DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter

Measurements
for Acceptance, Commission-
ing and Monitoring
Application Note
Product:
| R&SETL

Broadcasting transmitters are subject to

particularly stringent standards with re-
spect to broadcast signal quality, because
even small faults can lead to service dis-
ruptions for many viewers.

A single instrument, the R&S®ETL TV

analyzer, performs all required DVB-T /
DVB-H transmitter measurements, from
the initial acceptance testing for the
transmitter, to measurements performed
during commissioning and preventive
maintenance.
12.2013 - 7BM101_2E
Christiane Klaus
Application Note
 Table of Contents

Table of Contents
1 Overview ................................................................................. 3
2 Preparatory Steps .................................................................. 4
2.1 Required Equipment ....................................................................................4
2.2 Test Setup .....................................................................................................5
2.3 Protection against Destructive Input Power ..............................................6
®
2.4 R&S ETL Default Configuration .................................................................6

3 Measurements ........................................................................ 8
3.1 Power .............................................................................................................8
3.1.1 Transmitter Output Level ................................................................................8
3.1.2 Crest Factor ..................................................................................................10
3.2 Modulator Characteristics .........................................................................13
3.2.1 Quadrature Error ..........................................................................................13
3.2.2 Amplitude Frequency Response and Group Delay ......................................15
3.3 Out-of-Band Emissions .............................................................................16
3.3.1 Shoulder Attenuation and Adjacent Channel Emissions ..............................16
3.3.2 Harmonics ....................................................................................................22
3.4 Signal Quality..............................................................................................23
3.4.1 Frequency Accuracy .....................................................................................23
3.4.2 Transmission Parameter Signaling ..............................................................24
3.4.3 Modulation Error Ratio .................................................................................25
3.4.4 Constellation Diagram ..................................................................................27
3.4.5 Bit Error Ratio ...............................................................................................28

4 Abbreviations ....................................................................... 30
5 References ............................................................................ 30
6 Additional Information ......................................................... 30
7 Ordering Information ........................................................... 31
A Transport Stream Generation Using the R&S®ETL ........... 32
B Reverse Power Measurement Uncertainty ......................... 33
C Recording a Filter Frequency Response in a Transducer
File ......................................................................................... 35
D Automated Measurements Using R&S®TxCheck .............. 37

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 2
 Overview

1 Overview
Broadcasting transmitters are subject to particularly stringent standards with respect to
broadcast signal quality, because even small faults can lead to service disruptions for
many viewers.
®
A single instrument, the R&S ETL TV analyzer, performs all required DVB-T / DVB-H
transmitter measurements, from the initial acceptance testing for the transmitter, to
measurements performed during commissioning and preventive maintenance.

The measurements described here satisfy many country-specific and customer-

specific test specifications. Users need only set the limit values accordingly.

Section 2 describes the preparatory steps. These include the necessary test equip-
ment and setup, as well as steps to protect the T&M equipment against destructively
high input power. This is followed by a description of typical default configurations for
®
the R&S ETL.

Section 3 lists the various measurements. For every reserve system in the transmitter,
these measurements should be repeated at least once during commissioning testing.
Maintenance measurements, on the other hand, can initially be limited to power, MER
and BER, and then expanded only as needed.

Because not all measurements need to be repeated during regular maintenance,

® ®
Rohde & Schwarz offers the R&S ETC and the R&S ETH as cost-effective alterna-
®
tives to the R&S ETL (see Fig. 1). These compact TV analyzers can perform most of
the measurements described here with a high degree of accuracy.

Fig. 1: From left to right: R&S®ETL, R&S®ETH and R&S®ETC.

Appendix D describes how these measurements can be automated using the

® ®
R&S TxCheck Software provided with the R&S ETL.

Additional background information on this topic can be found in the book "Digital Video
and Audio Broadcasting Technology" by Walter Fischer [1].

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 3
 Preparatory Steps

Required Equipment

2 Preparatory Steps

2.1 Required Equipment

Basic configuration

®
R&S ETL TV analyzer with:
● options as needed (see Section 7)
● current firmware (available at no cost at
www.rohde-schwarz.com/product/ETL.html)

Application- or measurement-specific configurations

Transmitter operation without signal broadcasting for transmitter ac-

ceptance testing or commissioning
Dummy antenna

For transmitter output level (3.1.1) with an inaccuracy of < 0.1 dB

®
Additional power sensor, e.g. R&S NRP-Z91

For shoulder attenuation and adjacent channel emissions measurements

(3.3.1) using the variant "after mask filter"
Notch filter to attenuate the wanted signal by 40 dB or more

For harmonics measurements (3.3.2)

Highpass filter with at least 40 dB wanted signal attenuation

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 4
 Preparatory Steps

Test Setup

2.2 Test Setup

Fig. 2: Test setup.

®
For the transmitter acceptance test, the build-in R&S ETL TS generator (see Appen-
dix A) feeds a DVB-compliant MPEG-2 transport stream (TS) to the TS input on the
DVB-T / DVB-H transmitter. It is also possible to use another TS generator, such as
®
the R&S DVSG. The transmitter output is connected to a dummy antenna.

During commissioning, the TS feed present at the transmitter station is used. The
measurements are initially performed using a dummy antenna, before the broadcast
signal is applied to the antenna combiner. As a result, the test port at the antenna
combiner (M4) is available as an additional measurement point.

The TS feed present at the transmitter station is likewise used for maintenance meas-
urements. The signal is applied to the antenna combiner for broadcasting.

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 5
 Preparatory Steps

Protection against Destructive Input Power

®
The RF input of the R&S ETL (IN1) or the optional power sensor (IN2) is connected as
follows for the various measurements:

● to the test port on the transmitter output (M1 = forward, M2 = reflected)

● to the test port behind the mask filter (M3)

If installed, the mask filter is located between the transmitter output and the dummy
antenna or the antenna combiner. Some measurements can be taken at the test port
before or after the mask filter (M1 / M3). The port to be used depends on which ports
are available and which influencing factors should be measured.

Some out-of-band emission measurements (see 3.3) require auxiliary filters, such as
an adjustable notch filter. If they are required, these filters are added at the insertion
point for auxiliary filters.
®
The EXT REF reference input located at the rear of the R&S ETL TV analyzer is used
to connect the instrument to the 10 MHz GPS time reference available at the transmit-
®
ter station. The optional power sensor can be connected to the R&S ETL via USB or
® ®
via the sensor input on the R&S ETL hardware option R&S FSL-B5.

2.3 Protection against Destructive Input Power

®
The R&S ETL allows maximum input power peaks of 36 dBm (short-term, < 3 s), while
®
the recommended, separate R&S NRP-Z91 power sensor can handle up to 23 dBm.

It is therefore recommended that additional attenuators be used as needed to limit the

average total power at the individual test ports to 0–10 dBm. This range provides ade-
quate protection against short-term power peaks, while having a negligible effect on
the instrument accuracy.

2.4 R&S®ETL Default Configuration

The following conventions are used in these procedures:

● Terms in all caps refer to key labels, e.g. "FREQ" for

● Bulleted lists (for example, ● TV Standard: OFDM DVB-T/H) identify settings made
in the currently displayed configuration dialog box

● All other terms refer to the softkeys that are currently displayed along the right-
hand side of the screen. Arrows (→) separate the keys to be pressed in sequence

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 6
 Preparatory Steps

R&S®ETL Default Configuration

®
The following default configuration applies to the R&S ETL unless explicitly stated oth-
erwise:

Spectrum analyzer mode

SETUP→Reference Ext: Use the external 10 MHz reference frequency
MODE→Spectrum Analyzer
FREQ→Center: Set to center frequency
SPAN→Span Manual: Set to 20 MHz
TRACE→Detector Manual Select→Detector RMS
BW→Res BW Manual: Set to 30 kHz
SWEEP→Sweeptime Manual: Set to 2 s
1
AMPT→More→Preselector: Off
2
AMPT→RF Atten Manual: Select the lowest possible setting without overloading
AMPT→Ref Level: Set the reference level so that the entire signal is clearly visible. If
necessary, go to AMPT→Range Log and change the grid scale

TV/radio analyzer/receiver mode

SETUP→Reference Ext: Use the external 10 MHz reference frequency
MODE→TV/Radio Analyzer/Receiver
AMPT→More→Preselector: Off
MEAS→Digital TV Settings
 TV Standard: OFDM DVB-T/H
 Channel Bandwidth: Select 6 MHz, 7 MHz or 8 MHz to meet standard require-
ments
FREQ→Channel RF: Select based on the transmit frequency
MEAS→Special Settings→System Opt.→Slow/Laboratory

1
Only if a preselector is provided in the instrument
2
Overload warnings appear centered at the top of the display as "IFovl" or "Ovld".

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 7
 Measurements

Power

3 Measurements

3.1 Power

3.1.1 Transmitter Output Level

The average power is constant for digital television, and not dependent on the picture
contents, as it is in analog television. Because the mask filter attenuates the output
power between about 0.1 dB and 0.6 dB behind the transmitter output, measurements
should be taken before and after the mask filter. Note that as a default, the displayed
power includes only the power that is decoupled by the directional coupler. The cou-
®
pling attenuation can be input using the Ref Level Offset function on the R&S ETL, and
is then automatically calculated into the display.
®
The R&S ETL can measure the signal level directly via the RF input with an accuracy
of 1 dB. Use of a separate power sensor allows an accuracy of 0.1 dB to be achieved.

Procedure
Perform these steps at the test port:
 M1, for forward power before the mask filter
 M2, for reflected power (see Appendix B) before the mask filter
 M3, for forward power after the mask filter
TV/radio analyzer/receiver Power sensor
Check that the max. input power is not exceeded; see Section 2.3
Set AMPT→More→Ref Level Offset to the full coupling attenuation at the test port for
immediate compensation
Connect the power sensor (IN2) to the
Feed a signal into the RF input on the ®
® test port (connected to R&S ETL via USB
R&S ETL (IN1)
or sensor input)
Define the TV/radio analyzer/receiver MODE→Spectrum Analyzer
default configuration as described in Sec- FREQ→Center: Set to center frequency
tion 2.4 at mid-channel
MENU→Power Meter→Frequency Cou-
pling:
MEAS→Overview→Adjust Attenuation  Center
MENU→Power Meter→Power Meter→On
Read the measured value; see Fig. 3 Read the measured value; see Fig. 4

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 8
 Measurements

Power

Fig. 3: TV/radio analyzer/receiver mode, MEAS→Overview menu: The level can be read in the first
table row, in the status bar on the test screen or in the zoomed view (MEAS→Overview→Zoom).

Fig. 4: Spectrum analyzer mode: DVB-T spectrum with integrated reading from the power sensor
displayed at the top right.

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 9
 Measurements

Power

3.1.2 Crest Factor

It is important to know the crest factor so that the components that follow the transmit-
ter – such as the mask filter, the antenna combiner, the coaxial cable and the antenna
– can be adequately dimensioned.

The crest factor (CF) defines the relationship between the highest occurring amplitude
of the modulated carrier signal (UPeak) and the RMS voltage (URMS) of a signal:

More recently, however, a new way of defining the crest factor has become prevalent,
in which a ratio is formed from the peak envelope power (PEP) and the average power.
The resulting value is smaller by an amount equal to the crest factor of the sinus carri-
er, i.e. 3.01 dB. A crest factor calculated in this way is smaller by an amount equal to
the crest factor of the sinus carrier, i.e. 3.01 dB. [3]

Orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) signals exhibit a very high crest factor
because in extreme cases, all carriers could be overlaid or even eliminated at any giv-
en moment. In the case of DVB-T / DVB-H in 8K mode, the result is a value > 40 dB. In
practice, however, it is limited to about 13 dB in the transmitter. Because the signal
peaks occur less frequently at high crest factors, any measurement would be valid only
for the time period when the measurement was made. This is why the complementary
cumulative distribution function (CCDF) includes the statistical probability that a signal
peak will occur. The CCDF method determines the peak envelope value, which is why
the calculated value must be corrected by a factor of , or 3.01 dB. [4]

The mask filter at the transmitter output removes intermodulation products lying out-
side of the useful band. However, this filtering results in a deformation of the envelope,
which then increases the crest factor. This is why, when measuring the crest factor, it
is important to distinguish between the crest factor of the transmitter and the crest fac-
tor of the bandwidth-limited signal (e.g. after the mask filter).

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 10
 Measurements

Power

®
Using the R&S ETL, the transmitter crest factor is measured in spectrum analyzer
mode directly at the transmitter test port (M1).
®
The crest factor of the bandwidth-limited signal can be measured with the R&S ETL in
spectrum analyzer mode at the test port after the mask filter (M3). Alternatively, the
measurement can be made at the transmitter test port (M1) by selecting TV/radio ana-
lyzer/receiver mode. This mode limits the channel bandwidth (e.g. 8 MHz), simulating a
mask filter.

Procedure: Transmitter crest factor

Check that the max. input power is not exceeded; see Section 2.3
®
Connect the R&S ETL (IN1) to the test port before the mask filter (M1)
MODE→Spectrum Analyzer
FREQ→Center: Set to center frequency at mid-channel
1
AMPT→RF Atten Manual: Select the lowest possible setting without overloading
MEAS→More→CCDF→Res BW: 10 MHz
MEAS→More→CCDF→# of Samples: 1000 000 000
Read crest factor and add 3.01 dB

Procedure: Crest factor of the bandwidth-limited signal

Check that the max. input power is not exceeded; see Section 2.3
®
Connect the R&S ETL (IN1) to the test port before or after the mask filter (M1 / M3)
Define the TV/radio analyzer/receiver default configuration as described in Section 2.4
MEAS→Modulation Analysis→CCDF→Adjust Attenuation
MEAS→Modulation Analysis→# of Samples: 1000 000 000
Read crest factor (see Fig. 5) and add 3.01 dB

1
Overload warnings appear centered at the top of the display as "IFovl" or "Ovld".

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 11
 Measurements

Power

Fig. 5: TV/radio analyzer/receiver mode, MEAS→Modulation Analysis→CCDF menu: View with the
calculated crest factor at the bottom right.

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 12
 Measurements

Modulator Characteristics

3.2 Modulator Characteristics

3.2.1 Quadrature Error

DVB-T / DVB-H modulators are essentially an IFFT signal processing block followed by
an I/Q modulator. This I/Q modulator can be either digital or analog. If a DVB-T /
DVB-H modulator uses direct modulation, then the I/Q modulator is analog. In this
case, it must be aligned cleanly to minimize the following influencing factors:

● Amplitude imbalance
● Quadrature error
● Carrier suppression

Inadequate carrier suppression is recognizable as a “notch” directly at mid-band on

MER(f) (see Fig. 15), and results in a contorted and compressed constellation diagram
in mid-band. Amplitude imbalance and quadrature error (see Fig. 7) negatively affect
the MER of all COFDM carriers. The carriers above DVB-T / DVB-H mid-band relate to
the carriers under mid-band and vice versa.

Procedure
Check that the max. input power is not exceeded; see Section 2.3
®
Connect the R&S ETL (IN1) ) to the test port before or after the mask filter (M1 / M3)
Define the TV/radio analyzer/receiver default configuration as described in Section 2.4
MEAS→Modulation Analysis→Modulation Errors→Adjust Attenuation
Read the measured values; see Fig. 6
MEAS→Modulation Analysis→I/Q Imbalance
Use PRINT to print the test screen; see Fig. 7

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 13
 Measurements

Modulator Characteristics

Fig. 6: TV/radio analyzer/receiver mode, MEAS→Modulation Errors menu: Amplitude imbalance,

quadrature error and carrier suppression in lines 2–4.

Fig. 7: TV/radio analyzer/receiver mode, MEAS→Modulation Analysis →I/Q Imbalance menu: Detailed
analysis of amplitude imbalance and quadrature error over all carriers.

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 14
 Measurements

Modulator Characteristics

3.2.2 Amplitude Frequency Response and Group Delay

In analog televisions, amplitude frequency response and group delay were important
parameters for a transmission path between the transmitter output and the receiver
input. Because of the channel correction in the DVB-T / DVB-H receiver, significantly
larger tolerances can now be permitted without noticeable reductions in quality. The
mask filter and antenna combiners cause the linear distortions. These linear distortions
can be compensated by a precorrector within the transmitter. As a result, however, the
linear distortions reappear reversed directly at the transmitter output.

Therefore, the preferred method is to measure amplitude frequency response and

group delay after all filter stages at the test port (M4) in the antenna combiner. Of
course, the results will differ at the various measurement points.

Procedure
Check that the max. input power is not exceeded; see Section 2.3
®
If available, connect the R&S ETL (IN1) to the test port (M4) on the antenna combin-
er, or else to (M3) after the mask filter
Define the TV/radio analyzer/receiver default configuration as described in Sec-
tion 2.4
MEAS→Channel Analysis→Amplitude & GroupDelay→Adjust Attenuation
MEAS→Channel Analysis→Amplitude & GroupDelay→Auto Range
Use PRINT to print the test screen; see Fig. 8

Fig. 8: TV/radio analyzer/receiver mode, MEAS→Channel Analysis→Amplitude & Group Delay menu:
Amplitude frequency response and group delay after an uncompensated mask filter.

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 15
 Measurements

Out-of-Band Emissions

3.3 Out-of-Band Emissions

DVB-T /DVB-H transmitters include very linear AB amplifiers. The transmitted signal is
further linearized by a digital precorrection stage in the modulator. In spite of these,
some residual nonlinearities remain. These cause intermodulation products to form
from the many COFDM carriers.

On the one hand, these additional, unwanted frequency components appear in the
channel itself. There, they act as additional disturbance power and therefore reduce
the signal quality. On the other hand, the intermodulation products also occur outside
of the channel, and can negatively impact the signal quality of other channels. There
are several distinct components:

● Shoulder attenuation
Describes the power of the noise components in the near field of the channel
boundary

● Adjacent channel emissions

Components within several MHz of the channel boundaries

● Harmonics
Components at multiple of transmitter frequency

3.3.1 Shoulder Attenuation and Adjacent Channel Emissions

The mask filter is used to reduce these unwanted out-of-band emissions. Critical mask
filters are used when an adjacent channel requires protection, making more stringent
requirements for attenuation of out-of-band emissions necessary. All other mask filters
are uncritical.

The following minimum attenuations are required in accordance with ETSI EN 302 296,
based on the mask type:
frel [MHz] frel [MHz] Attenuation [dB] Attenuation Attenuation
at 7 MHz at 8 MHz compared to [dB] at [dB] at
channel channel total channel power 7 MHz 8 MHz
bandwidth bandwidth at 4 kHz reference channel channel
bandwidth bandwidth bandwidth
–32.2 (7 MHz)
+/–3.4 +/–3.9 0 0
–32.8 (8 MHz)
+/–3.7 +/–4.2 –73 –40.8 –40.2

+/–5.25 +/–6.0 –85 –52.8 –52.2

+/–10.5 +/–12.0 –110 –77.8 –77.2

+/–13.85 –126 –93.8

Table 3-1: Tolerance masks in accordance with ETSI EN 302 296 using the uncritical mask.

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 16
 Measurements

Out-of-Band Emissions

frel [MHz] frel [MHz] Attenuation [dB] Attenuation Attenuation

at 7 MHz at 8 MHz compared to [dB] at [dB] at
channel channel total channel power 7 MHz 8 MHz
bandwidth bandwidth at 4 kHz reference channel channel
bandwidth bandwidth bandwidth
–32.2 (7 MHz)
+/–3.4 +/–3.9 0 0
–32.8 (8 MHz)
+/–3.7 +/–4.2 –83 –50.8 –50.2

+/–5.25 +/–6.0 –95 –62.8 –62.2

+/–10.5 +/–12.0 –120 –87.8 –87.2

+/–13.85 –126 –93.8

Table 3-2: Tolerance masks in accordance with ETSI EN 302 296 using the critical mask.

The high dynamic range of the signal after the mask filter makes it impossible to check
®
adherence to the mask directly even with the dynamic of typ. 58 dB on the R&S ETL,
which is very high for spectrum analyzers. This is why an adjustable notch filter is typi-
cally used to reduce the useful band power. Before the measurement, the tracking
®
generator on the R&S ETL records the frequency response of the notch filter so that its
influence on the measurement results after the mask filter can automatically be taken
into consideration using the transducer function.

Another option is to use the tracking generator to log the frequency response of the
mask filter itself before the measurement so that its influence can be calculated into the
spectrum analysis results before the mask filter using the transducer function.

Procedure
After mask filter using a notch filter Before mask filter
Record the frequency response of the Record the frequency response of the
adjustable notch filter in a transducer file; mask filter in a transducer file; see Ap-
see Appendix C pendix C
®
Connect the R&S ETL (IN1) to the test
®
port after the mask filter (M3) and then Connect the R&S ETL (IN1) to the test
add the notch filter at the auxiliary filter port before the mask filter (M1)
insertion point

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 17
 Measurements

Out-of-Band Emissions

3.3.1.1 Shoulder attenuation

®
The shoulder attenuation can be measured on the R&S ETL, as frequently used in
practical applications, by means of cursor measurements in spectrum analyzer mode
®
(recommended for experts only). Alternatively, the R&S ETL also supports fully auto-
mated measurements using the “tangent method” as defined in the DVB measurement
guidelines [2].
®
Both methods are supported by the R&S ETL and have practical uses; however, be-
cause of their different definitions, they do not lead to the same result.

Procedure
Cursor measurement Tangent method
Check that the max. input power is not exceeded; see Section 2.3
Follow the procedure defined in 3.3.1
Go to SETUP→Transducer to enable the previously generated transducer file
Define the TV/radio analyzer/receiver de-
Define the spectrum analyzer default fault configuration as described in Sec-
configuration as described in Section 2.4 tion 2.4
MKR→Marker 1: Set to center MEAS→Spectrum→Adjust Attenuation
MKR→Marker 2: Set to +4.2 MHz
1
MEAS→Spectrum→Shoulder Attenuation
MKR→More→Marker 3: Set to 2
If needed : TRACE→Sweep Count: 100
1
–4.2 MHz
Read the marker delta values; see Fig. 9 Read the measured value; see Fig. 10
Use PRINT to generate a printout, if desired
SETUP→Transducer→Active Off: Disable the transducer file

Asymmetric shoulders indicate poor signal quality.

1
8 MHz channel bandwidth. For 7 MHz channels, use 3.7 MHz.
2
In the tangent method, the measured value sometimes varies significantly depending
on the definition. To prevent this, multiple measurements can be averaged; however,
this is not compliant with the standard.

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 18
 Measurements

Out-of-Band Emissions

Fig. 9: Spectrum analyzer mode: Measuring the shoulder attenuation using the cursor method with
active transducer file at +/– 4.2 MHz in the 8 MHz DVB-T channel.

Fig. 10: TV/radio analyzer/receiver mode, MEAS→Spectrum→Shoulder Atten menu: Measuring the
shoulder attenuation using the tangent method with active transducer file in accordance with DVB
measurement guidelines [2].

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 Measurements

Out-of-Band Emissions

3.3.1.2 Adjacent channel emissions

Emissions can be measured over a range of several MHz in the vicinity of the channel
®
either by again using cursor measurements or fully automatically with the R&S ETL
“Out of Band Emission” function.

The “Out of Band Emission” measurement function supports compliance with all masks
defined in ETSI EN 300 744 (Critical, G-PAL/NICAM, G-PAL/A2, I-PAL/NICAM,
K-SECAM/K-PAL, L-SECAM/NICAM).

Procedure
Cursor measurement Out-of-band emission function
Check that the max. input power is not exceeded; see Section 2.3
Follow the procedure defined in 3.3.1
Go to SETUP→Transducer to enable the previously generated transducer file
Define the TV/radio analyzer/receiver de-
Define the spectrum analyzer default
fault configuration as described in Sec-
configuration as described in Section 2.4
tion 2.4
MKR→Marker 1: Set to center MEAS→Spectrum→OutOfBand Emission
The following three settings must be re- Go to MEAS→Spectrum→OutOfBand
peated for each defined measurement Emission→Out of Band Emission Setup
point ● Select the mask type
MKR→Marker 2: Set to meas-
urement point MEAS→Spectrum→Adjust Attenuation
If averaging is desired:
MKR→More→Marker 3: Set to
TRACE→Trace Mode: Average
the next measurement point
TRACE→Sweep Count: 100
Read the marker delta values;
Use PRINT to print the results; see
see Fig. 9. Use PRINT to gener-
Fig. 11
ate a printout as needed
SETUP→Transducer→Active Off: Disable the transducer file

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 Measurements

Out-of-Band Emissions

Fig. 11: TV/radio analyzer/receiver mode, MEAS→Spectrum→OutOfBandEmission menu: Adjacent

channel emissions checked with critical mask and active transducer file.

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 Measurements

Out-of-Band Emissions

3.3.2 Harmonics

The harmonics filter is used to reduce these unwanted out-of-band emissions. This
®
filter is typically already part of the transmitter. The R&S ETL TV analyzer can be used
to measure harmonics in spectrum analyzer mode. Because the mask filter does not
suppress these harmonics, but rather affects only the channel near range, the harmon-
ics can be measured directly at the test port (M1) on the transmitter output.

The high dynamic range of the signal means that a suitable highpass filter must be
used to attenuate the useful channel by at least 40 dB. Notch filters (which are coaxial
cavity filters that can be manually adjusted to the channel being suppressed) are not
suitable here because they do not attenuate in just the useful band, but rather are re-
peated at multiples of the useful band. The frequency response of the highpass filter
should be documented before the measurement using the tracking generator and then
applied during the measurement using the transducer function.

Procedure
Check that the max. input power is not exceeded; see Section 2.3
Assess the highpass filter and save the result as a transducer file; see Appendix C
®
Connect the R&S ETL (IN1) to the test port before the mask filter (M1) and add the
highpass filter at the auxiliary filter insertion point
Define the spectrum analyzer default configuration as described in Section 2.4
FREQ→Center: Set to 1.5 GHz
SPAN→Span Manual: Set to 3 GHz
Go to SETUP→Transducer to enable the previously generated transducer file for the
highpass filter
Go to MKR→Marker 1 and use the marker functions to study the range around the
multiples of the transmit frequency; see Fig. 12

Fig. 12: Spectrum analyzer mode: Useful channel attenuated using the highpass filter; the harmon-
ics, which can be assessed using the marker function, are clearly visible.

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 22
 Measurements

Signal Quality

3.4 Signal Quality

3.4.1 Frequency Accuracy

Single frequency networks (SFN), in particular, place very stringent requirements on

–9
the frequency accuracy of a DVB-T / DVB-H transmitter of less than 10 . The carrier
®
frequency offset is measured using the R&S ETL in TV/radio analyzer/receiver mode
at the test port (M1) of the transmitter output.

Procedure
Check that the max. input power is not exceeded; see Section 2.3
®
Connect the R&S ETL (IN1) to the test port before the mask filter (M1)
Define the TV/radio analyzer/receiver default configuration as described in Section 2.4
MEAS→Overview→Adjust Attenuation
Note the carrier frequency offset reading; see Fig. 13

Fig. 13: TV/radio analyzer/receiver mode, MEAS→Overview menu: The frequency accuracy can be
read in the 11th table row, as well as in the zoomed view (MEAS→Overview→Zoom).

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 23
 Measurements

Signal Quality

3.4.2 Transmission Parameter Signaling

In the case of DVB-T / DVB-H, the transmission parameter signaling (TPS) carrier
transmits 67 bits in a frame. The TPS bits signal the currently selected transmission
parameter and can sometimes differ in the four frames of a superframe. They comprise
the following:

● Initialization word
● Length indicator
● Data burst in line with DVB-T standard
● Reserved bits
● Error protection

Some of the reserved bits are currently being used as follows:

● Cell ID
● DVB-H signaling

In an SFN, it is particularly important to ensure that all involved transmitters send out
the correct TPS bits and that these bits are completely identical.

Procedure
Check that the max. input power is not exceeded; see Section 2.3
®
Connect the R&S ETL (IN1) to the test port before or after the mask filter (M1 / M3)
Define the TV/radio analyzer/receiver default configuration as described in Section 2.4
MEAS→Overview→Adjust Attenuation
Use PRINT to print the test screen; see Fig. 14

Fig. 14: TV/radio analyzer/receiver mode, MEAS→Overview menu: The TPS information is in the table
at the bottom.

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 24
 Measurements

Signal Quality

3.4.3 Modulation Error Ratio

The modulation error ratio (MER) is a measure of the sum of all interference that af-
fects a digital TV signal. The deviation of the points in the constellation diagram from
their theoretical position is recorded. This makes a quantitative assessment of the sig-
nal quality possible. The MER is typically expressed in dB as a logarithmic relationship
between the RMS value of the signal amplitude and the error vector magnitude.

√ ∑
[dB]

A high MER value indicates good signal quality. In practice, the MER lies in the range
of only a few dB to around 40 dB. A good DVB-T / DVB-H transmitter has a MER in the
range of approximately 35 dB. When receiving DVB-T / DVB-H signals over a roof an-
tenna with gain, a MER of 20 dB to 30 dB would be measurable at the antenna box.
Values between 13 dB and 20 dB are expended for portable receivers with a room an-
tenna. At the same time, the MER is the single most important quality parameter for a
DVB-T / DVB-H transmitter. The MER can be expressed as an averaged value over all
COFDM subcarriers or as MER(f) in a graph via the DVB-T / DVB-H channel.

Procedure
Check that the max. input power is not exceeded; see Section 2.3
®
Connect the R&S ETL (IN1) to the test port before or after the mask filter (M1 / M3)
Define the TV/radio analyzer/receiver default configuration as described in Section 2.4
MEAS→Modulation Analysis→MER(f)→Adjust Attenuation
SPAN→Full Span
Use PRINT to print the test screen; see Fig. 15

For technical reasons, when high-efficiency transmitters are used, the MER(f) can dis-
play a slight distortion after the equalizer.

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 25
 Measurements

Signal Quality

Fig. 15: TV/radio analyzer/receiver mode, MEAS→Modulation Analysis→MER(f) menu: MER as a

function of the frequency, and integration of the MER averaged over the channel (RMS).

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 26
 Measurements

Signal Quality

3.4.4 Constellation Diagram

The constellation diagram makes it possible to display the signal states that occurred
in quadrature modulation at discrete time intervals. The constellation diagram is a
graphical representation of the in-phase and quadrature components of the QAM sig-
nal in the x- and y-axes. In the case of modulation with multiple carriers, the constella-
tion diagram typically forms the sum of the signal states of all of carriers. A noisy or
disrupted DVB-T / DVB-H signal will exhibit cloud-like effects. The smaller the resulting
points on the constellation diagram, the better the signal quality. When making meas-
urements directly on the transmitter, only fine constellation points should be visible.

The quality of the I/Q alignment (see 3.2.1) can then be checked by a targeted analysis
of the center carrier frequency.

Procedure
Check that the max. input power is not exceeded; see Section 2.3
®
Connect the R&S ETL (IN1) to the test port before or after the mask filter (M1 / M3)
Define the TV/radio analyzer/receiver default configuration as described in Section 2.4
MEAS→Modulation Analysis→Const Diagram→Adjust Attenuation
SPAN→Full Span
Use PRINT to print the constellation diagram; see Fig. 16
Go to SPAN→Span Carrier→Carrier Span and enter the carrier number of the mid-
band (carrier number 3408 in 8K mode, carrier number 1704 in 4K mode or carrier
number 852 in 2K mode)
Use PRINT to print the constellation diagram again

Fig. 16: TV/radio analyzer/receiver mode, MEAS→Modulation Analysis→Const Diagram menu: DVB-T
constellation diagram (64QAM) with a MER of 36 dB.

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 27
 Measurements

Signal Quality

3.4.5 Bit Error Ratio

DVB-T / DVB-H provides an outer and an inner error correction in the form of Reed-
Solomon (RS) block coding and convolutional coding, which are assessed using a
Viterbi decoder. Both methods are capable of recognizing and correcting bit errors in
the data stream. As a result, the following three bit error ratios (BERs) are available:

● BER before Viterbi

● BER after Viterbi = BER before RS
● BER after RS

All interference on a DVB-T / DVB-H transmission path can be expressed as bit error
ratios (BER). In the case of a functional DVB-T / DVB-H transmitter, only the BER be-
–9
fore Viterbi can differ from null. It will lie in the range of 10 or less. With small BERs, it
is necessary to select correspondingly long measurement times. For acceptance tests,
this will be hours, while it will be minutes for monitoring tests.

Procedure
Check that the max. input power is not exceeded; see Section 2.3
®
Connect the R&S ETL (IN1) to the test port before or after the mask filter (M1 / M3)
Define the TV/radio analyzer/receiver default configuration as described in Section 2.4
MEAS→Overview→Adjust Attenuation
Open the MEAS→Measure Log→Configure dialog; see Fig. 17:
 Select Enable Measurement Log
 Select the Time Span to define the measurement time
 Select Trace 1→ BER before Viterbi
 Select Trace 2→ BER before Reed-Solomon
MEAS→Measure Log→Clear
Allow the test – lasting from several minutes to several hours – to run completely
Check the validity of the measurement: There must not be any serious signal faults
indicating a loss of synchronization; see Fig. 18.
If the measurement is valid: MEAS→Measure Log→Auto Range
If the measurement is valid: Record the max value and then use PRINT to print the
results, if desired; see Fig. 19.

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 28
 Measurements

Signal Quality

Fig. 17: TV/radio analyzer/receiver mode, MEAS→Measure Log→Configure menu: Configuration for
the BER measurement.

Fig. 18: TV/radio analyzer/receiver mode, MEAS→Measure Log menu: BER measurement with the
measurement log. Red markers directly above the time axis (here in the 1st and 2nd time segments)
indicate a loss of synchronization. In this case, the BER measurement is invalid.

Fig. 19: TV/radio analyzer/receiver mode, MEAS→Measure Log menu: Valid BER measurement.

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 29
 Abbreviations

4 Abbreviations
BER Bit error ratio
CCDF Complementary cumulative distribution function
DVB-T Digital video broadcasting – terrestrial
DVB-H Digital video broadcasting – handheld
MER Modulation error ratio
OFDM Orthogonal frequency division multiplex
QAM Quadrature amplitude modulation
RS Reed-Solomon
SFN Single frequency network
TPS Transmission parameter signaling
TS Transport stream

5 References
[1] "Digital Video and Audio Broadcasting Technology",
Walter Fischer, Springer Verlag, 2010,
ISBN: 978-3-642-11611-7

[2] "Measurement guidelines for DVB systems",

ETSI TR 101 290

[3] Application Note 7TS02

[4] "CCDF determination – a comparison of two measurement methods ",

Christoph Balz, News from Rohde & Schwarz, No. 172 (2001/III), pp. 52 – 53

6 Additional Information
Our application notes are regularly revised and updated. Check for any changes at
http://www.rohde-schwarz.com.

Please send any comments or suggestions about this application note to

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 30
 Ordering Information

7 Ordering Information
Designation Type Order No.

Instrument
TV Analyzer, 500 kHz to 3 GHz, with tracking generator R&S®ETL 2112.0004.13
®
Average Power Sensor 9 kHz to 6 GHz, 200 mW R&S NRP-Z91 1168.8004.02

Required options
One of the following three power sensor interfaces
- Additional interfaces R&S®FSL-B5 1300.6108.02
- Active USB Adapter R&S®NRP-Z3 1146.7005.02
®
- Passive USB Adapter R&S NRP-Z4 1146.8001.02

Power Sensor Measurements with NRP R&S®FSL-K9 1301.9530.02

80 Gbyte HD (part of the base unit starting with SN ®
R&S ETL-B209 2112.0291.02
101500)
MPEG Processing Board R&S®ETL-B280 2112.0362.02
MPEG TS Generator/ Recorder R&S®ETL-K280 2112.0591.02
®
DVB-T/H Firmware R&S ETL-K240 2112.0556.02
Measurement Log for DTV R&S®ETL-K208 2112.0579.02

Recommended options
Single Frequency Network Offset
DVB-T/H SFN Frequency Offset Measurements R&S®ETL-K241 2112.0562.02

Illustrations
Video and Audio Hardware Decoder R&S®ETL-B281 2112.0356.02
®
HDTV and Dolby Upgrade R&S ETL-K281 2112.0604.02

MPEG Analysis
MPEG Analysis / Monitoring R&S®ETL-K282 2112.0610.02
®
In-Depth Analysis R&S ETL-K283 2112.0627.02
Data Broadcast Analysis R&S®ETL-K284 2112.0633.02

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 31
 Appendix

Transport Stream Generation Using the R&S®ETL

A Transport Stream Generation Using the

R&S®ETL
®
The MPEG TS generator / recorder provided with the R&S ETL generates a DVB-
compliant MPEG-2 transport stream (TS). It is applied to the transmitter via a 75 Ω ca-
®
ble connected to the TS ASI OUT output (at the rear of the R&S ETL). A full comple-
ment of transport stream files are available (such as "Diver.gts"), which can be played
back without interruption in an endless loop. The following settings are required on the
®
R&S ETL:

TS generator settings
MODE→TS Generator / Recorder
MEAS→TS Generator→Source: Select the appropriate TS (see Fig. 20)
MEAS→TS Generator→Start

Fig. 20: TS generator mode: Generating a transport stream.

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 32
 Appendix

Reverse Power Measurement Uncertainty

B Reverse Power Measurement Uncertainty

Measurement uncertainty occurs during scalar measurements of reverse power as a
result of the directivity of measurement couplers. This directivity is an indicator of un-
desirable forward crosstalk on the reverse power that is being measured. The better
the directivity, the less undesirable forward crosstalk is present. A typical directivity
value for directional couplers is about −35 dB.

The phase of the overlapping signals must be known in order to measure reverse
power exactly. This is possible only with a vector power measurement. However, the
®
scalar measurement offered by the R&S ETLs can also be used to perform the neces-
sary assessment. Instead of determining the precise reverse power value, the
®
R&S ETL ensures that the reverse power is low enough that the transmitter station
self-protect function does not shut down the station. This can be determined using a
scalar measurement as long as the ratio of the directional coupler directivity to the
maximum permissible reverse power is large enough.

During a scalar measurement of the reverse power, the theoretical worst-case meas-
urement errors would be from about +6 dB to −∞ dB; see Fig. 21. In other words, the
reverse power in a scalar measurement can be up to 6 dB too high or else much too
low. The measurement uncertainty is dependent on the insertion loss, the directivity,
and the reverse power. To simplify the evaluation, the insertion loss should be disre-
garded because its influence in practice is negligible.

Fig. 21: Measurement uncertainty of the scalar measurement, dependent on the ratio of the direc-
tional coupler directivity to the reverse power (insertion loss of the directional coupler is disregard-
ed).

For example, assume that the ratio of the directional coupler directivity to the reverse
power is 0 dB (worst case). In this situation, the theoretical maximum measurement
error would be between +6 dB and −∞ dB. However, as long as a 6 dB greater value is
acceptable, it is not necessary to determine the actual value.

In another example, assume that the difference between the directional coupler di-
rectivity and the reverse power is 20 dB. In this case, the theoretical maximum meas-
urement error would be between 0.83 dB and −0.92 dB. In other words, if the decou-
pled reverse power is −15 dBm, for example, and the directional coupler directivity is
−35 dB, values of between –14.17 dBm and −15.92 dBm can occur at the test instru-

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 33
 Appendix

Reverse Power Measurement Uncertainty

ment. In this case, the measurement uncertainty varies in a range of ±1 dB. As a re-
sult, a scalar measurement would detect the critical case of a large reverse power.

The following diagram (Fig. 22) can be used to determine the maximum actually re-
versed power based on the measurement value that is displayed.

Fig. 22: Maximum actually reversed power based on measured reverse power.

In summary, a scalar measurement is sufficient as long as the maximum actually re-

versed power from the measured line is at an acceptable value.

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 34
 Appendix

Recording a Filter Frequency Response in a Transducer File

C Recording a Filter Frequency Response

in a Transducer File
In practice, there are two methods for assessing signals that exceed the dynamic
range offered by spectrum analyzers:

● Method 1: The frequency components having the highest power are selectively
attenuated using auxiliary filters, such as adjustable notch filters or a highpass fil-
ter. This reduces the dynamic range enough that the signals can be measured af-
ter the auxiliary filter. In order to display the actual dynamic range automatically, a
transducer file is used to compensate by mathematically subtracting the frequency
response of the auxiliary filter, which was previously assessed in a separate step.

● Method 2: If the high dynamic range of the signal is achieved by using a specific
filter (for example, the mask filter on a transmitter), auxiliary filters are not absolute-
ly required. Instead, the frequency response of the specific filter can be recorded
separately as a transducer file. This transducer file is then enabled during the
measurement before the filter by adding the filter frequency response, and thus au-
tomatically calculating the actual dynamic range.

The transducer file can be created directly using the tracking generator function on the
®
R&S ETL as long as the frequency response of the filter does not exceed the measur-
1
able dynamic range :

Generating a transducer file

MODE→Spectrum Analyzer
FREQ→Center: Set to center frequency at mid-channel
SPAN→Span Manual: Set to 30 MHz
TRACE→Detector Manual Select→More→Detector Average
BW→Res BW Manual: Set to 30 kHz
SWEEP→Sweeptime Manual: Set to 2 s
MENU→Tracking Generator→Source On
MENU→Tracking Generator→Source Power: Set to 0 dBm
Connect the cables to be used for the measurement from the Gen Out 50 Ω output on
® ®
the R&S ETL to the RF IN 50 Ω input on the R&S ETL; see Fig. 23
AMPT→Ref Level: Set to –30 dBm
® 2 ®
R&S ETL with preselector R&S ETL without preselector
AMPT→RF Atten Manual: Set to 15 dB AMPT→RF Atten Manual: Set to 0 dB

1
The frequency response provided in the data sheet can also be entered into the
transducer file manually (SETUP→Transducer).
2
If a preselector is provided in the instrument, the Preselector setting is available un-
der AMPT→More. The preselector is enabled by default.

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 35
 Appendix

Recording a Filter Frequency Response in a Transducer File

Generating a transducer file

1
If an overload occurs , go to AMPT→RF Atten Manual and increase the attenuation
by 5 dB
MENU→Tracking Generator→Source Cal→Cal Trans
MENU→Tracking Generator→Source Cal→Normalize
Using the previously assessed cables, connect the filter to be assessed from the Gen
® ®
Out 50 Ω output on the R&S ETL to the RF IN 50 Ω input on the R&S ETL; see Fig.
24

Method 1 Method 2
(reduce the dynamic range using aux- (assess before increasing the dynamic
iliary filters) range)
MENU→Tracking Generator→Source MENU→Tracking Generator→Source
Cal→More→Save As Neg Trd Factor Cal→More→Save As Pos Trd Factor
Specify a file name and save the transducer file
Go to SETUP→Transducer→Active On to enable the transducer file

Fig. 23: Connection setup to regulate the Fig. 24: Connection setup to assess the
cable. frequency response of a mask filter.

1
Overload warnings appear centered at the top of the display as "IFovl" or "Ovld".

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 36
 Appendix

Automated Measurements Using R&S®TxCheck

D Automated Measurements Using

R&S®TxCheck
® ®
The R&S TxCheck software application is available free of charge on every R&S ETL.
This software makes it possible run measurements automatically, and includes the
generation of a weighted report of the results.

This Application Note includes the file "7BM101.ETLtxi". Opening this file in
®
R&S TxCheck configures the software to perform all automated measurements on the
transmitter:
● Transmitter Output Level (3.1.1, TV/radio analyzer/receiver variant)
● Crest Factor (3.1.2)
● Quadrature Error (3.2.1)
● Amplitude Frequency Response and Group Delay (3.2.2)
● Frequency Accuracy (3.4.1)
● Transmission Parameter Signaling (3.4.2)
● Modulation Error Ratio (3.4.3)
● Constellation Diagram (3.4.4)

®
Automated measurements using R&S TxCheck
®
Copy the file 7BM101.ETLtxi to the R&S ETL
Check that the max. input power is not exceeded; see Section 2.3
®
If available, connect the R&S ETL (IN1) to the test port (M4) on the antenna combin-
er, or else to (M3) after the mask filter
MODE→TxCheck
®
In the R&S TxCheck application, go to File/Open Profile (*.ini) and select the previ-
ously copied profile "7BM101.ETLtxi"
On the “Settings” tab, adjust the frequency and bandwidth; see Fig. 25
On the “Measurements” tab, adjust the limits for the individual measurement parame-
ters; see Fig. 26
Go to "Measurement/Start Measurement" to start the measurement
After the measurements are complete, go to "File/Save" to save the results

The results of the automated measurement are displayed in the "Measurements" and
the "Graphics" tabs. To view the saved result files on an external PC, first install the
® ®
R&S TxCheck software on the PC (in the R&S TxCheck application, go to
"Help/Installation Info…" for more information). Finally, go to "File/Print" to print the re-
sult report.

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 37
 Appendix

Automated Measurements Using R&S®TxCheck

Fig. 25: R&S®TxCheck user interface, “Settings” tab.

Fig. 26: R&S®TxCheck user interface, “Measurements” tab.

7BM101_2E Rohde & Schwarz DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commissioning and Monitoring 38
 About Rohde & Schwarz Regional contact
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management system

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may only be used subject to the conditions of use
set forth in the download area of the
Rohde & Schwarz website.

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KG; Trade names are trademarks of the owners.
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