expert shall, after delivery of his/her written or oral report, participate in a hearing where the parties have the
opportunity to put questions to him and to present expert witnesses in order to testify on the points at issue. (Article
4.26., IRR, RA 9285)
10. On Court Assistance in Taking Evidence
The arbitral tribunal or a party with the approval of the arbitral tribunal may request from a court of the Philippines
assistance in taking evidence. The court may execute the request within its competence and according to its rules on
taking evidence.
The arbitral tribunal shall have the power to require any person to attend a hearing as a witness. The arbitral
tribunal shall have the power to subpoena witnesses and documents when the relevancy of the testimony and the materiality
thereof has been demonstrated to it. The arbitral tribunal may also require the retirement of any witness during the
testimony of any other witness.
A party may bring a petition under this Section before the court in accordance with the Rules of Court or the Special
ADR Rules.Article 4.27., IRR, RA 9285)
11. On Rules Applicable to the Substance of Dispute
a. The arbitral tribunal shall decide the dispute in accordance with such rules of law as are chosen by the parties
as applicable to the substance of the dispute. Any designation of the law or legal system of a given state shall be
construed, unless otherwise expressed, as directly referring to the substantive law of that state and not its conflict
of laws rules.
b. Failing any designation by the parties, the arbitral tribunal shall apply the law determined by the conflict of laws
rules, which it considers applicable.
c. The arbitral tribunal shall decide ex aequo et bono or as amiable compositeur only if the parties have expressly
authorized it to do so.
d. IIn all cases, the arbitral tribunal shall decide in accordance with the terms of the contract and shall take into account
the usages of the trade applicable to the transaction. (Article 4.28., IRR, RA 9285)
12. Decision-making by Panel of Arbitrators
In arbitral proceedings with more than one arbitrator, any decision of the arbitral tribunal shall be made, unless
otherwise agreed by other parties, by a majority of all its members. However, questions of procedure may be decided by a
presiding arbitrator , if so authorized by the parties or all members of the arbitral tribunal. (Article 4.29., IRR, RA 9285)
13. Settlement
If, during arbitral proceedings, the parties settle the dispute, the arbitral tribunal shall terminate the proceedings and, if
requested by the parties and not objected to by the arbitral tribunal, record the settlement in the form of an arbitral award
on agreed terms.
An award on agreed terms shall be made in accordance with the provisions of Article 4.31 (Form and Contents
of Award), and shall state that it is an award. Such an award has the same status and effect as any other award on the
merits of the case. (Article 4.30., IRR, RA 9285)
14. On Forum and Contents of Award
a. The award shall be made in writing and shall be signed by the arbitrator or arbitrators. In arbitral proceedings
with more than one arbitrator, the signatures of the majority of all members of the arbitral tribunal shall suffice,
provided that the reason for any omitted signature is stated.
b. The award shall state the reasons upon which it is based, unless the parties have agreed that no reasons are to be
given or the award is an award on agreed terms under paragraph (a) of Article 4.20 (Place of Arbitration).
c. The award shall state its date and the place of arbitration as determined in accordance with paragraph (a) of this
Article. The award shall be deemed to have been made at that place.
d. After the award is made, a copy signed by the arbitrators in accordance with paragraph (a) of this Article shall
be delivered. to each party. (Article 4.31., IRR, RA 9285)

15. On termination of Proceedings

a. The arbitral proceedings are terminated by the final award or by an order of the arbitral tribunal in accordance with
paragraph (b) of this Article.
b. The arbitral tribunal shall issue an order for the termination of the arbitral proceedings when:

 The claimant withdraws his/her/its claim, unless the respondent objects thereto and the arbitral tribunal
recognized a legitimate interest on his/her/its part in obtaining a final settlement of the dispute;
 The parties agree the termination of the proceedings;
 The arbitral tribunal finds that the continuation of the proceedings has for any other reason become
unnecessary or impossible.
c. The mandate of the arbitral tribunal ends with termination of the arbitral proceedings subject to the provisions of
Articles 4.33 (Correction and Interpretation of Award, Additional Award) and paragraph (d) of Articles 4.34
(Application for Setting Aside an Exclusive Recourse against Arbitral Award).
d. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the arbitral tribunal may, for special reasons, reserve in the final award or order, a
hearing to quantity costs and determine which party shall bear the costs or the division thereof as may be
determined to be equitable. Pending determination of this issue, the award shall not be deemed final for
purposes of appeal ,vacation, correction, or any post-award proceedings. (Article 4.32., IRR, RA 9285)
16. On Correction and Interpretation of Award, Additional Award
a. Within thirty (30) days from receipt of the award, unless another period of time has been agreed upon by the
parties:
 A party may, with notice to the other party, request the arbitral tribunal to correct in the award any errors in
computation, any clerical or typographical errors or any errors of similar nature;
 A party may, it so agreed by the parties and with notice to the other party, request the arbitral tribunal
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 to give an interpretation of a specific point or part of the award.
b. If the arbitral tribunal considers the request to be justified, It shall make the correction or give the interpretation within
thirty (30) days from receipt of the request. The interpretation shall form part of the award.
c. The arbitral tribunal may correct any error of the type referred to in paragraph (a) of this Article on its own initiative
within thirty (30) day from the date of the award.
d. Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, a party may, with notice to the other party, request, within thirty (30) days
receipt of the award, the arbitral tribunal to make an additional award as to claims presented in the arbitral
proceedings but omitted from the award. If the arbitral tribunal considers the request to be justified, it shall make
the additional award within sixty (60) days
e. The arbitral tribunal may extend, if necessary, the period of time within which it shall make a correction interpretation
or an additional award under paragraphs (a) and (b) of this Article.
f. The provisions of Article 4.31 (Form and Contents of Award) shall apply to a correction or interpretation of the award
or to an additional award. (Article 4.33., IRR, RA 9285)
17. On Application for Setting Aside an Exclusive course against Arbitral Award

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 a. Recourse to a court against an arbitral award may be made only by application for setting aside in accordance with
second and third paragraphs of this Article.
b. An arbitral award may be set aside by the Regional Trial Court only If:
1. the party making the application furnishes proof that:
 a party to the arbitration agreement was under some incapacity ; or the said agreement is not valid under
the law to which the parties have subjected it or, failing any indication thereon, under the law of the
Philippines; or
 the party making the application was not given proper notice of the appointment of an arbitrator or of the arbitral
proceedings or was otherwise unable to present his case; or
 the award deals with a dispute not contemplated by or not failing within the terms of the submission to
arbitration, or contains, decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration, provided that, if
the decisions on matters submitted to arbitration can be separated from those not so submitted, only the part
of the award which contains decisions on matters not submitted to arbitration may be set aside; or
 the composition of the arbitral tribunal or the arbitral procedure was not in accordance with the agreement of the
parties, unless such agreement was in conflict with a provision of ADR Act from which the parties cannot
derogate, or, falling such agreement, was not in accordance with ADR Act; or
2. the Court finds that:

 the subject-matter of the dispute is not capable of settlement by arbitration under the law of the Philippines; or
 the award is in conflict with the public policy of the Philippines.
c. An application for setting aside may not be made after three months have elapsed from the date on which the
party making that application had received the award or, If a request had been made under Article 4.33
(Correction and Interpretation of Award,
Additional Award) from the date on which that request has been disposed of by the Arbitral tribunal
d. The court, when asked to set aside an award, may, where appropriate and so requested by a party, suspend
the setting aside proceedings for a period of time determined by it in order to give the arbitral tribunal an opportunity
resume the arbitral proceedings or take such other action as in the arbitral tribunal's opinion will eliminate the
grounds for setting aside.
e. A party may bring a petition under this Article before the court in accordance with the Special ADR Rules. (Article 4.34.,
IRR, RA 9285)

SEGMENT VI: RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF AWARDS

69. What are the rules on recognition and enforcement?

The Rules on recognition and enforcement are as follows:
a. A foreign arbitral award shall be recognized as binding and, upon petition in writing to the regional trial Court, shall be
enforced subject to the provisions of this Article and of Article 4.36 (Grounds for Refusing Recognition or
Enforcement).
b. The petition for recognition and enforcement of such arbitral awards shall be filled with the Regional trial Court In
accordance with Special ADR Rules.
1. Convention Award - The New York Convention shall govern the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards
covered by said Convention. The petitioner shall establish that the country in which the foreign arbitration award was
made is a party to the New York Convention.
2. Non-Convention Award – The recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards not covered by the New York
Convention shall be done in accordance with procedural rules to be promulgated by the Supreme Court. The
court may, on grounds of comity and reciprocity, recognize and enforce a non-convention award as a
convention award.

c. The party relying on an award or applying for its enforcement shall file with the Regional Trial Court the original or duly
authenticated copy of the award and the original arbitration agreement or a duly authenticated copy thereof. If the award
or agreement is not made in an official language of the Philippines, the party shall supply a duly certified translation
thereof into such language.
d. A foreign arbitral award when confirmed by a court of a foreign country, shall be recognized and enforced as a foreign
arbitral award and not as a judgment of a foreign court.
e. A foreign arbitral award when confirmed by the Regional Trial Court, shall be enforced in the same manner as final and
executory decisions of courts of law of the Philippines.
f. If the Regional Trial Court has recognized the arbitral award but an application for rejection and/or) suspension of
enforcement of that award is subsequently made, the Regional Trial Court may, if it considers the application to be proper,
vacate or suspend the decision to enforce that award and may also, on the application of the party claiming recognition or
enforcement of that award, order the other party seeking rejection or suspension to provide appropriate security.
(Article 4.35., IRR, RA 9285)
70. What are the grounds for refusing recognition or enforcement of convention award and non-
convention awards? The grounds for refusing recognition or enforcement are as follows:
a. WITH RESPECT TO CONVENTION AWARD
Recognition or enforcement of an arbitral award, made in a state, which is a party to the New York Convention, may be
refused, at the request of the party against whom it is provoked, only if the party furnishes to the Regional Trial Court proof
that:
a. The parties to the arbitration agreement are, under the law applicable to them, under some incapacity; or the said
agreement is not valid under the law to which the parties have subjected it or; failing any indication thereon, under
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 the law of the country where the award was made; or
b. the party against whom the award is invoked was not given proper notice of the appointment of an arbitrator or of the
arbitral proceedings or was otherwise in able to present his case; or
c. the award deals with dispute not contemplated by or not failing within the terms of the submission to arbitration, or it
contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration; provided that, if the decisions on
matters submitted to arbitration can be separated from those not so submitted, that part of the award which
contains decisions on matters submitted to arbitration may be recognized and enforced; or
d. the composition of the arbitral tribunal or the arbitral procedure was not in accordance with the agreement of the
parties or, failing such agreement, was not in accordance with the law of the country where the arbitration too
place; or
e. the award has not become binding on the parties or has been set aside or suspended by a court of the country in which, or
under the law of which, that award was made.

Recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award may also be refused if the Regional Trial Court where recognition and
enforcement is sought finds that:
a. the subject-matter of the dispute is not capable of settlement by arbitration under the law of Philippines; or

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 b. the recognition or enforcement of the award would be contrary to the public policy of the Philippines.
A party to a foreign arbitration proceeding may oppose an application for recognition and enforcement of the arbitral award
in accordance with the Special ADR Rules only on the grounds enumerated under paragraph (a) and (c) of Article 4.35
(Recognition and Enforcement). Any other ground raised shall be disregarded by the Regional Trial Court.

B. WITH RESPECT TO NON-CONVENTION AWARD

a. A foreign arbitral award rendered in a state which is not a party to the New York Convention will be recognized upon
proof of the existence of comity and reciprocity and may be treated as a convention award. If not so treated and if no
comity or reciprocity exists, the non-convention award cannot be recognized and/or enforced but may be deemed as
presumptive evidence of a right as between the parties in accordance with Section 48 of the Rules of Court.
b. If the Regional Trial Court has recognized the arbitral award but a petition for suspension of enforcement of that award is
subsequently made, the Regional Trial Court may, if it considers the petition to be proper, suspend the proceedings to
enforce the award, and may also, on the application of the party claiming recognition or enforcement of that award, order the
other party seeking suspension to provide appropriate security.
c. If the petition for recognition or enforcement of the arbitral award is filed by a party and a counter-petition for the rejection of the
arbitral award is filed by the other party, the Regional Trial Court may, if it considers the counter-petition to be proper but the
objections thereto may be rectified or cured, remit the award to the arbitral tribunal for appropriate action and in the meantime
suspend the recognition and enforcement proceedings and may also on the application of the petitioner order the counter-
petitioner to provide appropriate security. (Article 4.36., IRR, RA 9285)
71. What is the remedy of the losing party from an Arbitral award rendered by the Regional Trial Court?
A decision of the Regional Trial Court recognizing, enforcing, vacating or setting aside an arbitral award may be appealed
to the Court of Appeals in accordance with the rules of procedure to be promulgated by the Supreme Court. (Article 4.37.,
IRR, RA 9285)
72. Is the appellant required to post bond?
Yes. The losing party who appeals from the judgment of the court recognizing and enforcing an arbitral award shall be
required by the Court of Appeals to post a counter-bond executed if favor of the prevailing party equal to the amount of the award
in accordance with the Special ADR Rules. (Article 4.37., IRR, RA 9285)
73. Is a stipulation that the arbitral tribunal’s award or decision shall be final and valid?
Yes. Any stipulation by the parties that the arbitral tribunal’s award or decision shall be final, and therefore not appealable, is valid.
(Article 4.37., IRR, RA 9285)
74. What is the consequence if there is a stipulation that the arbitral tribunal’s award or decision
shall be final? Such stipulation carries with it a waiver of the right to appeal from an arbitral
award. Article 4.18., IRR, RA 9285)
75. Is the remedy of certiorari under the Rule 65 of the Rules of Court available if appeal is deemed waived by virtue of the
aforesaid stipulation?
Yes. The implementing rules expressly provide that it is without prejudice to judicial review by way of certiorari under Rule 65 of the
Rules of Court. (Article 4.18., IRR, RA 9285).
76. What is the nature of the proceedings involved in the following?
a. Recognition and enforcement of an arbitration agreement or
b. Vacation or setting aside of an arbitral award, and
c. Any application with a court for arbitration assistance and supervision, except appeal.
Under Article 4.38 of the IRR of RA 9825,, proceedings for recognition and enforcement of an arbitration agreement or for
vacation or setting aside an arbitral award, and any application with a court for arbitration assistance and supervision, except
appeal shall be deemed as special proceedings.
77. Which Court has jurisdiction to try these cases cite the
venue thereof. The cases may be filed with the Regional
Trial Court where:
a. the arbitration proceedings are conducted;
b. where the asset to be attached or levied upon, or the act to be enjoined is located;
c. where any of the parties to the dispute resides or has its place of business; or
d. in the National Capital Judicial Region at the option of the applicant. (Article 4.38., IRR, RA 9285)

78. Is notice of proceedings to parties mandatory?

Yes. In a special proceeding for recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award, the court shall send notice to the parties at their
address of record in the arbitration, or if any party cannot be served notice at such address, at such party’s last known address.
The notice shall be sent at least fifteen
(15) days before the date set for the initial hearing of the application. (Article 4.39., IRR, RA 9285)
79. Is a party entitled to legal representation in international commercial arbitration conducted in the Philippines?
Yes. In international commercial arbitration conducted in the Philippines, a party may be represented by any person of his/her
choice: Provided, that such representative, unless admitted to the practice of law in the Philippines, shall not be authorized to
appear as counsel in any Philippine court or any other quasi-judicial body whether or not such appearance is in relation to the
arbitration in which he/she appears. (Article 4.40., IRR, RA 9285)
80. May the Arbitration proceedings be disclosed to the public?
No. The arbitration proceedings, including the records, evidence and the arbitral award, shall be considered confidential and shall
not be poolside except:
a. with the consent of the parties; or
b. for the limited purpose of disclosing to the court relevant documents in cases where resort to the court is allowed
herein.
Provided, however, that the court in which the action or the appeal is pending may issue a protective order to prevent or

23 | P a g e
 prohibit disclosure of documents or information containing secret processes, developments, research and other information where
it is shown that the applicant shall be materially prejudiced by an authorized disclosure thereof.. (Article 4.41., IRR, RA 9285)
81. Is a petition for recognition and enforcement of awards summary in nature?
Yes. A petition for recognition and enforcement of awards brought before the court shall be heard and dealt with summarily in
accordance with the Special ADR Rules. (Article 4.42., IRR, RA 9285)
82. What is the consequence when a party dies making submission or a contract to arbitrate?
When a party dies after making a submission or a contract to arbitrate as prescribed in these Rules, the
proceedings may be begun or continued upon the application of, or notice to, his/her executor or administrator, or temporary
administrator of his/her estate. In any such case, the court may issue an order extending the time within which notice of a motion to
recognize or vacate an award must be served. Upon recognizing an award, where a party has died since it was filed or
delivered, the court must enter judgement in the name of the original party; and the proceedings thereupon are the same as
where a party dies after a verdict. (Article 4.43., IRR, RA 9285)
83. What rules shall govern a multi-party arbitration?
When a single arbitration involves more than two parties, the foregoing rules, to the extent possible, shall be used,
subject to such modifications consistent with this Chapter as the arbitral tribunal shall deem appropriate to address possible
complexities of a multi-party arbitration. (Article 4.44., IRR, RA 9285)

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 84. May the parties agree to consolidate proceedings and concurrent
hearings? Yes. The parties and the arbitral tribunal may agree –
a. that the arbitration proceedings shall be consolidated with other arbitration proceedings; or
b. that concurrent hearings shall be held, on such terms as may be agreed.
Unless the parties agree to confer such power on the arbitral tribunal, the tribunal has no power to order
consolidation of arbitration proceedings or concurrent hearings. (Article 4.45., IRR, RA 9285)

85. Discuss the costs of Arbitration in arbitral Tribunal’s

Award. Article 4.46 provides;
a. The arbitral tribunal shall fix the costs of arbitration in its award. The term "costs" include only:
 The fees of the arbitral tribunal to be stated separately as to each arbitrator and to be fixed by the tribunal itself
in accordance with the paragraph (b) of this Article;
 The travel and other expenses incurred by the arbitrators;
 The costs of expert advice and of other assistance required by the arbitral tribunal;
 The travel and other expenses of witnesses to the extent such expenses are approved by the arbitral
tribunal;
 The costs for legal representation and assistance of the successful party if such costs were claimed
during the arbitral proceedings, and only to the extent that the arbitral tribunal determines that the amount
of such costs is reasonable;
 Any fees and expenses of the appointing authority.
b. The fees of the arbitral tribunal shall be reasonable in amount, taking into account the amount in dispute, the
complexity of the subject matter, the time spent by the arbitrators and any other relevant circumstances of the case.

If an appointing authority has been agreed upon by the parties and if such authority has issued a schedule of
fees for arbitrators in international cases which it administers, the arbitral tribunal in fixing its fees shall take that
schedule of fees into account to the extent that it considers appropriate in the circumstances of the case.

If such appointing authority has not issued a schedule of fees for arbitrators in international cases, any party may, at
any time request the appointing authority to furnish a statement setting forth the basis for establishing fees which is customarily
followed in international cases in which the authority appoints arbitrators. If the appointing authority consents to provide such a
statement, the arbitral tribunal, in fixing its fees, shall take such information into account to the extent that it considers
appropriate in the circumstances of the case.
c. In cases referred to in the second and third sub-paragraphs of paragraph (b) of this Article, when a party so requests and
the appointing authority consents to perform the function, the arbitral tribunal shall fix its fees only after consultation with
the appointing authority which may make any comment it deems appropriate to the arbitral tribunal concerning the
fees.
d. Except as provided in the next sub-paragraph of this paragraph, the costs of arbitration shall, in principle, be borne by the
unsuccessful party. However, the arbitral tribunal may apportion each of such costs between the parties if it determines
that apportionment is reasonable, taking into account the circumstances of the case.
With respect to the costs of legal representation and assistance referred to in paragraph (c) of paragraph (a) (iii)
of this Article, the arbitral tribunal, taking into account the circumstances of the case, shall be free to determine which party
shall bear such costs or may apportion such costs between the parties if it determines that appointment is reasonable.
When the arbitral tribunal issues an order for the termination of the arbitral proceedings or makes an award on agreed
terms, it shall fix the costs of arbitration referred to in paragraphs (b), (c) and (d) of this Article in the context of that order
or award.
e. The arbitral tribunal, on its establishment, may request each party to deposit an equal amount as an advance for
the costs referred to in paragraphs (i), (ii) and (iii) of paragraph (a) of this Article.
During the course of the arbitral proceedings, the arbitral tribunal may request supplementary deposits from the
parties.

If an appointing authority has been agreed upon by the parties and when a party so requests and the
appointing authority consents to perform the function, the arbitral tribunal shall fix the amounts of any deposits or
supplementary deposits only after consultation with the appointing authority which may make any comments to the arbitral
tribunal which it deems appropriate concerning the amount of such deposits and supplementary deposits.
If the required deposits are not paid in full within thirty (30) days after receipt of the request, the arbitral tribunal
shall so inform the parties in order that the required payment may be made. If such payment is not made, the arbitral
tribunal may order the suspension or termination of the arbitral proceedings.
After the award has been made, the arbitral tribunal shall render an accounting to the parties of the deposits
received and return any unexpended balance to the parties. (Article 4.46., IRR, RA 9285)

SEGMENT VII: DOMESTIC ARBITRATION

86. What are the terms applicable to this chapter/segment? Explain.

1. Ad hoc Arbitration means arbitration administered by an arbitrator and/or the parties themselves. An arbitration administered by
an institution shall be regarded as ad hoc arbitration if such institution is not a permanent or regular arbitration institution in
the Philippines.
2. Appointing Authority in Ad Hoc Arbitration means, in the absence of an agreement, the National President of the IBP or
his/her duly authorized representative.
3. Appointing Authority Guidelines means the set of rules approved or adopted by an appointing authority for the making
of a Request for Appointment, Challenge, termination of the Mandate of Arbitrator/s and for taking action thereon.
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 4. Arbitration means a voluntary dispute resolution process in which one or more arbitrators, Appointed in accordance with the
agreement of the parties or these Rules, resolve a dispute by rendering an award.
5. Arbitral Tribunal means a sole arbitrator or a panel, board or committee of arbitrators.
6. Claimant means a person/s with a claim against another and who commence/s arbitration against the latter.
7. Court means, unless otherwise specified in these Rules, a Regional Trial Court.
8. Day means calendar day.
9. Domestic Arbitration means arbitration that is not international as defined in Article 1(3) of the Mode Law.
10. Institutional Arbitration means arbitration administered by an entity, which is registered as a domestic corporation with the
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and engaged in. among others, arbitration of disputes in the Philippines on a
regular and permanent basis.
11.Request for Appointment means the letter-request to the appointing authority of either or both parties for the appointment of
arbitrator/s or of the two arbitrators first appointed by the parties for the appointment of the third member of an arbitral
tribunal.
12. Representative is a person duly authorized in writing by a party to a dispute, who could be a counsel, a person in
his/her employ or any other person of his/her choice, duly authorized to represent said party in the arbitration proceedings.

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 13. Respondent means the person/s against whom the claimant commence/s arbitration.
14.Written communication means the pleading, motion, manifestation, notice, order, award and any other document or paper
submitted or filed with the arbitral tribunal or delivered to a party.
87. What is the Scope of application of Domestic Arbitration in this segment/chapter?
The scope of application of Domestic Arbitration in Chapter 5, IRR or RA 9285 includes:
a. Domestic arbitration, which is not international as defined in paragraph C8 of Article 1.6 shall continue to be governed by
Republic Act No. 876, otherwise known as "The Arbitration Law", as amended by the ADR Act. Articles 8, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 18 and 19 and 29 to 32 of the Model Law and Sections 22 to 31 of the ADR Act are specifically applicable to
domestic arbitration.
In the absence of a specific applicable provision, all other rules applicable to international commercial arbitration
may be applied in a suppletory manner to domestic arbitration.
b. This Chapter shall apply to domestic arbitration whether the dispute is commercial, as defined in Section 21 of the
ADR Act, or non- commercial, by an arbitrator who is a private individual appointed by the parties to hear and resolve
their dispute by rendering an award; Provided that, although a construction dispute may be commercial, it shall continue to
be governed by E.O. No. 1008, s.1985 and the rules promulgated by the Construction Industry Arbitration
Commission.
c. Two or more persons or parties may submit to arbitration by one or more arbitrators any controversy existing between
them at the time of the submission and which may be the subject of an action; or the parties to any contract may in such
contract agree to settle by arbitration a controversy thereafter arising between them. Such submission or contract shall be
valid, enforceable and irrevocable, save upon such grounds as exist at law for the revocation of any contract.
Such submission or contract may include questions arising out of valuations, appraisals or other controversies which may
be collateral, incidental, precedent or subsequent to any dispute between the parties.
A controversy cannot be arbitrated where one of the parties to the controversy is an infant, or a person judicially declared
to be incompetent, unless the appropriate court having jurisdiction approved a petition for permission to submit such controversy to
arbitration made by the general guardian or guardian ad litem of the infant or of the incompetent.
But where a person capable of entering into a submission or contract has knowingly entered into the same with a person
incapable of so doing, the objection on the ground of incapacity can be taken only in behalf of the person so incapacitated.
(Article 5.1., IRR, RA 9285)
88. How should the delivery of written communication be made?
The delivery of written communication can be made through the following:
a. Except as otherwise agreed by the parties, a written communication from one party to the other or to the arbitrator
or to an arbitration institution or from the arbitrator or arbitration institution to the parties shall be delivered to the
addressee personally, by registered mail or by courier service. Such communication shall be deemed to have been
received on the date it is delivered at the addressee’s address of record, place of business, residence or last known
address. The communication, as appropriate, shall be delivered to each party to the arbitration and to each arbitrator,
and, in institutional arbitration, one copy to the administering institution.
b. During the arbitration proceedings, the arbitrator may order a mode of delivery and a rule for receipt of written
communications different from that provided in paragraph (a) of this Article.
c. If a party is represented by counsel or a representative, written communications for that party shall be delivered to the
address of record of such counsel or representative.
d. Except as the parties may agree or the arbitrator may direct otherwise, a written communication may be delivered
by electronic mail or facsimile transmission or by such other means that will provide a record of the sending and
receipt thereof at the recipient’s mailbox (electronic inbox). Such communication shall be deemed to have been
received on the same date of its transmittal and receipt in the mailbox (electronic inbox). (Article 5.2., IRR, RA
9285)
89. When is a party deemed to have waived his right to
object? The following constitutes a waiver of
right to object:
a. A party shall be deemed to have waived his right to object to non-compliance with any non-mandatory provision of these
Rules (from which the parties may derogate) or any requirement under the arbitration agreement when:

1. he/she/it knows of such non-compliance; and

2. proceeds with the arbitration without stating his/her/its objections to such non-compliance without undue delay or if a time-
limit is provided therefor, within such period of time.
b. If an act is required or allowed to be done under this Chapter, unless the applicable rule or the agreement of the parties
provides a different period for the act to be done, it shall be done within a period of thirty (30) days from the date when
such act could have been done with legal effect. (Article 5.3., IRR, RA 9285)
90. Does a Court have the right to intervene?
In matters governed by this Chapter, no court shall intervene except in accordance with the Special ADR Rules. (Article 5.4.,
IRR, RA 9285)
91. What other functions may be performed by the appointing authority?
Article 5.5 (Court or Other Authority for Certain Functions of Arbitration Assistance and Supervision) of the IRR of RA
9285 provides:
“The functions referred to in paragraphs (c) and (d) of Article 5.10 (Appointment of Arbitrators), paragraph (a) of Article 5.11
(Grounds for Challenge), and paragraph (a) of Article 5.13 (Failure or Impossibility to Act), shall be performed by the appointing
authority, unless the latter shall fail or refuse to act within thirty (30) days from receipt of the request in which case, the
applicant may renew the application with the court.” (Article 5.5., IRR, RA 9285)

 ARBITRATION AGREEMENT
92. What is the form of an arbitration agreement?
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 An arbitration agreement shall be in writing. An agreement is in writing if it is contained in a document signed by the
parties or in an exchange of letters, telex, telegrams or other means of telecommunication which provide a record of the
agreement, or in an exchange of statements of claim and defense in which the existence of an agreement is alleged by one
party and not denied by the other. The reference in a contract to a document containing an arbitration clause constitutes an
arbitration agreement provided that the contract is in writing and the reference is such as to make that clause part of the contract.
(Article 5.6, IRR, RA 9285)
93. May a party request the court to stay the action and refer the dispute to arbitration?
A party to an action may request the court before which it is pending to stay the action and to refer the dispute to
arbitration in accordance with their arbitration agreement not later than the pre-trial conference. Thereafter, both parties may
make a similar request with the court. The parties shall be referred to arbitration unless the court finds that the arbitration
agreement is null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed. (Article 5.7, par. a, IRR, RA 9285)
Where an action referred to in paragraph (a) of this Article has been brought, arbitral proceedings may nevertheless be
commenced or continued, and an award may be made, while the issue is pending before the court. (Article 5.7, par. b, IRR,
RA 9285)
94. What must the court do when the action is commenced by or against multiple parties, one or more of whom are parties to an
arbitration agreement?

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 Where the action is commenced by or against multiple parties, one or more of whom are parties to an arbitration
agreement, the court shall refer to arbitration those parties who are bound by the arbitration agreement although the civil action
may continue as to those who are not bound by such arbitration agreement. (Article 5.7, par. c, IRR, RA 9285)
95. May a party request for an Interim measure of protection?
Yes. It is not incompatible with an arbitration agreement for a party to request from a court, before the constitution of the
arbitral tribunal or during arbitral proceedings, an interim measure of protection and for a court to grant such measure.
After the constitution of the arbitral tribunal and during arbitral proceedings, a request for an interim measure of protection,
or modification thereof, may be made with the arbitral tribunal or to the extent that the arbitral tribunal has no power to act or
is unable to act effectively, the request may be made with the court. (Article 5.8, pars. a and b respectively, IRR, RA 9285)
96. What are the rules on interim or provisional relief that must be
observed? The following rules on interim or provisional relief
shall be observed:
1. Any party may request that interim or provisional relief be granted against the adverse party.
2. Such relief may be granted:
 To prevent irreparable loss or injury;
 To provide security for the performance of an obligation;
 To produce or preserve evidence; or
 To compel any other appropriate act or omissions.
 The order granting provisional relief may be conditioned upon the provision of security or any act or omission
specified in the order.
 Interim or provisional relief is requested by written application transmitted by reasonable means to the arbitral tribunal and
the party against whom relief is sought, describing in appropriate detail of the precise relief, the party against whom the
relief is requested, the ground for the relief, and the evidence supporting the request.
 The order either grating or denying an application for interim relief shall be binding upon the parties.
 Either party may apply with the court for assistance in implementing or enforcing an interim measure ordered by an
arbitral tribunal.
 A party who does not comply with the order shall be liable for all damages, resulting from noncompliance, including
all expenses, and reasonable attorney’s fees, paid in obtaining the order’s judicial enforcement. (Article 5.8., IRR,
RA 9285)
97. What are the matters deemed included in the interim measures of protection?
Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral tribunal may, at the request of a party, order any party to take such
interim measures of protection as the arbitral tribunal may consider necessary in respect of the subject matter of the dispute
following the Rules in this Article. Such interim measures may include but shall not be limited to preliminary injunction directed
against a party, appointment of receivers or detention, preservation, inspection of property that is the subject of the dispute in
arbitration. Either party may apply with the court for assistance in implementing or enforcing an interim measure ordered by an
arbitral tribunal. (Article 5.8, par. d, IRR, RA 9285)

 COMPOSITION OF ARBITRAL TRRIBUNAL

98. How many Arbitrators must constitute an Arbitral Tribunal?
The parties are free to determine the number of arbitrators. Failing such determination, the number of arbitrators shall be
three (3). (Article 5.9., IRR, RA 9285)
99. Who may be appointed as arbitrators?
Any person appointed to serve as an arbitrator must be of legal age, in full enjoyment of his/her civil rights and knows how
to read and write. No person appointed to serve as an arbitrator shall be related by blood or marriage within the sixth degree
to either party to the controversy. No person shall serve as an arbitrator in any proceeding if he/she has or has had
financial, fiduciary or other interest in the controversy or cause to be decided or in the result of the proceeding, or has any
personal bias, which might prejudice the right of any party to a fair and impartial award.
No party shall select as an arbitrator any person to act as his/her champion or to advocate his/her cause. (Article 5.10, par. a, IRR,
RA 9285)
100. What is the procedure in the appointment of Arbitrator or Arbitrators?
The parties are free to agree on a procedure of appointing the arbitrator or arbitrators. If, in the contract for arbitration or in
the submission, a provision is made for a method of appointing an arbitrator or arbitrators, such method shall be followed.
(Article 5.10, par. b, IRR, RA 9285)

Failing such agreement,

a. in an arbitration with three (3) arbitrators, each party shall appoint one (1) arbitrator, and the two (2) arbitrators thus appointed
shall appoint the third arbitrator; if a party fails to appoint the arbitrator within thirty (30) days of receipt of a request to do
so from the other party, or if the two arbitrators fail to agree on the third arbitrator within thirty (30) days of their appointment,
the appointment shall be made, upon request of a party, by the appointing authority;
b. in an arbitration with a sole arbitrator, if the parties are unable to agree on the arbitrator, he/she shall be appointed, upon
request of a party, by the appointing authority. (Article 5.10, par. c, IRR, RA 9285)
Where, under an appointment procedure agreed upon by the parties,
a. a party fails to act or appoint an arbitrator as required under such procedure, or
b. the parties, or two (2) arbitrators, are unable to appoint an arbitrator or reach an agreement expected of them under such
procedure, or
c. a third party, including an institution, fails to appoint an arbitrator or to perform any function entrusted to it under such
procedure, or
d. The multiple claimants or the multiple respondents is/are unable to appoint its/their respective arbitrator, any party may request
the appointing authority to appoint an arbitrator.
In making the appointment, the appointing authority shall summon the parties and their respective counsel to appear
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 before said authority on the date, time and place set by it, for the purpose of selecting and appointing a sole arbitrator. If a sole
arbitrator is not appointed in such meeting, or the meeting does not take place because of the absence of either or both parties
despite due notice, the appointing authority shall appoint the sole arbitrator. (Article 5.10, par. d, IRR, RA 9285)
If the default appointment of an arbitrator is objected to by a party on whose behalf the default appointment is to be made,
and the defaulting party requests the appointing authority for additional time to appoint his/her arbitrator, the appointing authority,
having regard to the circumstances, may give the requesting party not more than thirty (30) days to make the appointment.
If the objection of a party is based on the ground that the party did not fail to choose and appoint an arbitrator for
the arbitral tribunal, there shall be attached to the objection the appointment of an arbitrator together with the latter’s acceptance
thereof and curriculum vitae. Otherwise, the appointing authority shall appoint the arbitrator for that party. (Article 5.10, par. e,
IRR, RA 9285)
In making a default appointment, the appointing authority shall have regard to such considerations as are likely to secure
the appointment of an independent and impartial arbitrator. In order to achieve speedy and impartial justice and to moderate
the cost of arbitration, in choosing an arbitrator, the appointing authority shall give preference to a qualified person who has a
place of residence or business in the same general locality as the agreed venue of the arbitration and who is likely to accept the
arbitrator’s fees agreed upon by the parties, or as fixed in accordance either with the internal guidelines or the Schedule of Fees
approved by the administering institution or by the appointing authority. (Article 5.10, par. f, IRR, RA 9285)

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 The appointing authority shall give notice in writing to the parties of the appointment made or its inability to comply
with the Request for Appointment and the reasons why it is unable to do so, in which later case, the procedure described
under Article 5.5 (Court or Other Authority for Certain Functions of arbitration Assistance and Supervision) shall apply.
(Article 5.10, par. g, IRR, RA 9285)
A decision on a matter entrusted by this Article to the appointing authority shall be immediately executory and not
subject to appeal or motion for reconsideration. The appointing authority shall be deemed to have been given by the parties
discretionary authority in making the appointment but in doing so, the appointing authority shall have due regard to any
qualification or disqualification of an arbitrator/s under paragraph
(a) of Article 5.10 (Appointment of Arbitrators) as well as any qualifications required of the arbitrator/s by the agreement of the
parties and to such considerations as are likely to secure the appointment of an independent and impartial arbitrator. (Article
5.10, par. h, IRR, RA 9285)
The chairman of the arbitral tribunal shall be selected in accordance with the agreement of the parties and/or the rules
agreed upon or, in default thereof, by the arbitrators appointed. (Article 5.10, par. i, IRR, RA 9285)
Any clause giving one of the agreement, if otherwise valid, shall be construed as permitting the appointment of one
(1) arbitrator by all claimants and one (1) arbitrator by all respondents. The third arbitrator shall be appointed as provided
above.
If all the claimants or all the respondents cannot decide among themselves on an arbitrator, the appointment shall be made
for them by the appointing authority. Article 5.10, par. j, IRR, RA 9285)
The appointing authority may adopt Guidelines for the making of a Request for Appointment. Article 5.10, par. k, IRR,
RA 9285)
Except as otherwise provided in the Guidelines of the appointing authority, if any, a Request for Appointment shall include,
as applicable, the following:
a. the demand for arbitration;
b. the name/s and curricula vitae of the appointed arbitrator/s;
c. the acceptance of his/her/its appointment of the appointed arbitrator/s;
d. any qualification or disqualification of the arbitrator as provided in the arbitration agreement;
e. an executive summary of the dispute which should indicate the nature of the dispute and the parties thereto;
f. principal office and officers of a corporate party;
g. the person/s appearing as counsel for the party/ies; and
h. information about arbitrator’s fees where there is an agreement between the parties with respect thereto.
In institutional arbitration, the request shall include such further information or particulars as the administering institution
shall require. Article 5.10, par. l, IRR, RA 9285)
A copy of the Request for Appointment shall be delivered to the adverse party. Proof of such delivery shall be
included in, and shall form part of, the Request for Appointment filed with the appointing authority. Article 5.10, par. m, IRR,
RA 9285)
A party upon whom a copy of the Request for Appointment is communicated may, within seven (7) days of its
receipt, file with the appointing authority his/her/its objection/s to the Request or ask for an extension of time, not exceeding thirty
(30) days from receipt of the request, to appoint an arbitrator or act in accordance with the procedure agreed upon or provided
by these Rules.
Within the aforementioned periods, the party seeking the extension shall provide the appointing authority and the adverse
party with a copy of the appointment of his/her arbitrator, the latter’s curriculum vitae, and the latter’s acceptance of the
appointment. In the event that the said party fails to appoint an arbitrator within said period, the appointing authority shall make
the default appointment. (Article 5.10, par. n, IRR, RA 9285)
An arbitrator, in accepting an appointment, shall include, in his/her acceptance letter, a statement that:
a. he/she agrees to comply with the applicable law, the arbitration rules agreed upon by the parties, or in default thereof,
these Rules, and the Code of Ethics for Arbitrators in Domestic Arbitration, if any;
b. he/she accepts as compensation the arbitrator’s fees agreed upon by the parties or as determined in accordance with the
rules agreed upon by the parties, or in default thereof, these Rules; and
c. he agrees to devote as much time and attention to the arbitration as the circumstances may require in order to
achieve the objective of a speedy, effective and fair resolution of the dispute. (Article 5.10, par. 0, IRR, RA 9285)
101. What are the grounds to challenge an Arbitrator?
a. When a person is approached in connection with his/her possible appointment as an arbitrator, he/she shall disclose any
circumstance likely to give rise to justifiable doubts as to his/her impartiality, independence, qualifications and
disqualifications. An arbitrator, from the time of his/her appointment and throughout the arbitral proceedings, shall without
delay, disclose any such circumstances to the parties unless they have already been informed of them by him/her.

A person, who is appointed as an arbitrator notwithstanding the disclosure made in accordance with this Article, shall reduce the
disclosure to writing and provide a copy of such written disclosure to all parties in the arbitration.
b. An arbitrator may be challenged only if:
1. circumstances exist that give rise to justifiable doubts as to his/her impartiality or independence;
2. he/she does not possess qualifications as provided for in this Chapter or those agreed to by the parties;
3. he/she is disqualified to act as arbitration under these Rules;
4. he refuses to respond to questions by a party regarding the nature and extent of his professional dealings with a
party or its counsel.
c. If, after appointment but before or during hearing, a person appointed to serve as an arbitrator shall discover any
circumstances likely to create a presumption of bias, or which he/she believes might disqualify him/her as an impartial
arbitrator, the arbitrator shall immediately disclose such information to the parties. Thereafter, the parties may agree in
writing:
1. to waive the presumptive disqualifying circumstances; or
2. to declare the office of such arbitrator vacant. Any such vacancy shall be filed in the same manner the original
31 | P a g e
 appointment was made.
d. After initial disclosure is made and in the course of the arbitration proceedings, when the arbitrator discovers
circumstances that are likely to create a presumption of bias, he/she shall immediately disclose those circumstances to the
parties. A written disclosure is not required where it is made during the arbitration and it appears in a written record of
the arbitration proceedings.
e. An arbitrator who has or has had financial or professional dealings with a party to the arbitration or to the counsel of
either party shall disclose in writing such fact to the parties, and shall, in good faith, promptly respond to questions from a
party regarding the nature, extent and age of such financial or professional dealings. (Article 5.11., IRR, RA 9285)
102. What is the procedure to challenge an Arbitrator?
The procedure to challenge an arbitrator is as follows:
a. The parties are free to agree on a procedure for challenging an arbitrator, subject to the provisions of paragraph (c)
of this Article.
b. Failing such agreement, a party who intends to challenge an arbitrator shall, within fifteen (15) days after becoming aware
of the constitution of the arbitral tribunal or after becoming aware of any circumstance referred to in paragraph (b) of Article
5.11 (Grounds for Challenge), send a written statement of the reasons for the challenge to the arbitral tribunal. Unless the
challenged arbitrator withdraws from his/her office or the other party agrees to the challenge, the arbitral tribunal shall
decide on the challenge.
c. If a challenge under any procedure agreed upon by the parties or under the procedure of paragraph (b) of this Article in
not successful, the challenging party may request the appointing authority, within thirty (30) days after having
received notice of the decision rejecting the challenge, to decide on the challenge, which decision shall be
immediately executory and not subject to appeal or motion for

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 reconsideration. While such a request is pending, the arbitral tribunal, including the challenged arbitrator, may
continue the arbitral proceedings and make an award.
d. If a request for inhibition is made, it shall be deemed as a challenge.
e. A party may challenge an arbitrator appointed by him/her/it, or in whose appointment he/she/it has participated, only for
reasons of which he/she/it becomes aware after the appointment has been made.
f. The challenge shall be in writing and it shall state specific facts that provide the basis for the ground relied upon for
the challenge. A challenge shall be made within fifteen (15) days from knowledge by a party of the existence of a ground
for a challenge or within fifteen (15) days from the rejection by an arbitrator of a party’s request for his/her inhibition.
g. Within fifteen (15) days of receipt of the challenge, the challenged arbitrator shall decide whether he/she shall accept the
challenge or reject it. If he/she accepts the challenge, he/she shall voluntarily withdraw as arbitrator. If he/she rejects it,
he/she shall communicate, within the same period of time, his/her rejection of the challenge and state the facts and
arguments relied upon for such rejection.
h. An arbitrator who does not accept the challenge shall be given an opportunity to be heard.
i. Notwithstanding the rejection of the challenge by the arbitrator, the parties may, within the same fifteen (15) day
period, agree to the challenge.
j. In default of an agreement of the parties to agree on the challenge thereby replacing the arbitrator, the arbitral tribunal
shall decide on the challenge within thirty (30) days from receipt of the challenge.
k. If the challenge procedure as agreed upon by the parties or as provided in this Article is not successful, or a party
or the arbitral tribunal shall decline to act, the challenging party may request the appointing authority in writing to decide
on the challenge within thirty (30) days after having received notice of the decision rejecting the challenge. The appointing
authority shall decide on the challenge within fifteen (15) days from receipt of the request. If the appointing authority shall
fail to act on the challenge within thirty (30) days from the date of its receipt or within such further time as it may fix, with
notice to the parties, the requesting party may renew the request with the court.
The request made under this Article shall include the challenge, the reply or explanation of the challenged arbitrator
and relevant communication, if any, from either party, or from the arbitral tribunal.
l. Every communication required or agreement made under this Article in respect of a challenge shall be delivered, as
appropriate, to the challenged arbitrator, to the parties, to the remaining members of the arbitral tribunal and to the
institution administering the arbitration, if any.
m. A challenged arbitrator shall be replaced if:
1. he/she withdraws as arbitrator, or
2. the parties agree in writing to declare the office of arbitrator vacant, or
3. the arbitral tribunal decides the challenge and declares the office of the challenged arbitrator vacant, or
4. the appointing authority decides the challenge and declares the office of the challenged arbitrator vacant, or
5. in default of the appointing authority, the court decides the challenge and declares the office of the challenged
arbitrator vacant.
n. The decision of the parties, the arbitral tribunal, the appointing authority, or in proper cases, the court, to accept or reject a
challenge is not subject to appeal or motion for reconsideration.
o. Until a decision is made to replace the arbitrator under this Article, the arbitration proceeding shall continue
notwithstanding the challenge, and the challenged arbitrator shall continue to participate therein as an arbitrator. However,
if the challenge incident is raised before the court, because the parties, the arbitral tribunal or appointing authority failed or
refused to act within the period provided in paragraphs (j) and
(k) of this Article, the arbitration proceeding shall be suspended until after the court shall have decided the incident. The
arbitration shall be continued immediately after the court has delivered an order on the challenging incident. If the court
agrees that the challenged arbitrator shall be replaced, the parties shall immediately replace the arbitrator concerned.
p. The appointment of a substitute arbitrator shall be made pursuant to the procedure applicable to the appointment of the
arbitrator being replaced. (Article 5.12., IRR, RA 9285)
103. What are the consequences if there is failure or impossibility to act?
a. If an arbitrator becomes de jure or de facto unable to perform his/her functions or for other reasons fails to act without
undue delay, his/her mandate terminates if he/she withdraws from his/her office or if the parties agree on the termination.
Otherwise, if a controversy remains concerning any of these grounds, any party may request the appointing authority
to decide on the termination of the mandate, which decision shall be immediately executory and not subject to
appeal or motion for reconsideration.
b. If, under this Article or Article 5.12 (Challenge Procedure), an arbitrator withdraws from his/her office or a party agrees to
the termination of the mandate of an arbitrator, this does not imply acceptance Of the validity of any ground referred to in
this Article 5.12. (Article 5.13., IRR, RA 9285)

104. When is the appointment of a substitute arbitrator proper?

Where the mandate of an arbitrator terminates under Articles 5.12 (Challenge Procedure) or 5.13 (Failure or Impossibility)
or because of his withdrawal from office for any other reason or because of the revocation of his mandate by agreement of
the parties or in any other case of termination of his/her mandate, a substitute arbitrator shall be appointed according to the rules
applicable to the arbitrator being replaced. (Article 5.14., IRR, RA 9285)

 JURISDICTION OF ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL

105. What are the grounds for objection over the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal?
a. When a demand for arbitration made by a party to a dispute is objected to by the adverse party, the arbitral tribunal
shall, in the first instance, resolve the objection when made on any of the following grounds:
1. the arbitration agreement is in existent, void, unenforceable or not binding upon a person for any reason,
including the fact that the adverse party is not privy to said agreement; or
2. the dispute is not arbitrable or is outside the scope of the arbitration agreement; or
3. the dispute is under the original and exclusive jurisdiction of a court or quasi-judicial body,
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 b. If a party raises any of the grounds for objection, the same shall not preclude the appointment of the arbitrator/s as
such issue is for the arbitral tribunal to decide.
The participation of a party in the selection and appointment of an arbitrator and the filling of appropriate pleadings
before the arbitral tribunal to question its jurisdiction shall not be construed as a submission to the jurisdiction of the arbitral
tribunal or of a waiver of his/her/its right to assert such grounds to challenge the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal or the
validity of the resulting award.
c. The respondent in the arbitration may invoke any such grounds to question before the court the existence, validity, or
enforceability of the arbitration agreement, or the propriety of the arbitration, or the jurisdiction of the arbitrator and
invoke the pendency of such action as ground for suspension of the arbitration proceeding. The arbitral tribunal, having
regard to the circumstances of the case, and the need for the early and expeditious settlement of the dispute, in light of the
facts and arguments raised to question its jurisdiction, may decide either to suspend the arbitration until the court has
made a decision on the issue or continue with arbitration.

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 d. If a dispute is, under an arbitration agreement, to be submitted to arbitration, but before arbitration is commenced or while
it is pending, a party files an action before the court which embodies or includes as a cause of action the dispute that
is to be submitted to arbitration the filling of such action shall not prevent the commencement of the arbitration or the
continuation of the arbitration until the award is issued. (Article 5.15., IRR, RA 9285)
106. Can an arbitral tribunal order interim measures?
Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral tribunal may, at the request of a party, order any party to take such
interim measures of protection as the arbitral tribunal may consider necessary in respect of the subject matter of the dispute
following the rules in this Article. Such interim measures may include, but shall not be limited to preliminary injunction directed
against a party, appointment of receivers or detention preservation, inspection of property that is the subject of the dispute in
arbitration. (Article 5.15, par. a, IRR, RA 9285)
107. When may a request for interim measure of protection be made?
After the constitution of the arbitral tribunal, and during arbitral proceedings, a request for interim measures of protection,
or modification thereof, shall be made with the arbitral tribunal. The arbitral tribunal is deemed constituted when the sole arbitrator
or the third arbitrator, who has been nominated, has accepted the nomination and written communication of said nomination and
acceptance has been received by the party making the request. (Article 5.15, par.b, IRR, RA 9285)
108. What are the Rules on interim or provisional Relief that
must be observed? The following rules on interim or provisional
relief shall be observed:
1. Any party may request that the provisional or interim relief be granted against the adverse party.
2. Such relief may be granted:
a. To prevent irreparable loss or injury;
b. To provide security for the performance of an obligation;
c. To produce or preserve evidence; or
d. To compel any other appropriate act or omissions.
3. The order granting provisional relief may be conditioned upon the provision of security or any act or omission specified in the
order.
4. Interim or provisional relief is requested by written application transmitted by reasonable means to the arbitral tribunal and the
party against whom relief is sought, describing in appropriate detail the precise relief, the party against whom the relief is
requested, the ground for the relief and the evidence supporting the request.
5. The order either granting or denying an application for interim relief shall be binding upon the parties.
6. Either party may apply with the court for assistance in implementing or enforcing an interim measure ordered by an arbitral
tribunal.
7. A party who does not comply with the order shall be liable for all damages, resulting from noncompliance, including all expenses,
and reasonable attorney’s fee paid in obtaining the order’s judicial enforcement. (Article 5.16, par. c, IRR, RA 9285)
 CONDUCT OF ARBITRAL PROCEEDINGS
109. Discuss the conduct of Arbitral proceedings
1. On Equal Treatment of Parties
The parties shall be treated with equally and each party shall be given a full opportunity of presenting his/her/its case.
(Article 5.17., IRR, RA 9285)
2. On Determination of Rules of Procedure
a. Subjected to the provisions of these Rules, the parties are free to agree on the procedure to be followed by the
arbitral tribunal in conducting the proceedings.
b. Failing such agreement, the arbitral tribunal may subject to the provision of the ADR Act, conduct the arbitration in
such manner as it considers appropriate. The power conferred upon the arbitral tribunal includes the power to determine
admissibility, relevance, materially and weight of evidence. (Article 5.18., IRR, RA 9285)
3. On Place of Arbitration
a. The parties are free to agree on the place of arbitration. Failing such agreement, the place of arbitration shall be in Metro
Manila unless the arbitral tribunal, having regard to the circumstances of the case, including the convenience of the
parties, shall decide on a different place of arbitration.
The arbitral tribunal may, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, meet at any place it considers appropriate for consultation
among its members, for hearing witnesses, experts or the parties, or for inspection of goods, other property or
documents. (Article 5.19., IRR, RA 9285)
4. On Commencement of Arbitral Proceedings
a. Where there is a prior arbitration agreement between the parties, arbitration is deemed commenced as follows:
1. In institutional arbitration is commenced in accordance with the arbitration rules of the institution agreed upon by
the parties.
2. In ad hoc arbitration, arbitration is commenced by the claimant upon delivering to the respondent a demand for
arbitration. A demand may be in any form stating:
 the name, address and description of each of the parties;
 a description of the nature and circumstances of the dispute giving rise to the claim;
 a statement of the relief sought, including the amount of the claim;
 the relevant agreements, if any, including the arbitration agreement, a copy of which shall be attached;
and
 appointment of arbitrators and / or demand to appoint.

b. If the arbitration agreement provides for the appointment of a sole arbitrator, the demand shall include an invitation
of the claimant to the respondent to meet and agree upon such arbitrator, the place, time and date stated therein which
shall not be less than thirty (30) days from receipt of the demand.
c. If the arbitration agreement provides for the establishment of an arbitral tribunal of three (3) arbitrators, the demand shall
name the arbitrator appointed by the claimant. It shall include the curriculum vitae of the arbitrator appointed by the
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 claimant and the latter’s acceptance of the appointment.
d. Where there is no prior arbitration agreement, arbitration may be initiated by one party through a demand upon the
other to submit their dispute to arbitration. Arbitration shall be deemed commenced upon the agreement by the other party
to submit the dispute to arbitration.
e. The demand shall required the respondent to name his/her/its/ arbitrator within a period which shall not be less than fifteen
(15) days from receipt of the demand. This period may be extended by agreement of the parties. Within said period,
the respondent shall give a written notice to the claimant of the appointment of the respondent’s arbitrator and attach
to the notice the arbitrator’s curriculum vitae and the latter’s acceptance of the appointment. (Article 5.20., IRR, RA
9285)
5. On Language
a. The parties are free to agree on the language or languages to be used in the arbitral proceedings. Failing such
agreement, the language to be used shall be English or Filipino. The language/s agreed, unless otherwise specified
therein, shall be in all hearings and all written statements, orders or other communication by the parties and the
arbitral tribunal.
b. The arbitral tribunal may order that any documentary evidence shall be accompanied by a translation into the
language or languages agreed upon by the parties in accordance with paragraph (a) of this Article. (Article 5.21.,
IRR, RA 9285)

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 6. On Statement of Claim and Defense
a. Within the period of time agreed by the parties or determined by the arbitral tribunal, the claimant shall state the facts
supporting his/her/its claim, the points at issue and the relief or remedy sought, and the respondent shall state
his/her defense in respect of these particulars, unless the parties may have otherwise agreed as to the required
elements of such statements. The parties may submit with their statements all documents they consider to be relevant
or may add a reference to the documents or other evidence they will submit.
b. Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, either party may amend or supplement his/her/its claim or defense during the
course of the arbitral proceedings, unless the arbitral tribunal considers it inappropriate to allow such amendments having
regard to the delay in making it. (Article 5.22., IRR, RA 9285)
7. On Hearing and Written Proceedings
a. In ad hoc arbitration, the procedure determined by the arbitrator, with the agreement of the parties, shall be
followed. In institutional arbitration, the applicable rules of procedure of the arbitration institution shall be followed. In
default of agreement of the parties, the arbitration procedure shall be as provided in this Chapter 3, Rule 4, IRR of
RA 9285.
b. Within thirty (30) days from the appointment of the arbitrator or the constitution of an arbitral tribunal, the arbitral tribunal
shall call the parties and their respective counsels to a pre-hearing conference to discuss the following matters:

1. The venue or place/s where the arbitration proceeding may be conducted in an office space, a business center, a
function room or any suitable place agreed upon by the parties and the arbitral tribunal, which may vary per
session/hearing/conference;
2. The manner of recording the proceedings;
3. The periods for the communication of the statement of claims with or without counterclaims, and answer to the
counterclaim/s and the form and contents of such pleadings.
4. The definition of the issues submitted to the arbitral tribunal for determination and the summary of the claims and
counterclaims of the parties;
5. The manner by which evidence may be offered if an oral hearing is required, the submission of sworn written
statements in lieu of oral testimony, the cross-examination and further examination of witnesses;
6. The delivery of certain types of communications such as pleadings, terms of reference, order granting interim relief,
final award and the like that, if made by electronic or similar means, shall require further confirmation in the form
of a hard copy or hard copies delivered personally or by registered post.
7. The issuance of subpoena or subpoena duces tecum by the arbitral tribunal to compel the production of evidence if
either party shall or is likely to request it;
8. The manner by which expert testimony will be received if a party will or is likely to request the arbitral tribunal to
appoint one or more experts, and in such case, the period for the submission to the arbitrator by the requesting party
of the proposed terms of reference for the expert, the fees to be paid, the manner of payment to the expert and
the deposit by the parties or the requesting party of such amount necessary to cover all expenses associated
with the referral of such issues to the expert before the expert is appointed;
9. The possibility of either party applying for an order granting interim relief either with arbitral tribunal or with the court,
and, in such case, the nature of the relief to be applied for;
10. The possibility of a site or ocular inspection, the purpose of such inspection, and in such case, the date, place
and time of the inspection and the manner of conducting it, and the sharing and deposit of any associated fees
and expenses;
11. The amount to be paid to the arbitral tribunal as fees and the associated costs, charges and expenses of arbitration
and the manner and timing of such payments; and
12. Such other relevant matters as the parties and the arbitral tribunal may consider necessary to provide for a
speedy and efficient arbitration of the dispute.
c. To the extent possible, the arbitral tribunal and the parties shall agree upon any such matters and in default of
agreement, the arbitral tribunal shall have the discretion and authority to make the decision, although in making
decision, regard shall be given to the views expressed by both parties.
d. The arbitral tribunal shall, in consultation with the parties, fix the date/s and the time of hearing, regard being given
to the desirability of conducting and concluding an arbitration without undue delay.
e. The hearing set shall not be postponed except with the conformity of the arbitrator and the parties and only for a good and
sufficient cause. The arbitral tribunal may deny a request to postpone or to cancel a scheduled hearing on the
ground that a party has requested or is intending to request from the court or from the arbitrator an order granting
interim relief.
f. A party may, during the proceedings, represent himself/herself/itself or through a representative, at such hearing.
g. The hearing may proceed in the absence of a party who fails to obtain an adjournment thereof or who, despite due
notice, fails to be present, by himself/herself/itself or through a representative, at such hearing.
h. Only parties, their respective representatives, the witnesses and the administrative staff of the arbitral tribunal shall have
the right to be present if the parties, upon being informed of the presence of such person and the reason for his/her
presence, interpose no objection thereto.
i. Issues raised during the arbitration proceeding relating to (a) the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal over one or more of the
claims or counter claims, or (b) the arbitrability of a particular claim or counter claim, shall be resolved by the arbitral
tribunal as threshold issues, if the parties so request, unless they are intertwined with factual issues that they cannot be
resolved ahead of the hearing on the merits of the dispute.
j. Each witness shall, before giving testimony, be required to take an oath/ affirmation before the arbitral tribunal, to tell the
whole truth and nothing but the truth during the hearing.
k. The arbitral tribunal shall arrange for the transcription of the recorded testimony of each witness and require each party to
share the cost of recording and transcription of the testimony of each witness.
l. Each party shall provide the other party with a copy of each statement or document submitted to the arbitral tribunal
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 and shall have an opportunity to reply in writing to the other party's statements and proofs.
m. The arbitral tribunal may require the parties to produce such other documents or provide such information as in its
judgment would be necessary for it to render a complete, fair and impartial award.
n. The arbitral tribunal shall receive as evidence all exhibits submitted by a party properly marked and identified at the
time of submission.
o. At the close of the hearing, the arbitral tribunal shall specifically inquire of all parties whether they have further proof or
witnesses to present; upon receiving a negative reply, the arbitral tribunal shall declare the hearing closed.
p. After a hearing is declared closed, no further motion or manifestation or submission may be allowed except for post-
hearing briefs and reply briefs that the parties have agreed to submit within a fixed period after the hearing is
declared closed, or when the arbitral tribunal, motu proprio or upon request of a party, allows the reopening of the
hearing.
q. Decisions on interlocutory matters shall be made by the sole arbitrator or by the majority of the arbitral tribunal. The arbitral
tribunal may authorized its chairman to issue or release, on behalf of the arbitral tribunal, its decision on interlocutory
matters.
r. Except as provide in section 17 (d) of the ADR Act. No arbitrator shall act as a mediator in a any proceeding in
which he/she is acting as arbitrator even if requested by the parties; and all negotiations.

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 s. Before assuming the duties of his/her office, an arbitrator must be sworn by any officer authorized by law to
administer an oath or be required to make an affirmation to faithfully and fairly hear and examine the matters in
controversy and make a just award according to the best his/her ability and understanding. A copy of the arbitrator's
oath or affirmation shall be furnished each party to the arbitration.
t. Either party may object to the commencement or continuation of an arbitration proceeding unless the arbitrator takes an
oath or affirmation as required in this chapter. If the arbitrator shall refuse to take an oath or affirmation as required
by law and this rule, he/she shall be replaced. The failure to object to the absence of an oath or affirmation shall be
deemed a waiver of such objection and the proceedings shall continue in due course and may not later be used as a
ground to invalidate the proceedings.
u. the arbitral tribunal shall have the power to administer oaths to, or require affirmation from, all witnesses directing them to
tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth in any testimony, oral or written, which they may give or offer
in any arbitration hearing. The oath or affirmation shall be required of every witness before his/her testimony, oral or
written, is heard or considered.
v. the arbitral tribunal shall have the power to required any person to attend a hearing as a witness. It shall have the
power to subpoena witnesses, to testify and/or produce documents when the relevancy and materiality thereof has been
shown to the arbitral tribunal. The arbitral tribunal may also require the exclusion of any witness during the testimony of
any other witness. Unless the parties otherwise agree, all the arbitrators in any controversy must attend all the
hearings and hear the evidence of the parties. (Article 5.23., IRR, RA 9285)
110. When may the tribunal order interim measures of protection?
The Arbitral Tribunal may order interim measures of protection to any party under the following circumstances:
a. unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral tribunal may, at the request of a party and in accordance with the this
Article, order any party to take such interim measures of protection as the arbitral tribunal may consider necessary in
respect of the subject matter of the dispute of the procedure, Such interim measures may include, but shall not be
limited, to preliminary injunction directed against a party, appointment of receivers or detention of property that is the
subject of the dispute in arbitration or its preservation or inspection.
b. After the constitution of the arbitral tribunal, and during the arbitration proceedings, a request for interim measures
of protection, or modification thereof, may be made with the arbitral tribunal. The arbitral tribunal is deemed constituted
when the sole arbitrator or the third arbitrator, who has been nominated, has accepted the nomination and written
communication of said nomination and acceptance has been received by the party making the request.
c. The following rules on interim or provisional relief shall be observed:
1. Any party may request that provisional or interim relief be granted against the adverse party.
2. Such relief may be granted:
a. To prevent irreparable loss or injury;
b. To provide security for the performance of an obligation;
c. To produce or preserve evidence; or
d. To compel any other appropriate act or omissions.
3. The order granting provisional relief may be conditioned upon the provision of security or any act or omission
specified in the order.
4. Interim provisional relief is requested by written application transmitted by reasonable means to the arbitral
tribunal and the party against whom relief is sought, describing in appropriate detail of the precise relief, the
party against whom relief is requested the ground for the relief, and the evidence supporting the request.
5. The order either granting or denying an application for interim relief shall be binding upon the parties.
6. Either party may apply with the court for assistance in implementing or enforcing an interim measure ordered by
an arbitral tribunal.
7. A party who does not comply with the order shall be liable for all damages, resulting from noncompliance, including all
expenses, and reasonably attorney’s fees, paid in obtaining the order’s judicial enforcement.
d. The arbitral tribunal shall be have the power at any time, before rendering the award, without prejudice to the rights of any
party to petition the court to take measures to safeguard an/or conserve any matter which is the subject of the dispute in
arbitration. (Article 5.24., IRR, RA 9285)
111. What are the possible consequences when there is a
default on either party? Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, if,
without showing sufficient causes.
a. the claimant fails to communicate his/her/its statement of claim in accordance with paragraph (a) of Article
5.22(Statement of Claim and Defense), the arbitral tribunal shall terminate the proceedings;
b. ]the respondent fails to communicate his/her/its statement of defense in accordance with paragraph (a) of Article 5.22
(Statements of Claim and Defense), the arbitral tribunal shall continue the proceedings without treating such failure in itself
as an admission of the claimant’s allegations;
c. any party fails to appear at a hearing or to produce documentary evidence, the arbitral tribunal may continue the
proceedings and make the award based on the evidence before it. (Article 5.26., IRR, RA 9285)
112. May the arbitral tribunal appoint an expert witness?
Yes. An arbitral tribunal may appoint an expert witness under the following circumstances:
a. Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral tribunal,
1. may appoint one or more experts to report to it on specific issues to be determined by the arbitral tribunal; or
2. may require a party to give the expert any relevant information or to produce, or to provide access to, any relevant
documents, goods or other property for his/her inspection.
b. unless otherwise agreed by the parties, if a party so request or if the arbitral tribunal considers it necessary, the expert
shall, after delivery of his/her written or oral report, participate in a hearing where the parties have the opportunity to put
questions to him/her and to present expert witnesses in order to testify on the points at issue.
c. upon agreement of the parties, the finding of the expert engaged by the arbitral tribunal on the matter/s referred to him shall
be binding upon the parties and the arbitral tribunal. (Article 5.26., IRR, RA 9285)
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 113. May the Arbitral tribunal request assistance in taking evidence and
other matters? Yes. The arbitral tribunal may request the following from
the court:
a. The arbitral tribunal or a party, with the approval of the arbitral tribunal may request from a court, assistance in taking
evidence such as the issuance of subpoena ad testificandum and subpoena duces tecum, deposition taking, site or ocular
inspection, and physical examination of properties. The court may grant the request within its competence and
according to its rules on taking evidence.
b. The arbitral tribunal or a party to the dispute interested in enforcing an order of the arbitral tribunal may request
from a competent court, assistance in enforcing orders of the arbitral tribunal, including but not limited, to the
following:
1. Interim or provision relief;
2. Protective orders with respect to confidentiality;
3. Orders of the arbitral tribunal pertaining to the subject matter of the dispute that may affect third persons and/or their
properties; and/or
4. Examination of debtors. (Article 5.27., IRR, RA 9285)
114. What are the rules applicable to the substance of dispute?
a. The arbitral tribunal shall decide the dispute in accordance with such law as is chosen by the parties, In the absence of
such agreement, Philippine law shall apply.

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 b. The arbitral tribunal may grant any remedy or relief which it deems just and equitable and within the scope of the
agreement of the parties, which shall include, but not be limited to, the specific performance of a contract.
c. In all cases, the arbitral tribunal shall decide in accordance with the terms of the contract and shall take into account the
usages of the trade applicable to the transaction. (Article 5.28., IRR, RA 9285)
115. Explain how the arbitral tribunal renders decision?
a. The arbitration proceedings with more than one arbitrator, any decision of the arbitral tribunal shall be made, unless
otherwise agreed by the parties, by a majority of all its members, However questions of procedure may be decided by the
chairman of the arbitral tribunal, if so authorized by the parties or all members of the arbitral tribunal.
b. Unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties, the arbitral tribunal shall render its written award within thirty (30) days after
the closing of all hearings and/or submission of the parties’ respective briefs or if the oral hearings shall have been waived,
within thirty(30) days after the arbitral tribunal shall have declared such proceedings in lieu of hearing closed. This period
may be further extended by mutual consent of the parties. (Article 5.29., IRR, RA 9285)
116. What is the consequence if during the arbitral proceedings, the parties settle the dispute?
a. If, during arbitral proceedings, the parties settle the dispute, the arbitral tribunal, record the settlement in the form of an
arbitral award on agreed terms, consent award or award based on compromise.
b. An award as rendered above shall be made in accordance with the provisions of Article 5.31 (Form and Contents of
Award) and shall state that it is an award. Such an award has the same status and effect as any other award on the
merits of the case. (Article 5.30., IRR, RA 9285)
117. Cite the required form and contents of award.
a. The award shall be made in writing and shall be signed by the arbitral tribunal. In arbitration proceedings with more than
one arbitrator, the signatures of the majority of all members of the arbitral tribunal shall suffice, provided that the reason
for any omitted signature us stated.
b. The award shall state the reasons upon which is based, unless the parties have agreed that no reasons are to be
given or the award on agreed terms, consent award based on compromise under Article 5.30 (Settlement).
c. The award shall state its date and the placed of arbitration as determined in accordance with the paragraph (a) of
Article 5.19 (Place of Arbitration). The award shall be deemed to have made at that place.
d. After the award is made, a copy signed by the arbitrators in accordance with the paragraph (a) of this Article shall
be delivered to each party.
e. The award of the arbitral tribunal need not be acknowledged, sworn to under oath, or affirmed by the arbitral tribunal
unless so required on writing by the parties. If despite such requirement, the arbitral tribunal shall fail to do as required, the
parties may, within thirty days from the receipt of said award, request the arbitral tribunal to supply the omission. The
failure of the parties to make an objection or make such request within the said period shall be deemed a waiver or
such requirement and may no longer be raised as a ground to invalidate the award. (Article 5.31., IRR, RA 9285)
118. How is the Arbitral proceedings terminated?
The arbitration proceedings are terminated by the final award or by an order of the arbitral tribunal in accordance with
paragraph (b) of this Article5. 32, Chapter 3, IRR of RA 9285. (Article 5.32, par. b, IRR, RA 9285)
119. When should the Arbitral issue an order of termination?
The arbitral tribunal shall issue an order for the termination of the arbitration proceedings when:
1. The claimant withdraws his claim, unless the respondents objects thereto for the purpose of prosecuting his counterclaims
in the same proceedings of the arbitral tribunal recognizes a legitimate interest on his part in obtaining a final settlement of the
dispute; or
2.The parties agree on the termination of the proceedings; or
3.The arbitral tribunal finds that the continuation of the proceedings has for any other reason before unnecessary or
impossible; or
4.The required deposits are not paid in full in accordance with paragraph (d) of Article 5.46 (Fees and Costs). (Article 5.32,
par. b, IRR, RA 9285)
120. When does the mandate of arbitral
tribunal end? Article 5.32. Termination
of Proceedings.
a. The arbitration proceedings are terminated by the final award or by an order of the arbitral tribunal in accordance with
paragraph (b) of this Article.
b. The arbitral tribunal shall issue an order for the termination of the arbitration proceedings when:

1. The claimant withdraws his claim, unless the respondents objects thereto for the purpose of prosecuting his
counterclaims in the same proceedings of the arbitral tribunal recognizes a legitimate interest on his part in
obtaining a final settlement of the dispute; or
2. The parties agree on the termination of the proceedings; or
3. The arbitral tribunal finds that the continuation of the proceedings has for any other reason before unnecessary
or impossible; or
4. The required deposits are not paid in full in accordance with paragraph (d) of Article 5.46 (Fees and Costs).
c. The mandate of the arbitral tribunal ends with the termination of the arbitration proceedings, subject to the
provisions of Article 5.33 (Correction and Interpretation of Award) and Article 5.34 (Application for Settings Aside in
Exclusive Recourse Against the Arbitral Award).
d. Except as otherwise provided in the arbitration agreement, no motion for reconsideration correction and interpretation of
award or additional award shall be with the arbitral tribunal. The arbitral tribunal, by releasing its final award, loses
jurisdiction over the dispute and the parties to the arbitral tribunal, by releasing its final award, loses jurisdiction over
the dispute and the parties to the arbitration. However, where is shown that the arbitral tribunal failed to resolved an
issue. Submitted to him or determination a verified motion to complete a final award may be made within thirty(30)
days from its receipt.
e. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the arbitral tribunal may for special reason, reserved in the final award in order a hearing to
41 | P a g e
 quantity costs and determine which party shall bear the costs or apportionment thereof as may be determined to be a
equitable. Pending determination of this issue, the award shall not be deemed final for purposes of appeal, vacations,
correction, or any post-award proceedings.

Article 5.33. Correction and Interpretation of Award, Additional Award.

a. Within thirty (30) days from receipt of the award, unless another period of time has been agreed upon by the parties.
1. A party may, with notice to the other party, the arbitral tribunal to correct in the awards any errors in
computation, any clerical or typographical errors or any errors similar nature
2. If so agreed by the parties, with notice to the other party, may request the arbitral tribunal to give an interpretation of a
specific point or part of the award.

If the arbitral tribunal considers the request to be justified, it shall make the connection or give the interpretation
within thirty (30) days from receipt of the request. The interpretation shall form part of the award.

b. The arbitral tribunal may correct any errors of the type referred to in paragraph (a) of this Article on its own initiative within
thirty (30) days of the date of the award.

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 c. Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, a party may, with notice to the other party, may request within thirty (30) days of
receipt of the award, the arbitral tribunal to make an additional award as to claims presented in the arbitral proceedings but
omitted from the award., If the arbitral tribunal considers the request to be justified, it shall make the additional award
within sixty (60) days.
d. The arbitral tribunal may extend, if necessary, the period of time within which it shall make a correction, interpretation or an
additional award under paragraphs (a) and (c) of this Article.
e. The provisions of Article 5.31 (Form and Contents of Award) shall apply to a correction or interpretation of the award to
an additional award.
121. What must the court do upon application for setting aside an award?
The court when asked to set aside an award, may, where appropriate and so requested by a party, suspend the setting
aside proceedings for a period of time determined by it in order to give the arbitral tribunal an opportunity to resume the arbitral
proceedings or to take such other action as in the arbitral tribunal’s opinion will eliminate the grounds for setting aside an
award. (Article 5.34., IRR, RA 9285)
122. What are the grounds to vacate an Arbitral award?
The arbitral award may be questioned, vacated or set aside by the appropriate court in accordance with the Special ADR Rules only
on the following grounds:
1. The arbitral award was procured by corruption, fraud or other undue means; or
2. There was evident partially or corruption in the arbitral tribunal or any of its members; or
3. The arbitral tribunal was guilty of misconduct or any form of misbehavior that has materially prejudiced the rights of any party
such as refusing to postpone the hearing upon sufficient cause shown or to hear evidence pertinent and material to the
controversy; or
4. One or more of the arbitrators was disqualified to act as such under this Chapter and willfully refrained from disclosing such
disqualification ; or
5. The arbitral tribunal exceeded its powers, or so imperfectly executed them, such that a complete, final and definite award upon
the subject matter submitted to it was not made.
Any other ground raised to question, vacate or set aside the arbitral award shall be disregarded by the court. (Article 5.35, par.
a., IRR, RA 9285)
123. What may the parties do when a petition to award or set aside an award is filed?
Where a petition to vacate or set aside an award is filed, the petitioner may simultaneously, or the oppositor may in the
alternative, petition the court to remit the case to the same arbitral tribunal for the purpose of making a new or revised final
and definite award or to direct a new hearing before the same or new arbitral tribunal, the members of which shall be
chosen in the manner originally provided in the arbitration agreement or submission. In the latter case, any provision limiting
the time. In which the arbitral tribunal may make a decision shall be deemed applicable to the new arbitral tribunal and to
commence from the date of the court’s order. (Article 5.35, par. b, IRR, RA 9285)
124. Where a party files a petition with the court to vacate or set aside an award by reason of omission/s that do not affect the
merits of the case and may be cured or remedied, what may the adverse party do?
Where a party files a petition with the court to vacate or set aside an award by reason of omission/s that do not
affect the merits of the case and may be cured or remedied, the adverse party may oppose that petition and instead request the
court to suspend the vacation or setting aside the proceedings for a period of time to give the arbitral tribunal an opportunity to cure
or remedy the award or resume the arbitration proceedings or take such other action as will eliminate the grounds for vacation
or setting aside. (Article 5.35, par. c, IRR, RA 9285)

 RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF AWARDS

125. What must the party moving for an order confirming, modifying, correcting, or
vacating an award do? (Article 5.1., IRR, RA 9285)
126. When may the court enter
its judgment? (Article 5.1., IRR,
RA 9285)
127. When may a decision of the Court confirming, vacating, setting aside, modifying or correcting an arbitral
award be appealed to? (Article 5.1., IRR, RA 9285)
128. What is the nature of the proceedings for the following?
a. Recognition and enforcement of an arbitration agreement or
b. Vacation or setting aside of an arbitral award, and
c. Any application with a court for arbitration assistance and supervision, except appeal.
Proceedings for recognition and enforcement of an arbitration agreement or for vacation or setting aside an arbitral award, and any
application with a court for arbitration assistance and supervision, except appeal shall be deemed as special proceedings.
(Article 5.39., IRR, RA 9285)
129. Where is the venue of the said
proceedings? The same shall be filed
with the Court;
a. where the arbitration proceedings are conducted;
b. where the asset to be attached or levied upon, or the act to be enjoined is located;
c. where any of the parties to the dispute resides or has its place of business; or
d. in the National Capital Judicial Region at the option of the applicant. (Article 5.39., IRR, RA 9285)
130. Is notice to parties required in a special proceedings for recognition and enforcement
of an Arbitral award? (Article 5.1., IRR, RA 9285)
131. In domestic Arbitration, is a party entitled to legal representation?
a. In domestic arbitration conducted in the Philippines, a party may be represented by any person of his/her/its choice:
Provided, that such representative, unless admitted to the practice of law in the Philippines, shall not be authorized to
appear as counsel in any Philippine Court, or any other quasi-judicial body whether or such appearance is in relation
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 to the arbitration in which he/she appears.
b. No arbitrator shall act as mediator in any proceeding in which he/she is acting as arbitrator and all negotiations towards
settlement of the dispute must take without the presence of the arbitrators. (Article 5.41., IRR, RA 9285)
132. Is the Arbitration proceedings privileged?
Yes. The arbitration proceedings, including the records, evidence and the arbitral award and other confidential information, shall be
considered privileged and confidential and shall not be published except –
1. with consent of the parties; or
2. for the limited purpose of disclosing to the court relevant documents in cases where resort to the court is allowed herein:
Provided, however, that the court in which the action or the appeal is pending may issue a protective order to prevent or
prohibit disclosure of documents or information containing secret processes, developments, research and other information where it is
shown that the applicant shall be materially prejudiced by an authorized disclosure thereof. (Article 5.42., IRR, RA 9285)
133. What is the consequence of the death of the party?
Where a party dies after making a submission or a contact to arbitrate as prescribed in Rules on Recognition and
Enforcement of Awards, the proceeding may be begun or continued upon the application of, or notice to, his/her executor or
administrator, or to temporary administrator of his/her estate. In any such case, the court may issue an order extending the
time within which notice of a motion to recognize or vacate an award must be served. Upon recognizing an award, where a
party has died since it was filed or delivered, the court must enter judgment in the name of the original party; and the proceedings
thereupon are the same as where a party dies after a verdict. (Article 5.43., IRR, RA 9285)
134. What are the rules in multi-party arbitration?

44 | P a g e
 (Article 5.1., IRR, RA 9285)
135. May the parties agree on consolidation of proceedings and holding of
concurrent hearings? (Article 5.1., IRR, RA 9285)
136. What are the rules in
fees and costs? (Article 5.1.,
IRR, RA 9285)

 ARBITRATION OF CONSTRUCTION DISPUTES

137. What agency governs arbitration of
construction disputes? (Article 5.1., IRR, RA 9285)

 OTHER ADR FORMS

138. If a dispute is already before a court, may a party, before and during pre-trial, file a motion to refer the parties to
other ADR forms/processes?

 NEUTRAL OR EARLY NEUTRAL EVALUATION

139. Cite the rules in the appointment of a Neutral or Early Neutral Evaluation

 MINI-TRIAL
140. How mini-trial is conducted?

 MEDIATION-ARBITRATION
141. What are the Rules on mediation-arbitration?
a. A Mediation-Arbitration shall be governed by the rules and procedure agreed upon by the parties, In the absence of
said agreement, Chapter 5 on Mediation shall first apply and thereafter, Chapter 5 on Domestic Arbitration.
b. No Person shall having been engage and having acted as mediator of a dispute between the parties, following a failed
mediation, act as arbitrator of the same dispute, unless the parties, in a written agreement, expressly authorize the
mediator to hear and decide the case as an arbitrator.
c. The mediator who becomes an arbitrator pursuant to the Rule on Mediation-Arbitration shall make an appropriate
disclosure to the parties as if the arbitration proceeding had commenced and will proceed as a new dispute
resolution process, and shall, before entering upon his/her duties, executive the appropriate oath or affirmation of office
as arbitrator in accordance with the Rule on Mediation-Arbitration. (Article 7.8., IRR, RA 9285)
Terms to Ponder:

1. ADR Provider means the Institutions or persons accredited as mediators, conciliators, arbitrators, neutral evaluators or any person
exercising similar functions in any Alternative dispute resolution system. This is without prejudice to the rights of the parties to
choose non-accredited individuals to act as mediator, conciliator, arbitrator or neutral evaluator of their dispute.
2. Alternative Dispute Resolution System means any process or procedures used to resolve a dispute or controversy, other than by
adjudication of a presiding judge of a court or an officer of a government agency, as defined in the ADR Act, in which neutral third person
participates to assist in the resolution of issues, Including arbitration, mediation, conciliation, early neutral evaluation, mini-trial or any
combination thereof.
3. Arbitration means a voluntary dispute resolution process in which one or more arbitrators, appointed in accordance with the agreement
of the parties or these Rules, resolve a dispute by rendering an award.

4. Arbitration Agreement means agreement by the parties to submit to arbitration all or certain disputes which have arisen or which may
arise between them in respect of a defined legal relationship, whether contractual or not. An arbitration agreement may be in the form of an
arbitration clause in a contract or in the form of a separate agreement.
5. Authenticate means to sign, execute, adopt a symbol or encrypt a record or establish the authenticity of a record or term.
6. Award means any partial or final decision by an arbitrator in resolving the issue or controversy.
7. Confidential Information means any information, relative to the subject of mediation or arbitration, expressly intended by the source not
to disclosed, or obtained under circumstances that would create reasonable expectation on behalf of the source that the information shall
not be disclosed. It shall include:
(a) communication, oral or written, made in a dispute resolution proceeding, including any memoranda, notes or work product of the neutral
party or non-party participant;
(b) an oral or written statement made or which occurs during mediation or for purposes of considering, conducting, participating,
initiating, continuing or reconvening mediation or retaining a mediator; and
(c) pleadings, motions, manifestations, witness statements, reports filed or submitted in arbitration or for expert evaluation.
8. Counsel means a lawyer duly admitted to the practice of law in the Philippines and in good standing who represents a party in any
ADR process.
9. Court means Regional Trial Court Except insofar as otherwise defined under Model Law.
10. Government Agency means any governmental entity, office or officer, other than a court that is vested by law with quasi-judicial power
or the power to resolve or adjudicate disputes involving the government, its agencies and instrumentalities or private persons.
11. Model Law means the Model on International Commercial Arbitration adopted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade
Law on 21 June 1985.
12. Proceedings means judicial, administrative or other adjudicative process, including related pre-hearing or post hearing motions,
conferences and discovery.
13. Record means information written on a tangible medium or stored in an electronic or other similar medium, retrievable in a
perceivable form.
14. Roster means a list of persons qualified to provide ADR services as neutrals or to serve as arbitrators.
15. Special ADR Rules means the Special Rules of Court on Alternative Dispute Resolution issued by the Supreme Court on
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 September 1, 2009.

SEGMENT VIII: ARBITRATION LAW (REPUBLIC ACT NO. 876)

142. What is Republic Act No. 876?

This Act shall be known as "The Arbitration Law."
143. What are the subject matters of Arbitration law?
Two or more persons or parties may submit to the arbitration of one or more arbitrators any controversy existing between
them at the time of the submission and which may be the subject of an action, or the parties to any contract may in such
contract agree to settle by arbitration a controversy thereafter arising between them. Such submission or contract shall be valid,
enforceable and irrevocable, save upon such grounds as exist at law for the revocation of any contract.
Such submission or contract may include question arising out of valuations, appraisals or other controversies which may be
collateral, incidental, precedent or subsequent to any issue between the parties. (Sec. 2, RA 876)

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 144. Who are disqualified to arbitrate?
A controversy cannot be arbitrated where one of the parties to the controversy is an infant, or a person judicially declared
to be incompetent, unless the appropriate court having jurisdiction approve a petition for permission to submit such
controversy to arbitration made by the general guardian or guardian ad litem of the infant or of the incompetent.

But where a person capable of entering into a submission or contract has knowingly entered into the same with a person incapable
of so doing, the objection on the ground of incapacity can be taken only in behalf of the person so incapacitated. (Sec. 2, RA
876)
145. What are the controversies or cases not subject to RA No. 876?
This Act shall not apply to controversies and to cases which are subject to the jurisdiction of the Court of Industrial
Relations or which have been submitted to it as provided by Commonwealth Act Numbered One hundred and three, as
amended. (Sec. 2, RA 876)
146. What is the form of the Arbitration Agreement?
A contract to arbitrate a controversy thereafter arising between the parties, as well as a submission to arbitrate an existing
controversy shall be in writing and subscribed by the party sought to be charged, or by his lawful agent.
The making of a contract or submission for arbitration described in section two hereof, providing for arbitration of any
controversy, shall be deemed a consent of the parties to the jurisdiction of the Court of First Instance of the province or city
where any of the parties resides, to enforce such contract or submission. (Sec. 4, RA 876)
147. Discuss the Preliminary Procedure
of Arbitration. An Arbitration shall be
instituted by:
a. In the case of a contract to arbitrate future controversies by the service by either party upon the other of a demand
for arbitration in accordance with the contract. Such demand shall be set forth the nature of the controversy, the
amount involved, if any, and the relief sought, together with a true copy of the contract providing for arbitration. The
demand shall be served upon any party either in person or by registered mail. In the event that the contract between the
parties provides for the appointment of a single arbitrator, the demand shall be set forth a specific time within which the
parties shall agree upon such arbitrator. If the contract between the parties provides for the appointment of three
arbitrators, one to be selected by each party, the demand shall name the arbitrator appointed by the party making the
demand; and shall require that the party upon whom the demand is made shall within fifteen days after receipt thereof
advise in writing the party making such demand of the name of the person appointed by the second party; such notice
shall require that the two arbitrators so appointed must agree upon the third arbitrator within ten days from the date of
such notice.
b. In the event that one party defaults in answering the demand, the aggrieved party may file with the Clerk of the
Court of First Instance having jurisdiction over the parties, a copy of the demand for arbitration under the contract to
arbitrate, with a notice that the original demand was sent by registered mail or delivered in person to the party against
whom the claim is asserted. Such demand shall set forth the nature of the controversy, the amount involved, if any, and
the relief sought, and shall be accompanied by a true copy of the contract providing for arbitration.
c. In the case of the submission of an existing controversy by the filing with the Clerk of the Court of First Instance
having jurisdiction, of the submission agreement, setting forth the nature of the controversy, and the amount involved, if
any. Such submission may be filed by any party and shall be duly executed by both parties.
d. In the event that one party neglects, fails or refuses to arbitrate under a submission agreement, the aggrieved party
shall follow the procedure prescribed in subparagraphs (a) and (b) of Section 5 of RA 876. (Sec. 5, RA 876)
148. How is the hearing by court in Arbitration conducted?
A party aggrieved by the failure, neglect or refusal of another to perform under an agreement in writing providing for
arbitration may petition the court for an order directing that such arbitration proceed in the manner provided for in such agreement.
Five days notice in writing of the hearing of such application shall be served either personally or by registered mail upon the
party in default. The court shall hear the parties, and upon being satisfied that the making of the agreement or such failure to
comply therewith is not in issue, shall make an order directing the parties to proceed to arbitration in accordance with the terms of
the agreement. If the making of the agreement or default be in issue the court shall proceed to summarily hear such issue. If the
finding be that no agreement in writing providing for arbitration was made, or that there is no default in the proceeding
thereunder, the proceeding shall be dismissed. If the finding be that a written provision for arbitration was made and there is a
default in proceeding thereunder, an order shall be made summarily directing the parties to proceed with the arbitration in
accordance with the terms thereof.
The court shall decide all motions, petitions or applications filed under the provisions of this Act, within ten days
after such motions, petitions, or applications have been heard by it. (Sec. 7, RA 876)
149. When may a civil action be stayed?
If any suit or proceeding be brought upon an issue arising out of an agreement providing for the arbitration thereof, the
court in which such suit or proceeding is pending, upon being satisfied that the issue involved in such suit or proceeding is
referable to arbitration, shall stay the action or proceeding until an arbitration has been had in accordance with the terms of the
agreement: Provided, That the applicant, for the stay is not in default in proceeding with such arbitration. (Sec. 7, RA 876)
150. How are Arbitrators appointed?
If, in the contract for arbitration or in the submission described in section two (2) of RA 876, provision is made for a
method of naming or appointing an arbitrator or arbitrators, such method shall be followed; but if no method be provided therein
the Court of First Instance shall designate an arbitrator or arbitrators.
The Court of First Instance shall appoint an arbitrator or arbitrators, as the case may be, in the following instances:
a. If the parties to the contract or submission are unable to agree upon a single arbitrator; or
b. If an arbitrator appointed by the parties is unwilling or unable to serve, and his successor has not been appointed in the
manner in which he was appointed; or
c. If either party to the contract fails or refuses to name his arbitrator within fifteen days after receipt of the demand for
arbitration; or
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 d. If the arbitrators appointed by each party to the contract, or appointed by one party to the contract and by the
proper Court, shall fail to agree upon or to select the third arbitrator.
e. The court shall, in its discretion appoint one or three arbitrators, according to the importance of the controversy
involved in any of the preceding cases in which the agreement is silent as to the number of arbitrators.
f. Arbitrators appointed under this section shall either accept or decline their appointments within seven days of the
receipt of their appointments. In case of declination or the failure of an arbitrator or arbitrators to duly accept their appointments
the parties or the court, as the case may be, shall proceed to appoint a substitute or substitutes for the arbitrator or arbitrators who
decline or failed to accept his or their appointments. (Sec. 8, RA 876)What are the qualifications of an Arbitrator?
(Sec. 2, RA 876)
151. May additional Arbitrators be appointed?
Yes, Sec. 9 provides: “Where a submission or contract provides that two or more arbitrators therein designated or to be
thereafter appointed by the parties, may select or appoint a person as an additional arbitrator, the selection or appointment must be
in writing. Such additional arbitrator must sit with the original arbitrators upon the hearing.” (Sec. 9, RA 876)

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 152. What must the Arbitrator do if, after appointment but before or during hearing, a person appointed to service as an
arbitrator shall discover any circumstance likely to create a presumption of bias, or which he believes might disqualify him
as an impartial Arbitrator?
If, after appointment but before or during hearing, a person appointed to serve as an arbitrator shall discover any
circumstances likely to create a presumption of bias, or which he believes might disqualify him as an impartial arbitrator, the
arbitrator shall immediately disclose such information to the parties. Thereafter the parties may agree in writing:
a. to waive the presumptive disqualifying circumstances; or
b. to declare the office of such arbitrator vacant. Any such vacancy shall be filled in the same manner as the original
appointment was made. (Sec. 10, RA 876)
153. Discuss the challenge to Arbitrators.
The arbitrators may be challenged only for the reasons mentioned in the preceding section which may have arisen
after the arbitration agreement or were unknown at the time of arbitration.
The challenge shall be made before them.
If they do not yield to the challenge, the challenging party may renew the challenge before the Court of First Instance of
the province or city in which the challenged arbitrator, or, any of them, if there be more than one, resides. While the challenging
incident is discussed before the court, the hearing or arbitration shall be suspended, and it shall be continued immediately after the
court has delivered an order on the challenging incident. (Sec. 11, RA 876)
154. What is the procedure to be followed by the Arbitrator?
Subject to the terms of the submission or contract, if any are specified therein, are arbitrators selected as prescribed
herein must, within five days after appointment if the parties to the controversy reside within the same city or province, or within
fifteen days after appointment if the parties reside in different provinces, set a time and place for the hearing of the matters
submitted to them, and must cause notice thereof to be given to each of the parties. The hearing can be postponed or
adjourned by the arbitrators only by agreement of the parties; otherwise, adjournment may be ordered by the arbitrators
upon their own motion only at the hearing and for good and sufficient cause. No adjournment shall extend the hearing
beyond the day fixed in the submission or contract for rendering the award, unless the time so fixed is extended by the
written agreement of the parties to the submission or contract or their attorneys, or unless the parties have continued with the
arbitration without objection to such adjournment. The hearing may proceed in the absence of any party who, after due notice,
fails to be present at such hearing or fails to obtain an adjournment thereof. An award shall not be made solely on the default of
a party. The arbitrators shall require the other party to submit such evidence
as they may require for making an award.
No one other than a party to said arbitration, or a person in the regular employ of such party duly authorized in
writing by said party, or a practicing attorney-at-law, shall be permitted by the arbitrators to represent before him or them any
party to the arbitration. Any party desiring to be represented by counsel shall notify the other party or parties of such intention
at least five days prior to the hearing.
The arbitrators shall arrange for the taking of a stenographic record of the testimony when such a record is
requested by one or more parties, and when payment of the cost thereof is assumed by such party or parties.
Persons having a direct interest in the controversy which is the subject of arbitration shall have the right to attend
any hearing; but the attendance of any other person shall be at the discretion of the arbitrators. (Sec. 12, RA 876)
155. Are Arbitrators required to take an oath?
Yes. Before hearing any testimony, arbitrators must be sworn, by any officer authorized by law to administer an oath,
faithfully and fairly to hear and examine the matters in controversy and to make a just award according to the best of their ability
and understanding. Arbitrators shall have the power to administer the oaths to all witnesses requiring them to tell the whole truth
and nothing but the truth in any testimony which they may give in any arbitration hearing. This oath shall be required of every
witness before any of his testimony is heard. (Sec. 13, RA 876)
156. Do Arbitrators have the power to issue subpoena duces tecum and ad testificandum?
Yes. Arbitrators shall have the power to require any person to attend a hearing as a witness. They shall have the power to
subpoena witnesses and documents when the relevancy of the testimony and the materiality thereof has been demonstrated to the
arbitrators. Arbitrators may also require the retirement of any witness during the testimony of any other witness. All of the
arbitrators appointed in any controversy must attend all the hearings in that matter and hear all the allegations and proofs of the
parties; but an award by the majority of them is valid unless the concurrence of all of them is expressly required in the
submission or contract to arbitrate. (Sec. 14, RA 876)
157. Do Arbitrators have the power to take measures to safeguard and/or conserve any matter subject of the dispute in
Arbitration?
Yes. The arbitrator or arbitrators shall have the power at any time, before rendering the award, without prejudice to the
rights of any party to petition the court to take measures to safeguard and/or conserve any matter which is the subject of the
dispute in arbitration. (Sec. 14, RA 876)
158. How is the hearing of Arbitration conducted?
Arbitrators may, at the commencement of the hearing, ask both parties for brief statements of the issues in controversy
and/or an agreed statement of facts. Thereafter the parties may offer such evidence as they desire, and shall produce such
additional evidence as the arbitrators shall require or deem necessary to an understanding and determination of the dispute.
The arbitrators shall be the sole judge of the relevancy and materiality of the evidence offered or produced, and shall not be
bound to conform to the Rules of Court pertaining to evidence. Arbitrators shall receive as exhibits in evidence any
document which the parties may wish to submit and the exhibits shall be properly identified at the time of submission. All
exhibits shall remain in the custody of the Clerk of Court during the course of the arbitration and shall be returned to the parties at
the time the award is made. The arbitrators may make an ocular inspection of any matter or premises which are in dispute, but
such inspection shall be made only in the presence of all parties to the arbitration, unless any party who shall have received notice
thereof fails to appear, in which event such inspection shall be made in the absence of such party. (Sec. 15, RA 876)
159. When may the parties’ briefs be filed?
At the close of the hearings, the arbitrators shall specifically inquire of all parties whether they have any further
proof or witnesses to present; upon the receipt of a negative reply from all parties, the arbitrators shall declare the hearing
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 closed unless the parties have signified an intention to file briefs. Then the hearing shall be closed by the arbitrations after the
receipt of briefs and/or reply briefs. Definite time limit for the filing of such briefs must be fixed by the arbitrators at the close of
the hearing. Briefs may filed by the parties within fifteen days after the close of the oral hearings; the reply briefs, if any,
shall be filed within five days following such fifteen-day period. (Sec. 16, RA 876)
160. May a hearing be re-opened?
Yes. The hearing may be reopened by the arbitrators on their own motion or upon the request of any party, upon good
cause, shown at any time before the award is rendered. When hearings are thus reopened the effective date for the closing of the
hearings shall be the date of the closing of the reopened hearing. (Sec. 17, RA 876)
161. May parties submit their dispute to Arbitrator other than by oral hearing?
Yes. The parties to a submission or contract to arbitrate may, by written agreement, submit their dispute to
arbitration by other than oral hearing. The parties may submit an agreed statement of facts. They may also submit their
respective contentions to the duly appointed arbitrators in writing; this shall include a statement of facts, together with all
documentary proof. Parties may also submit a written argument. Each party shall provide all other parties to the dispute with a
copy of all statements and documents submitted to the arbitrators. Each party shall have an opportunity to reply in writing to any
other party's statements and proofs; but if such party fails to do so within seven days after receipt of such statements and
proofs, he shall be deemed to have waived his right to reply. Upon the delivery to the arbitrators of all statements and documents,
together with any reply statements, the arbitrators shall declare the proceedings in lieu of hearing closed. (Sec. 18, RA 876)

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 162. When is the proper time to render award?
Unless the parties shall have stipulated by written agreement the time within which the arbitrators must render their award,
the written award of the arbitrators shall be rendered within thirty days after the closing of the hearings or if the oral hearings shall
have been waived, within thirty days after the arbitrators shall have declared such proceedings in lieu of hearing closed. This period
may be extended by mutual consent of the parties. (Sec. 19, RA 876)
163. What must be the form and contents of the award?
The award must be made in writing and signed and acknowledged by a majority of the arbitrators, if more than one;
and by the sole arbitrator, if there is only one. Each party shall be furnished with a copy of the award. The arbitrators in their
award may grant any remedy or relief which they deem just and equitable and within the scope of the agreement of the
parties, which shall include, but not be limited to, the specific performance of a contract.
In the event that the parties to an arbitration have, during the course of such arbitration, settled their dispute, they
may request of the arbitrators that such settlement be embodied in an award which shall be signed by the arbitrators. No
arbitrator shall act as a mediator in any proceeding in which he is acting as arbitrator; and all negotiations towards
settlement of the dispute must take place without the presence of the arbitrators.
The arbitrators shall have the power to decide only those matters which have been submitted to them. The terms of
the award shall be confined to such disputes.
The arbitrators shall have the power to assess in their award the expenses of any party against another party, when such
assessment shall be deemed necessary. (Sec. 20, RA 876)
164. Is Arbitration a special proceeding?
Yes. (Arbitration under a contract or submission shall be deemed a special proceeding, of which the court specified
in the contract or submission, or if none be specified, the Court of First Instance for the province or city in which one of the
parties resides or is doing business, or in which the arbitration was held, shall have jurisdiction. Any application to the court, or a
judge thereof, hereunder shall be made in manner provided for the making and hearing of motions, except as otherwise herein
expressly provided. (Sec. 22, RA 876)
165. When may the order of confirmation of award be made?
At any time within one month after the award is made, any party to the controversy which was arbitrated may apply
to the court having jurisdiction, as provided in section twenty-eight, for an order confirming the award; and thereupon the court
must grant such order unless the award is vacated, modified or corrected, as prescribed herein. Notice of such motion must be
served upon the adverse party or his attorney as prescribed by law for the service of such notice upon an attorney in action in
the same court. (Sec. 23, RA 876)
166. What are the grounds to vacate an award?
In any one of the following cases, the court must make an order vacating the award upon the petition of any party to the
controversy when such party proves affirmatively that in the arbitration proceedings:
a. The award was procured by corruption, fraud, or other undue means; or
b. That there was evident partiality or corruption in the arbitrators or any of them; or
c. That the arbitrators were guilty of misconduct in refusing to postpone the hearing upon sufficient cause shown, or in
refusing to hear evidence pertinent and material to the controversy; that one or more of the arbitrators was disqualified to
act as such under section nine hereof, and wilfully refrained from disclosing such disqualifications or of any other
misbehavior by which the rights of any party have been materially prejudiced; or
d. That the arbitrators exceeded their powers, or so imperfectly executed them, that a mutual, final and definite award upon
the subject matter submitted to them was not made.
Where an award is vacated, the court, in its discretion, may direct a new hearing either before the same arbitrators or before a
new arbitrator or arbitrators to be chosen in the manner provided in the submission or contract for the selection of the original
arbitrator or arbitrators, and any provision limiting the time in which the arbitrators may make a decision shall be deemed applicable
to the new arbitration and to commence from the date of the court's order.
Where the court vacates an award, costs, not exceeding fifty pesos and disbursements may be awarded to the prevailing party
and the payment thereof may be enforced in like manner as the payment of costs upon the motion in an action. (Sec. 24, RA
876)
167. What are the grounds to modify or correct an award?
In any one of the following cases, the court must make an order modifying or correcting the award, upon the application of
any party to the controversy which was arbitrated:
a. Where there was an evident miscalculation of figures, or an evident mistake in the description of any person, thing or
property referred to in the award; or
b. Where the arbitrators have awarded upon a matter not submitted to them, not affecting the merits of the decision upon the
matter submitted; or
c. Where the award is imperfect in a matter of form not affecting the merits of the controversy, and if it had been a
commissioner's report, the defect could have been amended or disregarded by the court.
The order may modify and correct the award so as to effect the intent thereof and promote justice between the
parties. (Sec. 25, RA 876)
168. When should a notice of a motion to vacate, modify or correct the award be served?
Notice of a motion to vacate, modify or correct the award must be served upon the adverse party or his counsel
within thirty days after award is filed or delivered, as prescribed by law for the service upon an attorney in an action. (Sec. 26,
RA 876)
169. When may the judgment be made?
Upon the granting of an order confirming, modifying or correcting an award, judgment may be entered in conformity
therewith in the court wherein said application was filed. Costs of the application and the proceedings subsequent thereto may be
awarded by the court in its discretion. If awarded, the amount thereof must be included in the judgment. (Sec. 27, RA 876)
170. What are the papers that must accompany the motion to confirm, modify, correct or vacate the award?
The party moving for an order confirming, modifying, correcting, or vacating an award, shall at the time that such
motion is filed with the court for the entry of judgment thereon also file the following papers with the Clerk of Court;
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 a. The submission, or contract to arbitrate; the appointment of the arbitrator or arbitrators; and each written extension of the
time, if any, within which to make the award.
b. A verified of the award.
c. Each notice, affidavit, or other paper used upon the application to confirm, modify, correct or vacate such award, and a
copy of each of the court upon such application.
The judgment shall be docketed as if it were rendered in an action.
The judgment so entered shall have the same force and effect in all respects, as, and be subject to all the provisions
relating to, a judgment in an action; and it may be enforced as if it had been rendered in the court in which it is entered. (Sec.
28, RA 876)
171. When may an appeal be taken?

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 An appeal may be taken from an order made in a proceeding under this Act, or from a judgment entered upon an award
through certiorari proceedings, but such appeals shall be limited to questions of law. The proceedings upon such an appeal,
including the judgment thereon shall be governed by the Rules of Court in so far as they are applicable. (Sec. 29, RA 876)
172. What is the consequence if a party if a party dies after making a submission or a contract to arbitrate?
Where a party dies after making a submission or a contract to arbitrate as prescribed in this Act, the proceedings
may be begun or continued upon the application of, or notice to, his executor or administrator, or temporary administrator of his
estate. In any such case, the court may issue an order extending the time within which notice of a motion to confirm, vacate, modify
or correct an award must be served. Upon confirming an award, where a party has died since it was filed or delivered, the court
must enter judgment in the name of the original party; and the proceedings thereupon are the same as where a party dies
after a verdict. (Sec. 30, RA 876)

Chapter 2 KATARUNGANG

PAMBARANGAY LAW
(Sections 399 – 422 of the Local Government Code) &
Restorative Justice
Pre-Test
1. It refers toa system of justice administered at the barangay level for the purpose of amicable settling disputes
through mediation, conciliation or abitration among the family or barangay without resorting to the courts
a.Criminal Justice System c. Barangay System
b. Katarungang Barangay (KP) d. B or C
2. The Chairperson of Lupong Tagapamayapa
a.Barangay Chairman c. Eldest person in the Barangay
b. Barangay Secretary d. SK Chairperson
3. It is a body organized in every barangay composed of Punong Barangay as the chairperson and not less than ten
(10) and more than twenty from which the members of every Pangkat shall be chosen.
a.Lupong Tagapamayapa (Lupon) c. Barangay Tanod
b. Pangkat Tagapagkasundo d. Vigilantes
4. It is an agreement reached during mediation and conciliation proceedings.
a. Arbitration c. Repudiation
b. Conciliation d. Amicable Settlement
5. It refers to a principle which requires a process of resolving conflicts with the maximum involvement of the victim,
the offender and the community.
a.Restorative Justice c. Commutative Justice
b.Retributive justice d. Criminal Justice

Learning
Objectives After successfully completing this module,
students will:
 Be well-informed with the scope of Presidential Decree 1508, known as the Katarungang Pambarangay
Law and some provisions of RA 7160 otherwise known as the Local Government Code of the
Philippines;
 Learn the function and composition of the Pangkat ng Tagapagkasundo and Lupong Tagapamayapa
including the crimes cognizable by the Lupon;
 Determine the subject matters for amicable settlement;
 Be informed the processes and rules to be considered in determining the venue in settling disputes;
 Explain the concept of restorative justice; and
 Differentiate restorative and retributive justice.

Segment IX: Katarungang

53 | P a g e
Pambarangay Law Introduction
To give teeth to the Barangay Captains, Presidential Decree 299 which was made into law in September 1973 gave them ample
authority and power to adequately discharge their peace – making responsibilities and to act as auxiliaries of the law. They were considered
persons in authority, while the other

54 | P a g e
barangay leaders were deemed agents of persons in authority. In effect, the barangays through the respective Barangay Captains and
other barangay leaders are involved in law enforcement tasks and also in other aspects of the criminal justice system.
On August 5, 1974, Presidential Decree 528 was enacted and it laid the groundwork for the decentralization of the government’s
program for the prevention and control of crime and delinquency on the community level through the active involvement of the barangays
and their members. Its rationale was the fact that crime and delinquency, being problems of the community, must be solved by the
community on the local level with adequate guidance from the proper authorities.
In 1978, Presidential Decree 1508, known as the Katarungang Pambarangay Law, was enacted and it provided a procedure
on amicably settling disputes in the barangay level. It also defined the duties and responsibilities of barangay officials in dispute
settlement, the rules in determining venue, the subject matter of settlement, among others.
It became a policy of the State in the 1987 Philippine Constitution to ensure the autonomy of local governments including the
barangay. (Sec 25, Art 2 of the Philippine Constitution) To ensure the compliance of said policy of the State, the Congress was directed to
enact a local government code which shall provide for a more responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a
system of decentralization with effective mechanisms of recall, initiative, and referendum; allocate among the local government units their
powers, responsibilities and resources; and provide for the qualifications, election, appointment, and removal, term, salary, powers, and
functions and duties of local officials, and all other matters relating to the organization and operation of local units. (Sec 3, Art 10 of the
Philippine Constitution)
As a response of the Congress to comply with what was mandated by the Constitution, it enacted Republic Act 7160 which was
approved on October 10, 1991 and took effect on January 1, 1992. Republic Act 7160 is the Local Government Code of the
Philippines where sections 399 – 422 of it deal with Katarungang Pambarangay. In other words, some provisions of Presidential Decrees
299, 528, and 1508 were amended by Sections 399 – 422 of the Local Government Code. The Katarungang Pambarangay exists only in
the Philippines and it features how Filipinos resolve disputes without undergoing the Criminal Justice System. The said portion of the Local
Government Code also shows how a Barangay Chairman has a legislative, executive and judiciary powers at the same time. He has a
legislative power by chairing the Barangay Council, he has an executive power by executing or enforcing the ordinance passed by the
council, and he has a judicial power by chairing the Lupong Tagapamayapa.
The katarungang Pambarangay which is also known as Barangay Justice System or Village Justice, would somehow help out the
party litigants from trouble in going in the court of law and at the same time help the court of law to ease out the delicate task in
attending to minor offenses punishable by imprisonment not exceeding one year or a fine not exceeding five thousand pesos. Said
offenses must be resolved by the community through its barangay chairman or lupon with adequate guidance from the proper authorities, not
strictly adhering to technical procedural processes, but without sacrificing justice. (Class discussion of Dizon, 2005 & Tradio, 1996)

1. What is PD 1508?
This refers to an Act Establishing a System of Amicably Settling Disputes at the Barangay Level.
2. What is RA 7160?
RA 7160 is otherwise known as the 1991 Local Government Code. This gives barangays the mandate to enforce peace and order
and provide support for the effective enforcement of human rights and justice. Decentralization has facilitated the recognition of the
Katarungang Pambarangay or Barangay Justice System as an alternative venue for the resolution of disputes. The challenge facing
local governments now is to maximize and harness the katarungang pambarangay as one of the most valuable mechanisms available
in administering justice, advancing human rights protection and resolving and/or mediating conflict at the barangay level through
non-adversarial means.
In addition, this law expanded the scope and powers of the Katarungang Pambarangay or the Barangay Justice System
designed not merely to decongest the courts of cases but to address inequalities in access to justice, particularly experienced by
marginalized communities. The barangays, being the basic political unit in the country, is in the most strategic position to facilitate
resolution or mediation of community and family disputes, alongside its mandate to deliver basic services.
3. What is Katarungang Pambarangay?
Katarungang Barangay (KP) is a system of justice administered at the barangay level for the purpose of amicable settling disputes
through mediation, conciliation or abitration among the family or barangay without resorting to the courts. The Katarungang
Pambarangay or Barangay Justice System is a community-based dispute settlement mechanism that is administered by the basic
political unit of the country, the barangay. As a community based mechanism for dispute resolution, it covers disputes between
members of the same community (generally, same city/municipality) and involves the Punong Barangay and other members of the
communities (the Lupon members) as intermediaries (mediators, conciliators, and, sometimes, arbitrators).
Take Note: Under the Barangay Justice System, the main strategy for settling disputes is to provide a venue for the disputing
parties to search for a solution that is mutually acceptable. Hence, the primary role of the system is not to decide disputes and impose
a solution on the parties but to assist the parties in discussing the possible amicable settlement of their disputes. The Punong
Barangay and the community conciliators (Lupon members) do not act as judges or adjudicators of disputes but as facilitators for
the disputing parties’ discussion of possible solutions. For this reason, the personal appearance and participation of the disputing
parties is necessary, while the non-appearance of the parties will have corresponding sanctions. Also because of the need for the
disputing parties’ personal participation in the conciliation proceedings, disputes involving non-natural persons like corporations
are not subject to the conciliation proceedings of the Barangay Justice System.
4. What is barangay? What is its
role? Barangay defined:
The barangay, as the basic political unit, serves as the primary planning and implementing unit of government policies, plans,
programs, projects, and activities in the community, and as a forum wherein the collective views of the people may be expressed,
crystallized, and considered, and where disputes may be amicably settled. (Sec 384 of the Local Government Code)
The Barangay Chief Officials and Offices are the following:
There shall be in each barangay a Punong Barangay, seven (7) Sangguniang Barangay Members, a Sangguniang Kabataan
Chairman, a Barangay Secretary, and a Barangay Treasurer.
There shall also be in every barangay a Lupong Tagapamayapa. The Sangguniang Barangay may form community brigades and
create such other positions and offices as may be deemed necessary to carry out the purposes of the barangay government in accordance
with the needs of public service subject to the budgetary limitations and to other provisions of laws. (Art 387 of the Local Government
Code)
55 | P a g e
 The Punong Barangay, the seven (7) Sangguniang Barangay Members, the Sangguniang Kabataan Chairman, the Barangay
Secretary, the Barangay Treasurer, and the members of Lupong Tagapamayapa in each barangay shall be deemed persons in authority in
their jurisdiction, while the other barangay officials and members who may be designated by law or ordinance in charged with the
maintenance of public order, protection and security of life and property, or maintenance of desirable and balance environment, and any
barangay member who comes to the aid of persons in authority, shall be deemed agents of persons in authority. (Art 388 of the Local
Government Code)
Take Note: For purposes of this discussion, the terms Barangay Chairman, Barangay Captain, Lupon Chairman, and Punong Barangay
refer to the same person.
State the manner of electing or appointing officials of Barangay.
The Barangay officials shall be elected or appointed in the following manner:
a. The Barangay Chairman shall be elected in an election called for that purpose; and
Under the Philippine Constitution, the term of office of elective local officials, except barangay officials, which shall be determined
by law, shall be three years and no such official shall serve for more than three consecutive terms. (Sec 8, Art X of the Philippine
Constitution)

56 | P a g e
 The term of office of barangay chairmen and Sangguniang Barangay Members shall be five (5) years. (Par c, Sec 1 of RA
8524)
b. he Barangay Secretary and Barangay Treasurer shall be appointed by the Punong Barangay with concurrence of the majority of
all the Sangguniang Barangay Members. Their appointment shall not be subject to attestation by the Civil Service Commission;
(Sec 394 & 395 of the Local Government Code)
Who is the Barangay Secretary of the lupon? What are his duties?
The Barangay Secretary shall concurrently serve as the secretary of the Lupon. His duties are the following:
a. He shall record the results of the mediation proceedings before the Punong Barangay and shall submit a report thereon to the
proper city or municipal courts;
b. He shall receive and keep the records of proceedings submitted to him by various conciliation panels; and
c. He shall issue certified true copies of any public record in his custody that is not by law otherwise declared confidential.
(Sec 394 of the Local Government Code)
Take Note: The word “concurrently” means at the same time. (Aquino, 2005)
5. What is Lupong Tagapamayapa?
Lupong Tagapamayapa (Lupon) is a body organized
in
every barangay composed of Punong Barangay as the
chairperson and not less than ten (10) and more than
twenty
from which the members of every Pangkat shall be
chosen.
6. Who has the authority to constitute the Lupon?
The Punong Barangay can appoint the lupon
members.
It is his/her exclusive prerogative — no need for
approval, confirmation or ratification of the
sangguniang
barangay.
7. What are the six (6) steps to constitute a Lupon?
STEP 1: Determining the actual number of Lupon
Members;
STEP 2: Preparing a notice to constitute the Lupon;
STEP 3: Posting the notice to constitute the Lupon;
STEP 4: Appointment of Lupon Members;
STEP 5: Oath taking of Lupon members;
STEP 6: Posting
8. When and how the Punong Barangay constitute the
Lupon?
A notice to constitute the Lupon, which shall include the
names of the proposed members who have expressed
their willingness to serve, shall be prepared by the Barangay
Chairman within the first fifteen (15) days from the
start of
his term of office.

9. How many members should the Punong Barangay

include in
the list?
A minimum of ten (10) and maximum of twenty (20)
members.

10. Who are qualified and disqualified members of Lupon?

The lupong tagapamayapa shall be composed of Punong Barangay as chairman and ten (10) to twenty (20) members. The
qualifications of the members are the following:
a. Actually residing or working in the barangay;
b. Not expressly disqualified by law; and
c. Possessing integrity, impartiality, independence of mind, sense of fairness, and reputation for probity. (Sec 399 of the Local

Government Code) Below are the Qualified and Disqualified to be Lupon Members:

57 | P a g e
 Figure 1: Qualified and Disqualified Members of Lupon

11. After identifying the 10-20 members of the Lupon, what are the next steps?
The Barangay Secretary, who is also the concurrent secretary of Lupon, shall prepare a notice to constitute the Lupon using KP
form 1.
Take Note: Such notice shall be posted in three (3) conspicuous places in the barangay. Said notice shall contain an invitation to all
barangay members to endorse or oppose the proposed appointment of any
person/s
included in the list. The recommendation shall be
made
within the period of posting for three weeks.

Figure 2: KP FORM NO. 1

Take Note: Within ten (10) days from completion of the posting requirement, the Chairman shall appoint those he determines to be the
members of the Lupon using KP form 2. He must, however, take into consideration any opposition to the proposed appointment.

Be noted further that the appointments shall be in writing, signed by the Barangay Chairman, and attested by the Barangay
Secretary. The members of the Lupon shall serve for three (3) years. (Secs 397 & 399 of
the
Local Government Code)

35 | P a g e
 Figure 3: KP FORM NO. 2

36 | P a g e
 Take Note: The Newly Appointed Lupon Members shall take
their Oath immediately Before the Punong Barangay using
KP Form 5.

Figure 4: KP FORM NO. 5

Be noted further that the List of appointed Lupon Members

shall be posted in three strategic and highly visible places
in the
Barangay.

12. The term of office of Lupon members and the manner

of
filling up vacancies:
The Lupon members shall hold office until a new lupon is
constituted on the third year following his appointment
unless sooner terminated by resignation, transfer of
residence, or place of work, or withdrawal of appointment by
the Punong Barangay with concurrence of the majority
of
all the members of the Lupon.Should vacancy occur
in
the Lupon for any cause, the Punong Barangay shall
immediately appoint a qualified person who shall hold
office
only for the unexpired portion of the term of the predecessor.
(Sec
401 of the Local Government Code)
 Figure 5: KP FORM NO. 6

13. Are the lupon members entitled to some compensation? Do they have benefits due to them?
The Lupon members shall serve without any compensation. If the barangay has enough funds, we can always give honoraria to
Lupon members who have participated in the resolution of a particular case. On the other hand, under Commission on Higher Education
(CHED) order 62 series of 1997, two daughters or sons of a Lupon member are qualified to become a state scholar in tertiary
education to any state colleges or universities.

State the functions of the Lupong Tagapamayapa:

The functions of the Lupong Tagapamayapa are the following:
a. Exercises administrative supervision over the concillation panels provided under the law;
b. Meets regularly once a month to provide a forum for exchange of ideas among its members and the public on matters relevant to
amicable settlement of disputes, and to enable various conciliation panel members to share with one another their observations and
experiences in effecting speedy resolution of disputes; and
c. Exercises such other powers and perform such other duties and functions as may be prescribed by law or ordinance.
(Sec 402 of the Local Government Code)
14. What is Pangkat ng Tagapagkasundo. State its composition:
Pangkat ng Tagapagkasundo is a conciliation panel constituted for each dispute brought before the Lupon. It is composed of
three (3) members who shall be chosen by the parties to the dispute from the list of members of the Lupon.
Should the parties fail to agree on the Pangkat membership, the same shall be determined by lots drawn by the Barangay Chairman.
(Sec 404 of the Local Government Code)

How shall the Pangkat organize?

The three (3) members constituting the Pangkat shall elect from among themselves the chairman and the secretary. The
secretary shall prepare the minutes of the Pangkat proceedings and submit a copy duly attested to by the chairman to the Lupon
Secretary and to the proper city or municipal courts. He shall issue and caused to be served notices to the parties concerned. (Sec
404 of the Local Government Code)

How shall the vacancies in the Pangkat be filled up?

Any vacancy in the Pangkat shall be chosen by the parties to a dispute from among the Lupon members. Should the parties fail to
agree on a common choice, the vacancy shall be filled by lot to be drawn by Lupon Chairman. (Sec 405 of the Local Government
Code)

15. What is the character of office of Lupon members?

The Lupon members, while in the performance of their official duties or on occasion thereof, shall be considered persons in authority,
as defined in the Revised Penal Code. (Sec 406 of the Local Government Code)

Take Note: As an effect, if a Lupon member is assaulted or attacked while in performance of official duty or on occasion thereof, the crime
committed is Direct Assault. (Reyes, 2008)

16. Are all disputes subject to Barangay Conciliation before filing a Complaint in Court or any government offices?
All disputes are subject to barangay conciliation and prior recourse thereto is a pre – condition before filing a complaint in court or
any government offices, except in the following disputes:
a. Where one party is the government, or any subdivision or instrumentality thereof;
b. Where one party is a public officer or employee and the dispute relates to the performance of his official functions;
c. Where the dispute involves real properties located in different cities and municipalities, unless the parties thereto agree to
submit their difference to amicable settlement by an appropriate Lupon;
d. Any complaint by or against corporations, partnerships or juridical entities, since only individuals shall be parties to barangay
conciliation proceedings either as complainants or respondents;
e. Disputes involving parties who actually reside in barangays of different cities or municipalities, except where such barangay
units adjoin each other and the parties thereto agree to submit their differences to amicable settlement by an appropriate
Lupon;
f. Offenses for which the law prescribes a maximum penalty of imprisonment exceeding one (1) year or a fine of over five thousand
pesos (P5,000.00);
g. Offenses where there is no private offended party;
h. Disputes where urgent legal action is necessary to prevent injustice from being committed or further continued, specifically
the following:
 Criminal cases where the accused is under police custody or detention;
 Petitions for habeas corpus by a person illegally deprived of his rightful custody over another or a person illegally deprived
 of or on acting in his behalf;
 Actions coupled with provisional remedies such as preliminary injunction, attachment, delivery of personal property and
support during the pendency of the action; and
 Actions which may be barred by the Statute of Limitations.
i. Any class of disputes which the President may determine in the interest of justice or upon the recommendation of the
Secretary of Justice;
j. Where the dispute arises from the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL);
k. Labor disputes or controversies arising from employer – employee relations;
l. Actions to annul judgment upon a compromise which may be filed directly in court. (Aggranzamendez, 2008 & Secs 408
& 412 of the Local Government Code)

17. What are the cases under the Katarungang Pambarangay?

The following are the cases under the Katarungang Pambarangay:
a. Unlawful Use of Means of Publication And Unlawful Utterances (Art. 154);
b. Alarms and Scandals (Art. 155);
c. Using False Certificates (Art. 175);
d. Using Fictitious Names and Concealing True Names (Art. 178);
e. Illegal Use of Uniforms and Insignias (Art. 179);
f. Physical Injuries Inflicted in A Tumultuous Affray (Art. 252);
g. Giving Assistance to Consummated Suicide (Art. 253);
h. Responsibility of Participants in A Duel If Only Physical Injuries Are Inflicted or No Physical Injuries Have Been Inflicted (Art.
260);
i. Less Serious Physical Injuries (Art. 265);
j. Slight Physical Injuries and Maltreatment (Art. 266);
k. Unlawful Arrest (Art. 269);
l. Inducing A Minor to Abandon His/Her Home (Art. 271);
m. Abandonment of A Person in Danger and Abandonment of One’s Own Victim (Art. 275);
n. Abandoning A Minor (A Child Under Seven [7] Years Old) (Art. 276);
o. Abandonment of A Minor by Persons Entrusted With His/Her Custody; Indifference Of Parents (Art. 277);
p. Qualified Tresspass To Dwelling (Without The Use Of Violence And Intimidation). (Art. 280);
q. Other Forms Of Tresspass (Art. 281);
r. Light Threats (Art. 283);
s. Other Light Threats (Art. 285);
t. Grave Coercion (Art. 286);
u. Light Coercion (Art. 287);
v. Other Similar Coercions (Compulsory Purchase of Merchandise and Payment Of Wages By Means Of Tokens). (Art. 288);
w. Formation, Maintenance and Prohibition of Combination of Capital Or Labor Through Violence Or Threats (Art. 289);
x. Discovering Secrets Through Seizure and Correspondence (Art. 290);
y. Revealing Secrets with Abuse of Authority (Art. 291);
z. Theft (If the Value of The Property Stolen Does Not Exceed P50.00).
(Art. 309); aa. Qualified Theft (If the Amount Does Not Exceed P500).
(Art. 310);
bb. Occupation of Real Property or Usurpation Of Real Rights In Property
(Art 312); cc. Altering Boundaries or Landmarks (Art. 313);
dd. Swindling or Estafa (If the Amount Does Not Exceed P200.00).
(Art. 315); ee. Other Forms of Swindling (Art. 316);
ff. Swindling A Minor (Art.
317); gg. Other Deceits
(Art. 318);
hh. Removal, Sale or Pledge of Mortgaged Property (Art. 319);
ii. Special Cases of Malicious Mischief (If the Value of the Damaged Property Does Not Exceed
P1,000.00). (Art 328); jj. Other Mischiefs (If the Value of The Damaged Property Does Not
Exceed P1,000.00). (Art. 329);
kk. Simple Seduction (Art. 338);
ll. Acts of Lasciviousness with The Consent of The Offended Party (Art 339);
mm. Threatening to Publish and Offer to Prevent Such Publication For
Compensation (Art. 356); nn. Prohibiting Publication of Acts Referred to In the
Course Of Official Proceedings (Art. 357); oo. Incriminating Innocent Persons
(Art. 363);
pp. Intriguing Against Honor (Art. 364);
qq. Issuing Checks Without Sufficient Funds (Bp 22); And
rr. Fencing of Stolen Properties If the Property Involved Is Not More Than P50.00 (Pd 1612).
18. What Are the Rules to Be Considered In Determining The Venue In
Settling Disputes? The Rules in Determining Venue in Settling Disputes are
the Following:
a. The Disputes Between Persons Actually Residing in The Same Barangay Shall Be Brought for Amicable Settlement Before
The Lupon Of Said Barangay;
b. Those Involving Actual Residents of Different Barangays Within the Same City or Municipality Shall Be Brought in The
Barangay Where the Respondent Or Any Of The Respondents Actually Resides, At The Election Of The
Complainant;
c. All Disputes Involving Real Property or Any Interest Therein Shall Be Brought in The Barangay Where the Real Property or
The Larger Portion Thereof Is Situated; And
d. Those Arising At The Workplace Where The Contending Parties Are Employed Or At The Institution Where Such Parties Are
Enrolled For Study Shall Be Brought In The Barangay Where Such Workplace Or Institution Is Located.

Take Note: The respondent must raise the question of improper venue in the mediation proceedings before the Punong Barangay;
otherwise, the same shall be deemed waived. (Sec 409 of the Local Government Code)
It must be stressed further that “waive” means renounce. (Bloomsburry,

2007) Sample Case:

Mr. Quiambao resides in Barangay Matatalaib, Tarlac City and Mr. Padua resides in Barangay San Vicente,Tarlac City. For an
unknown reason, Mr.
Quiambao punched and kicked Mr. Padua at the Tarlac City Public Market. Mr. Padua was incapacitated to work for 1 day. After regaining
his strength, Mr. Padua filed a complaint before the Barangay Chairman of Barangay San Vicente wherein Mr. Quiambao was subsequently
summoned and participated in amicable settlement until the Pangkat ng Tagapagkasundo was constituted. After the Pangkat was
constituted, Mr. Quiambao realized that there was a mistake in venue because “letter b” above states that the venue is where the
respondent resides. May Mr. Quiambao properly assert that there is improper venue in the mediation proceedings?
No, Mr. Quiambao may not properly assert that there is improper venue in the mediation proceedings.
This is an example of the statement above that the respondent must raise the question of improper venue in the mediation
proceedings before the Punong Barangay; otherwise, the same shall be deemed waived.
19. What is the procedure to be followed for settlement of disputes at the
barangay level? The procedure to be followed in resolving disputes in the
barangay level are the following:
a. The complainant complains orally or in writing to the Lupon Chairman of the
barangay; If the complaint is done orally, it is the duty of the Lupon
Chairman to place it in writing.
b. Within the next working day from receipt of the complaint, the Lupon Chairman shall summon the respondent, with notice to the
complainant, for them and their witnesses to appear before him for mediation;
c. If the Lupon Chairman fails in his mediation efforts within fifteen (15) days from the first meeting of parties, he shall set a date for
the constitution of the Pangkat ng Tagapagkasundo;
d. The Pangkat shall convene not later than three (3) days from its constitution to hear both parties and their witnesses, simplify
issues, and explore all possibilities for amicable settlement;
e. The Pangkat shall arrive at settlement or resolution of the dispute within fifteen (15) days, from the day it convened; otherwise the
Certification to File Action shall be issued. (Sec 410 of the Local Government Code)

Take Note: The term “summon” means invite. (Bloomsbury, 2007)

It must be stressed further that the one complaining before the Barangay Captain is known as complainant and the one being charged is
known as the respondent. (Aggranzamendez, 2008)

20. Who shall issue Certification to File Action?

The Certification to File Action shall be issued by any of the following:
a. The Lupon Secretary and attested by the Lupon Chairman, certifying that a confrontation of the parties has taken place and
that a conciliation or settlement has been subsequently repudiated;
b. The Pangkat Secretary and attested by the Pangkat Chairman, certifying that:
 Confrontation between the parties took place but no conciliation and/or settlement has been reached; or
 No confrontation took place before the Pangkat through no fault of the complainant.
c. The Punong Barangay, as requested by the proper party on the ground of failure of settlement where the dispute involves
members of the same indigenous cultural community, which shall be settled in accordance with the customs and traditions of
that particular cultural community, or where one or more of the parties mutually agreed to submit their disputes to the
indigenous system of amicable settlement, and there has been no settlement as certified by the Datu or tribal leader or
elder to the Punong Barangay of the place of settlement. (Aggranzamendez, 2008)

21. If the parties have reached a settlement of their dispute, in what form must the settlement be?

The form of amicable settlement:

The amicable settlement shall be in writing, in a language or dialect known to the parties, signed by them and attested by the Lupon
Chairman or Pangkat Chairman, as the case may be.
When the parties to a dispute do not use the same language or dialect, the settlement shall be written in a language or dialect
known to them. (Sec 411 of the Local Government Code)

The effect of amicable settlement:

If an amicable settlement is not repudiated by any of the parties within ten (10) days from the date thereof, it shall have the effect
of final judgment of a court. (Sec 416 of the Local Government Code)

How may a party to the dispute repudiate the amicable settlement?

Any party to the dispute may repudiate the settlement by filing with the Lupon Chairman, within ten (10) days from the date of
settlement, a statement of repudiation sworn to before him, on the ground that such consent of said party is vitiated by fraud, intimidation,
or violence (FIV). Such repudiation shall be a sufficient basis for the issuance of certification to file action. (Sec 418 of the Local
Government Code)

If the amicable settlement is not repudiated within ten (10) days from the date thereof, how may it be enforced?
If the amicable settlement is not repudiated within ten (10) days from the date thereof, it may be enforced by execution by
the Lupon within six (6) months from the date of the settlement. After the lapse of the six – month period, it may be enforced by action in
the appropriate Municipal Trial Court. (Sec 417 of the Local Government Code)

22. Define arbitration. How and when is it done?

Arbitration is the process of resolving a dispute or a grievance outside of court system by presenting it to a third person or panel for
decision. (Aggranzamendez, 2008)

How shall parties submit their dispute for arbitration?

The parties may submit their dispute to the Lupon Chairman or Pangkat for arbitration by entering into a written agreement to
arbitrate. The written agreement to arbitrate shall state that the parties shall abide by the arbitration award of the Lupon Chairman or the
Pangkat ng Tagapagkasundo. (Sec 413 of the Local Government Code)

May any of the parties repudiate the agreement to arbitrate?

Yes, any party may repudiate the agreement to arbitrate but he must do so within five (5) days from the date of the execution of
agreement to arbitrate. (Sec 413 of the Local Government Code)

Within what time shall the Lupon Chairman or the Pangkat Chairman make the arbitration award and in what form will it be?
 The Lupon Chairman or the Pangkat Chairman shall make the arbitration award after the expiration of the period for repudiation
of the agreement to arbitrate and within ten (10) days thereafter. The arbitration award shall be in writing and in the language or dialect
known to the parties. (Sec 413 of the Local Government Code)

Can the arbitration award be repudiated?

No. the arbitration award cannot be repudiated. The remedy against an arbitration award is to file with the appropriate Municipal
Trial Court a petition for its nullification within ten (10) days from the date thereof.
If no petition for nullification is filed within the ten – day period, the arbitration award shall have the effect of a final judgment of a
court. (Sec 417 of the Local Government Code)
How shall an arbitration award be enforced?
An arbitration award may be enforced by execution by the Lupon within six (6) months from the date of the settlement. After the
lapse of the six – month period, it may be enforced by action in the appropriate Municipal Trial Court. (Sec 417 of the Local
Government Code)

23. In Katarungang Pambarangay proceedings, may the parties appear with the assistance of their counsel?
No. By the express provision of law, parties must not be assisted by counsel in pambarangay proceedings. Minors and incompetents
are assisted by next – of – kin who are not lawyers. (Sec 415 of the Local Government Code)

24. Aside from the stated positions in the Barangay level, there is Sangguniang Barangay, a very important organization. State its
composition and authority. The Sangguniang Barangay, the legislative body of the Barangay, shall be composed of the Punong
Barangay as presiding officer, and the seven (7)
regular Sangguniang Barangay members elected at large and Sangguniang Kabataan chairman, as members. (Sec 390 of the Local
Government Code) The term of office of barangay chairmen and Sangguniang Barangay Members shall be five (5)
years. (Par c, Sec 1 of RA 8524)

State the functions of the Sangguniang Barangay:

The Sangguniang Barangay, as the legislative body of the Barangay, shall have functions which include the
following:
a. Enact ordinances as may be necessary to discharge the responsibilities conferred upon it by law or ordinance and to promote the
general welfare of the inhabitants therein;
b. Enact tax and revenue ordinances, subject to the limitations imposed by the Local Government Code;
c. Enact annual and supplemental budgets in accordance with the provisions of the Local Government Code;
d. Provide for the construction and maintenance of barangay facilities and other public works projects chargeable to the general fund
of the barangay or such other funds actually available for the purpose;
e. Submit to the Sangguniang Panlungsod or Sangguniang Bayan such suggestions or recommendations as it may see fit for the
improvement of the barangay or for the welfare of the inhabitants thereof. (Sec 391 of the Local Governemt Code)

Terms to Ponder:

1. Adjudication is the power of courts or quasi-judicial agencies to decide cases filed before them and falling within their
jurisdiction.
2. Amicable Settlement is an agreement reached during mediation and conciliation proceedings.
3. Arbitration is a process wherein the third party from outside the judicial system is chosen by parties to hear and decide their
dispute.
4. Arbitration Award is the decision reached by either the lupon chairperson or pangkat, as the case may be, upon prior agreement in
writing by the parites to a dispute for the adjudicators to resolve it.
5. Attachment is a provisional remedy in the form of an order issued by a judge before whom the case is pending by which the
property is taken into legal custody as security for satisfaction of a judgment obtained by the prevailing party, either at the
commencement of the action or any time after the
filing of the case before the final judgment.
6. Complainant — plaintiff (one complaining before the Barangay Captain).
7. Complaint is a concise statement of ultimate facts constituting the plaintiff’s cause and causes of action.
8. Conciliation is a process wherein the Pangkat forgoes the power to decide or recommend but assist the parties to isolate issues
and options to reach a settlement by consensus that jointly satisfies their needs
9. Delivery of Personal Property (Replevin) is provisional remedy by which a judge before whom an action is pending for the
recovery of personal
property issues an order for the delivery of such property to the movant or the party filing the petition upon filing of a bond to
guarantee its return or to answer for the damages.
10. Execution is the process of exacting satisfaction for on or both of the parties through compulsory or coercive means. It entails the
enforcement of the terms of the amicable settlement or arbitration award in so far as this may enjoin or command any of the parties to
perform an act, give something or refrain from doing some act
11. Habeas Corpus is a judicial proceeding for the purpose of releasing a person who is illegally deprived of liberty or restoring
rightful custody to the person who has been deprived of.
12. Incompetent means a person who is suffering the penalty of civil interdiction; or who is a hospitalized.
leper, prodigal, deaf and dumb who is unable to communicate; one who is of unsound mind, even though he has a lucid intervals and
a person not
being unsound mind but by reason of age, disease, weak mind, and other similar causes, cannot, without outside aid, take care of
himself and mange his property, becoming thereby an easy prey for deceit and exploitation.
13. Jurisdiction is an authority to hear and decide a case and given by law and cannot be agreed by the parties.
14. Katarungang Barangay (KP) is a system of justice administered at the barangay level for the purpose of amicable settling disputes
through mediation, conciliation or abitration among the family or barangay without resorting to the courts.
25. Lupong Tagapamayapa (Lupon) is a body organized in every barangay composed of Punong Barangay as the chairperson and not
less than ten (10) and more than twenty from which the members of every Pangkat shall be chosen.
26. Mediation is a process wherein the Lupon chairperson or Barangay Chairperson assists the disputing parties to reach a settlement by
consensus that jointly satisfies their needs.
27. Minor is a person below eighteen (18) years of age.
28. Next of Kin is an individual who is a relative or a responsible friend with whom the minor or incompetent lives.
29. Pangkat Tagapagkasundo (Pangkat) is a conciliation panel constituted from the Lupon membership for every dispute
brought before the Lupon consisting of three (3) members after the Punong Barangay has failed in his mediation
efforts.
30. Preliminary injunction is a provisional remedy in the form of an order issued by a judge before whom the case is pending at any stage
before the final judgment requiring a person to refrain from a particular act.
31. Repudiation is an act of rejecting the validity or refusing to accept the terms and conditions of agreement on the ground of vitiation of
consent by fraud, violence or intimidation.
32. Respondent — defendant (one being charged).
33. Statute of Limitations is the law which bars or does not allow the institution or filing of an action or case against another after the
expiration of the period prescribe d for such action or offense
34. Support Pendente Lite is a provisional remedy in a form of an order issued by a judge before whom the case is pending granting
allowance, dwelling, clothing, education and medical attendance to the person entitled thereof.
35. Venue is the place where the case is to be heard and decided. This is not fixed by law except in criminal cases, and can be
agreed upon by the parties.
Segment X: Concept and principles of restorative justice

1. Define Restorative Justice. State briefly the justification of introducing the Restorative Justice.

Restorative justice refers to a principle which requires a process of resolving conflicts with the maximum involvement of the victim,
the offender and the community. It seeks to obtain reparation for the victim; reconciliation of the offender, the offended and the
community; and reassurance to the offender that he/she can be reintegrated into society. It also enhances public safety by
activating the offender, the victim and the community in prevention strategies.
It embraces a wide range of human emotions – healing, mediation, compassion, forgiveness, mercy, and reconciliation. (Par q,
Sec 4 of RA 9344)

Justification of introducing restorative justice:

The current Philippine criminal justice system, after considering the duties and functions of its different pillars, reveals its defects and they
are the following: a.The victims of a crime may not pursue a criminal case against the perpetrator because of lack of support from the
government especially the person
arrested for the commission of a crime or the accused persons have numerous rights compared to the victims of a crime;
b.The suspects who are actually fall guys may be convicted because they have no money to spend especially in hiring experienced and
skilled lawyers to defend them;
c.The criminal cases may be dismissed because of insufficiency of evidence or technicality even if the accused confessed that
he was the one who committed the crime;
d.The accused may be convicted of a charge and a penalty is imposed by the court but the victim or the society as a whole is not
yet contented of the suffering that the accused may undergo;
e.The trial of a case may take a very period of time notwithstanding the presence of the Speedy Trial Act;
f. Even if a perpetrator is imprisoned or has undergone a community – based treatment, he may not be reformed or rehabilitated;
and
In fact, correction is known as the weakest pillar of the Criminal Justice System because of its failure to reform and
rehabilitate offenders. g.The persons who were imprisoned by reason of the crime they committed may not be effectively
reintegrated in the community.
This is because they may always be called ex – convicts and most employers do not hire persons with a criminal record.
As a result of these defects, the victims of a crime may again be victimized by the system to suffer financially and emotionally
especially if the perpetrator is not directed by the court to pay anything to them. Because of this, the restorative justice was
introduced. It is the purpose of restorative justice to settle the issue between the offender and the offended party with their active
participation. The members of the community must also give their active participation for the offended and the offender to be as
much as possible satisfied with the penalty imposed.
It may be true that the restorative justice may be abused by the offender by just paying the offended party with a certain amount of
money but consider the fact that human beings cannot really establish a perfect criminal justice system. It is still believed that the
restorative justice will lessen the numerous problems encountered in our present criminal justice system.
In fact, it may be concluded that the abolition of Republic Act 7659 or the Death Penalty Law has deepened our understanding
of the character and dynamics of the Philippine criminal justice system, particularly its punitive and retributive orientation.
(Tradio, 1996; Pangda, 2007 & www.restorativejustice.org/university.../philippines)
After the abolition of the Death penalty law, Republic Act 9285 was enacted to further strengthen the restorative justice. Said
law is an act to institutionalize the use of an alternative dispute resolution system in the Philippines and to establish the office for
alternative dispute resolution, and for other purposes. (Title of RA 9285)

Take Note: Alternative Dispute Resolution System means any process or procedure used to resolve a dispute or controversy, other
than by adjudication of a presiding judge of a court or an officer of a government agency, in which a neutral third party
participates to assist in the resolution of issues, which includes arbitration, mediation, conciliation, early neutral evaluation, mini
– trial, or any combination thereof. (Par 1, Sec 3 of RA 9285)

2. Aside form the Alternative Dispute Resolution System, the court may also conduct Judicial Dispute Resolution. What is the process
to be observed in conducting Alternative Dispute Resolution?
The following is the process to be observed in conducting Judicial Dispute Resolution before the court:
a. Before trial, the judge may refer the case to the Mediation Center for conciliation, mediation, or arbitration;
b. If there is no settlement in the Mediation Center, the judge will conduct a judicial dispute resolution; and
c. If the Judicial Dispute Resolution again fails, the judge will conduct trial to determine the guilt of the accused and impose the proper
penalty in case of conviction. (Personal interview with Atty. Tom Mocnangan, November 17, 2010)

3. One of the justifications of penalty is retribution. What are the distinctions between retributive justice and
restorative justice? The following are the distinctions between retributive justice and restorative justice:
a. Retributive justice is an approach focused on determining the following:
 What law was broken;
 Who broke it; and
 How shall offenders be punished?
Restorative justice, on the other hand, is an approach focused on determining the following:
 What is the harm resulted from the crime;
 What needs to be done to repair the harm; and
 Who is responsible for repairing the harm?
b. Retributive justice considers a crime as an act against the State, while restorative justice considers a crime as an act against
the victim and the community;
c. In retributive justice, the control of crimes lies to the criminal justice system, while in restorative justice, the control of crimes lies to
 the community;
d. In retributive justice, the community is represented by the State, while in restorative justice, the community is the facilitator in the
restorative process;
e. Retributive justice focuses on the past by determining the person to be blamed for the crime committed, while restorative justice
focuses on the future to determine the matters to be considered so that the crime will not be repeated;
f. Retributive justice focuses on the offender’s past behavior, while restorative justice focuses on the consequences of
offender’s behavior;
g. Retributive justice emphasizes the adversarial relationship, while restorative justice emphasizes dialogue and negotiations;
h. Retributive justice considers crime as an individual act with individual responsibility, while restorative justice considers crime as both
individual and social responsibility; and
i. Retributive justice is based on the principle of lex talliones, while restorative justice is based on forgiveness and
reconciliation.

Take Note: “Lex talliones” is a law of equal and direct retribution. In the words of the Hebrew scriptures, Le talliones means "an eye
for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, an arm for an arm, a life for a life." The earliest written code of laws was the Code of Hammurabi,
the most famous of the Old Babylonian, or Amorite, kings of Mesopotamia. Hammurabi's code of laws is almost entirely based on the
principle of equal and direct retribution; it betrays the origin of
law in retributive violence. Since the lex talionis is often the earliest form that law takes, from it we can conclude that the basic
function of law is revenge and retribution. Unlike direct retribution, however, the law is administered by the State or by
individuals that cannot be victims of revenge in return. (en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Lex_Talionis_Fraternitas)

It must be stressed further, however, that lex talliones is the law of proportionality. Hence, if a property worth 100 gold coins is
stolen, the victim cannot claim 200 gold coins in return.

The fundamental principles of Restorative Justice:

The fundamental principles of Restorative Justice are the following:
a. Justice requires that all must work to restore those who have been injured like the victims, the community, and even the
offenders;
b. Those most directly involved and affected by crime should have the opportunity to participate fully in the response if they wish;
and
c. The government is responsible for preserving a just public order and the community establishes peace.

The provisions of the Holy Bible which may be bases of restorative justice:
The following are the provisions of the Holy Bible which may be bases of restorative justice:
a. Jesus specifically rejects “an eye for an eye” and tells that if anyone hits you on the right cheek, offer him the other one as
well. (Matthew 5:38 – 39)
b. Jesus called on followers to love their neighbors and enemies too. (Matthew 5:43 – 44)
c. Jesus called for unlimited love and said our forgiveness should be beyond calculation by forgiving others until seventy times seven.
(Matthew 18:21 –
22) (Other sources: Philippine Bible Society, 1987; Bloomsbury, 2007; Reyes, 2008; Diamante, 2010; Personal interview with Rev.
Gloria Mapangdol, October 2, 2010; Classroom Discussion of Corpuz, 2010)