MUSCULAR

SYSTEM
ARSENIO S. PORAL, JR
Pat-Time Faculty, Nursing Program
 LEARNING OUTCOME:
At the end of the discussion, the First Year Nursing
Students will be able to:
1. Explain the major functions of the muscular system;
2. Identify the characteristics and the structures (gross
and microscopic) of the muscular system; and
3. Discuss the physiologic process and function of the
muscular system having interplay with other human
systems.
 MAJOR FUNCTION OF THE
MUSCUALR SYSTEM
• MOVEMENT OF THE BODY
– Contraction of skeletal muscles is responsible for the overall
movements of the body, such as walking, running, and
manipulating objects with the hands.

• MAINTAINANCE OF POSTURE
– Skeletal muscles constantly maintain tone, which keeps us
sitting or standing erect.
 MAJOR FUNCTION OF THE
MUSCUALR SYSTEM
• RESPIRATION
– Muscles of the thorax carry out the movements necessary for
respiration.

• PRODUCTION OF HEAT
– When skeletal muscles contract, heat is given off as a by-
product.
– This released heat is critical to the maintenance of body
temperature.
 MAJOR FUNCTION OF THE
MUSCUALR SYSTEM
• COMUNICATION
– Skeletal muscles are involved in all aspects of
communication, including speaking, writing, typing, gesturing,
and facial expressions.
• CONSTRICTION OF ORGANS AND VESSELS
– The contraction of smooth muscle within the walls of internal
organs and vessels causes those structures to constrict.
– This constriction can help propel and mix food and water in
the digestive tract, propel secretions from organs, and
regulate blood flow through vessels.
 MAJOR FUNCTION OF THE
MUSCUALR SYSTEM
• CONTRACTION OF THE HEART
– The contraction of cardiac muscle causes the heart to beat,
propelling blood to all parts of the body.
 SKELETAL MUSCLE
• It is associated connective tissue, constitutes
approximately 40% of body weight.

• Skeletal muscle is so named because most of the

muscles are attached to the skeletal system.

• It is also called striated muscle because transverse

bands, or striations, can be seen in the muscle under
the microscope.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
SKELETAL MUSCLE
• CONTRACTILITY
– The ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force.
– When skeletal muscles contract, they cause the structures to
which they are attached to move.
– Skeletal muscles shorten forcefully during contraction, but
they lengthen passively.
– Either gravity or the contraction of an opposing muscle
produces a force that pulls on the shortened muscle, causing
it to lengthen.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
SKELETAL MUSCLE
• EXCITABILITY
– Is the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus.
– Normally, the stimulus is from nerves that we consciously
control.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
SKELETAL MUSCLE
• EXTENSIBILITY
– By means that skeletal muscles stretch.
– After a contraction, skeletal muscles can be stretched to their
normal resting length and beyond to a limited degree.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
SKELETAL MUSCLE
• ELASTICITY
– Is the ability of skeletal muscles to recoil to their original
resting length after they have been stretched.
SKELETAL MUSCLE
STRUCTURE
 CONNECTIVE TISSUE COVERING OF
THE MUSCLE
• EPIMYSIUM (MUSCLE FASCIA)
– Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
– Covers the entire muscle
• PERIMYSIUM
– Each whole muscle is subdivided by a loose connective tissue
– Form a bundle of fibers  FASCIA  numerous visible bundles of
muscles
• ENDOMYSIUM
– Each fascicle is then subdivided by a loose connective tissue
– Separate muscle cells, called muscle fibers
– Each muscle fibers is enclosed in a delicate connective tissue sheath
CONNECTIVE TISSUE COVERING OF
THE MUSCLE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE WRAPINGS OF
SKELETAL MUSCLE
 MUSCLE FIBER STRUCTURES
• A muscle fiber is a single cylindrical fiber, with several nuclei
located at its periphery.
• The largest human muscle fibers are up to 30 cm long and
0.15 mm in diameter. Such giant cells may contain several
thousand nuclei.
• SARCOLEMMA
– The cell membrane of the muscle fiber
– Flesh
– The multiple nuclei of the muscle fiber are located just deep to the
sarcolemma.
 MUSCLE FIBER STRUCTURES
• TRANSVERSE TUBULES OR T TUBUBLES
– Along the surface of the sarcolemma are many tube-like
invaginations.
– Occur at regular intervals along the muscle fiber and extend
inward into it.
– SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• T tubules are associated with a highly organized smooth
endoplasmic reticulum
 MUSCLE FIBER STRUCTURES
• TRANSVERSE TUBULES OR T TUBUBLES
– T tubules connect the sarcolemma to the sarcoplasmic
reticulum.
– The sarcoplasmic reticulum has a relatively high
concentration of Ca2+, which plays a major role in muscle
contraction.
 MUSCLE FIBER STRUCTURES
• SARCOPLASM
– Inside each muscle fiber is the cytoplasm
– It contains numerous myofibrils (muscle), threadlike
structures that extend from one end of the muscle fiber to the
other.
– MYOFIBRILS 2 TYPES OF PROTEINS:
• ACTIN MYOFILAMENT
• MYOSIN MYOFILAMENT
 MUSCLE FIBER STRUCTURES
• The actin and myosin myofilaments are arranged into
highly ordered, repeating units called sarcomeres which
are joined end-to-end to form the myofibrils
ACTIN AND MYOSIN MYOFILAMENTS
• ACTIN MYOFILAMENTS, or thin filaments, are made up
of three components:
– ACTIN  which resemble two minute strands of pearls twisted
together, have attachment sites for the myosin myofilaments
– TROPONIN  molecules are attached at specific intervals along
the actin myofilaments. These molecules have binding sites for
Ca2+.
– TROPOMYOSIN  are located along the groove between the
twisted strands of actin myofilament subunits. The tropomyosin
filaments block the myosin myofilament binding sites on the actin
myofilaments in an unstimulated muscle.
ACTIN AND MYOSIN MYOFILAMENTS

• ACTIN MYOFILAMENTS, or thin filaments, are made

up of three components:
– TROPOMYOSIN 
• In other words, if no Ca2+ is present, the tropomyosin filaments
cover the attachment sites on the actin myofilament.
• However, when Ca2+ is present, it binds to troponin, which causes
the tropomyosin filaments to expose the attachment sites on the actin
myofilaments.
ACTIN AND MYOSIN MYOFILAMENTS

• MYOSIN FILAMENTS
– Thick myofilaments
– Resemble bundles of minute golf clubs
– MYOSIN HEADS  The parts of the myosin molecule that
resemble golf club heads.
• 3 IMPORTANT PROPERTIES:
– The heads can bind to attachment sites on the actin myofilaments
– They can bend and straighten during contraction
– They can break down ATP, releasing energy
 SARCOMERES
• The sarcomere is the basic structural and functional unit
of skeletal muscle because it is the smallest portion of
skeletal muscle capable of contracting.

• When the sarcomeres shorten, the myofibrils shorten,

which is the ultimate cause of contraction of the muscle
fiber during a contraction.
 SARCOMERES
• Z DISK
– Each sarcomere extends from one Z disk to an adjacent Z
disk.
– A network of protein fibers forming an attachment site for
actin myofilaments.
– The arrangement of the actin and myosin myofilaments in
sarcomeres gives the myofibril a banded appearance
 SARCOMERES
• I BAND (LIGHT)
– Which consists only of actin myofilaments, spans each Z disk
and ends at the myosin myofilaments.

• A BAND (DARKER)
– A darker, central region in each sarcomere
– Extends the length of the myosin myofilaments
– The actin and myosin myofilaments overlap for some distance
at both ends of the A band.
 SARCOMERES
• H ZONE
– In the center of each sarcomere is a second light zone.
– consists only of myosin myofilament.

• M LINE
– The myosin myofilaments are anchored in the center of the
sarcomere at a dark-staining band.
 SARCOMERES
• The alternating I bands and A bands of the sarcomeres
are responsible for the striations in skeletal muscle
fibers observed through the microscope.
EXCITABILITY OF THE
MUSCLE FIBERS
 EXCITABILITY OF MUSCLE FIBERS

OUTSIDE CELL

Cell Membrane
+
 POLARIZED CELL

-
INSIDE CELL
 EXCITABILITY OF MUSCLE FIBERS

• RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIALS

– Charge difference
– Occurs because there is an uneven distribution of ions across
the cell membrane.
EXCITABILITY OF MUSCLE FIBERS
 RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIALS
DEVELOP FOR 3 REASONS:
• The concentration of K+ inside the cell membrane is
higher than that outside the cell membrane;

+ ↑K+
↓K+ CELL

-
 RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIALS
DEVELOP FOR 3 REASONS:
• The concentration of Na+ outside the cell membrane is
higher than that inside the cell membrane

↑Na+ + ↓Na+
CELL

-
 RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIALS
DEVELOP FOR 3 REASONS:
• The cell membrane is more permeable to K+ than it is to
Na+.
K+
+
CELL

Na+ -
 TYPES OF ION CHANNELS
• NONGATED OR LEAKED CHANNELS
– Which are always open

• CHEMICALLY GATED CHANNELS

– Which are closed until a chemical, such as a
neurotransmitter, binds to them and stimulates them to open
 EXCITABILITY OF MUSCLE FIBERS
• Because excitable cells have many K+ leak channels, K+
leaks out of the cell faster than Na+ leaks into the cell.
• In other words, some K+ channels are open, whereas other
ion channels, such as those for Na+, are closed.
– In addition, negatively charged molecules, such as proteins, are in
essence “trapped” inside the cell because the cell membrane is
impermeable to them.
• For these reasons, the inside of the cell membrane is more
negatively charged than the outside of the cell membrane.
 EXCITABILITY OF MUSCLE FIBERS

• A change in resting membrane potential is achieved by

changes in membrane permeability to Na+ or K+ ions.

• A stimulation in a muscle fiber or nerve cell causes Na+

channels to open quickly and the membrane to become
very permeable to Na+ for a brief time.
 DEPOLARIZATION
• Because the Na+ concentration is much greater outside
the cell than inside and the charge inside the cell
membrane is negative, some positively charged Na+
quickly diffuses down its concentration gradient and
toward the negative charges inside the cell, causing the
inside of the cell membrane to become more positive
than the outside of the cell.  DEPOLARIZATION
DEPOLARIZATION
 DEPOLARIZATION
• Near the end of depolarization, Na+ channels close, and
additional K+ channels open.
 REPOLARIZATION
• The tendency for Na+ to enter the cell decreases, and
the tendency for K+ to leave the cell increases.
• These changes cause the inside of the cell membrane to
become more negative than the outside once again.
• Additional K+ channels then close as the charge across
the cell membrane returns to its resting condition.
• The change back to the resting membrane potential is
 REPOLARIZATION.
REPOLARIZATION
 ACTION POTENTIAL
• The rapid depolarization and repolarization of the cell
membrane.

• In a muscle fiber, an action potential results in muscle

contraction.
NERVE SUPPLY AND
MUSCLE FIBER
STIMULATION
 NERVE SUPPLY AND MOTOR
STIMULATION
• MOTOR NEURONS
– Are specialized nerve cells that stimulate muscles to contract.
– Motor neurons generate action potentials that travel to
skeletal muscle fibers.
– Axons of these neurons enter muscles and send out
branches to several muscle fibers.
 NERVE SUPPLY AND MOTOR
STIMULATION
• NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
– Each branch forms a junction with a muscle fiber.
– Location: near the center of a muscle fiber.

• SYNAPSE
– Refers to the cell-to-cell junction between a nerve cell and
either another nerve cell or an effector cell, such as in a
muscle or a gland.
 NERVE SUPPLY AND MOTOR
STIMULATION
• MOTOR UNIT
– A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it
innervates constitute.
– A motor unit in a small  controlled muscle, such as in the
hand, may have only one or a few muscle fibers per unit.
– A motor unit in a large  thigh muscles may have as many
as 1000 muscle fibers per motor unit.
NERVE SUPPLY AND MOTOR
STIMULATION
 NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
• A neuromuscular junction is formed by a cluster of
enlarged axon terminals resting in indentations of the
muscle fiber’s cell membrane.
 NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
• PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL
– An enlarged axon terminal

• SYNAPTIC CLEFT
– The space between the presynaptic
terminal and the muscle fiber
membrane

• POSTSYNAPTIC CLEFT
– The muscle fiber membrane
 NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
• SYNAPTIC VESICLES
– Each presynaptic terminal contains
many small vesicles.
– Vesicles contains 
ACETYLCHOLINE
• Function as neurotransmitters
• NEUROTRANSMITTERS
– Molecule released by a presynaptic
nerve cell that stimulates or inhibits a
postsynaptic cell.
 FUNCTION OF NEUROMUSCULAR
JUNCTION
1. An action potential arrives at the
presynaptic terminal, causing
Ca2+ channels to open.
2. Calcium ions (Ca2+) enter the
presynaptic terminal and initiate
the release of a neurotransmitter,
acetylcholine (ACh), from synaptic
vesicles into the presynaptic cleft.
 FUNCTION OF NEUROMUSCULAR
JUNCTION
3. Diffusion of ACh across the synaptic
cleft and binding of ACh to Ach
receptors on the postsynaptic
muscle fiber membrane opens Na+
channels.
4. Sodium ions (Na+) diffuse down
their concentration gradient, which
results in depolarization of the
muscle fiber membrane; once
threshold has been reached, a
postsynaptic action potential results.
 ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE
• The acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft
between the neuron and the muscle fiber is rapidly
broken down by an enzyme, acetylcholinesterase.

• This enzymatic breakdown ensures that one action

potential in the neuron yields only one action potential in
the skeletal muscle fibers of that motor unit and only one
contraction of each muscle fiber.
 MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
 MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• Contraction of skeletal muscle tissue occurs as actin
and myosin myofilaments slide past one another,
causing the sarcomeres to shorten.

• Many sarcomeres are joined end-to-end to form

myofibrils.

• Shortening of the sarcomeres causes myofibrils to

shorten, thereby causing the entire muscle to shorten.
 MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• SLIDING FILAMENT MODEL
– The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments
during contraction
– During contraction, neither the actin nor the myosin fibers
shorten.
– The H zones and I bands shorten during contraction, but the
A bands do not change in length.
MUSCLE CONTRACTION
 MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• During muscle relaxation, sarcomeres lengthen.

• This lengthening requires an opposing force, such as

that produced by other muscles or by gravity.
PROCESS OF MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
ENERGY OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION

• Supplied to the muscle: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

• ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
– A high-energy molecule produced from the energy that is
released during the metabolism of food.

• The energy is released as ATP breaks down to

adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate (P).
ENERGY OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION

• During muscle contraction, the energy released from

ATP is briefly stored in the myosin head.
• This energy is used to move the heads of the myosin
myofilaments toward the center of the sarcomere,
causing the actin myofilaments to slide past the myosin
myofilaments.
• In the process, ADP and P are released from the myosin
heads.
ENERGY OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION

• During muscle contraction, the energy released from

ATP is briefly stored in the myosin head.
• This energy is used to move the heads of the myosin
myofilaments toward the center of the sarcomere,
causing the actin myofilaments to slide past the myosin
myofilaments.
• In the process, ADP and P are released from the myosin
heads.
ENERGY OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• As a new ATP molecule attaches to the head of the
myosin molecule, the cross-bridge is released, the ATP
breaks down to ADP and P (which both remain bound to
the myosin head), and the myosin head returns to its
original position, where it can attach to the next site.

• As long as Ca2+ remains attached to troponin, and as

long as ATP remains available, the cycle of cross-bridge
formation, movement, and release repeats
 MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• A new ATP must bind to myosin before the cross-bridge
can be released.

• After a person dies, ATP is not available, and the cross-

bridges that have formed are not released, causing the
muscles to become rigid. This condition is called rigor
mortis (stiffness + death).
 MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• Part of the energy from ATP involved in muscle contraction
is required for the formation and movement of the cross-
bridges, and part is released as heat.
• The heat released during muscle contraction increases
body temperature, which explains why a person
becomes warmer during exercise.
• Shivering, a type of generalized muscle contraction, is one
of the body’s mechanisms for dealing with cold.
• The muscle movement involved in shivering produces heat,
which raises the body temperature.
 MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• Muscle relaxation occurs as Ca2+ is actively transported
back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (a process that
requires ATP).

• As a consequence, the attachment sites on the actin

molecules are once again covered by tropomyosin so
that cross-bridges cannot reform.
 MUSCLE TWITCH,
SUMMATION, TETANUS
AND RECRUITMENT
 MUSCLE TWITCH
• Is the contraction of a muscle fiber in response to a
stimulus.

• Because most muscle fibers are grouped into motor

units, a muscle twitch usually involves all the muscle
fibers in a motor unit.
 MUSCLE TWITCH
• 3 PHASES:
– LAG OR LATENT PHASE
• Is the time between the application of a stimulus and the beginning of
contraction.
– CONTRACTION PHASE
• Is the time during which the muscle contracts.
– RELAXATION PHASE
• Is the time during which the muscle relaxes.
PHASES OF MUSCLE TWITCH
 SUMMATION
• The force of contraction of individual muscle fibers is
increased by rapidly stimulating them.
• LOW FREQUENCY
– There is time for complete relaxation of muscle fibers
between muscle twitches.
• INCREASE FREQUENCY
– There is not enough time between contractions for muscle
fibers to relax completely.
MULTIPLE-WAVE SUMMATION
 TETANUS
• Is a sustained contraction that occurs when the
frequency of stimulation is so rapid that no relaxation
occurs.
– Complete tetanus is rarely achieved under normal
circumstances and is more commonly an experimentally
induced muscular response.
– The increased force of contraction produced in summation
and tetanus occurs because Ca2+ builds up in myofibrils,
which promotes cross-bridge formation and cycling.
 TETANUS
• The buildup of Ca2+ occurs because the rapid
production of action potentials in muscle fibers causes
Ca2+ to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
faster than it is actively transported back into the
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
 RECRUITMENT
• The number of muscle fibers contracting is increased by
increasing the number of motor units stimulated, and the
muscle contracts with more force.
• When only a few motor units are stimulated, a small
force of contraction is produced because only a small
number of muscle fibers are contracting.
• As the number of motor units stimulated increases, more
muscle fibers are stimulated to contract, and the force of
contraction increases.
FIBER TYPES
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
FOR MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR
MUSCLE CONTRACTION
Generally, ATP is derived from four processes in skeletal
muscle:
1. Aerobic production of ATP during most exercise and
normal conditions
2. Anaerobic production of ATP during intensive short-term
work
3. Conversion of a molecule called creatine phosphate to ATP
4. Conversion of two ADP to one ATP and one AMP
(adenosine monophosphate) during heavy exercise
 AEROBIC RESPIRATION
• Occurs mostly in mitochondria, requires O2 and breaks
down glucose to produce ATP, CO2, and H2O.

• Aerobic respiration can also process lipids or amino

acids to make ATP.
 ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
• Which does not require O2, breaks down glucose to
produce ATP and lactate.
FATE OF ATP IN RESTING AND
EXERCSING MUSCLE
 FATIGUE
• Fatigue is a temporary state of reduced work capacity.
Without fatigue, muscle fibers would be worked to the point
of structural damage to them and their supportive tissues.
• MECHANSIMS:
– Acidosis and ATP depletion due to either an increased ATP
consumption or a decreased ATP production
– Oxidative stress, which is characterized by the buildup of excess
reactive oxygen species (ROS; free radicals)
– Local inflammatory reactions
 FATIGUE
• PSYCHOLOGICAL FATIGUE
– Common type of fatigue
– It involves the central nervous system rather than the muscles
themselves.
– The muscles are still capable of contracting, but the individual
“perceives” that continued muscle contraction is impossible.
– A determined burst of activity in a tired runner in response to
pressure from a competitor is an example of how
psychological fatigue can be overcome.
 TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• CLASSIFICATION:
– ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION (EQUAL DISTANCE)
• The length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension
increases during the contraction process.
• Isometric contractions are responsible for the constant length of the
body’s postural muscles, such as the muscles of the back.
– ISOTONIC CONTRACTION (EQUAL TENSION)
• The amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during
contraction, but the length of the muscle decreases.
• Movements of the arms or fingers are predominantly isotonic
contraction.
 TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• CONCENTRIC CONTRACTIONS
– Are isotonic contractions in which muscle tension increases as the
muscle shortens.
– Many common movements are produced by concentric muscle
contractions.
• ECCENTRIC CONTRACTIONS
– Aare isotonic contractions in which tension is maintained in a
muscle, but the opposing resistance causes the muscle to
lengthen.
– Eccentric contractions are used when a person slowly lowers a
heavy weight.
 TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION

• ECCENTRIC CONTRACTIONS
– Substantial force is produced in muscles during eccentric
contractions, and muscles can be injured during repetitive
eccentric contractions, as sometimes occurs in the hamstring
muscles when a person runs downhill.
 MUSCLE TONE
• Is the constant tension produced by body muscles over
long periods of time.
• Muscle tone is responsible for keeping the back and
legs straight, the head in an upright position, and the
abdomen from bulging.
• Muscle tone depends on a small percentage of all the
motor units in a muscle being stimulated at any point in
time, causing their muscle fibers to contract tetanically
and out of phase with one another.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
• At each end, the muscle is connected to the bone by a
tendon.

• APONEUROSIS
– Some broad, sheet-like tendons

• RETINACULUM
– Is a band of connective tissue that holds down the tendons at
each wrist and ankle.
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
• ORIGIN
– Also called the head.
– Is the most stationary end of the muscle.
– Are usually, but not always, proximal or
medial to the insertion of a given muscle.

• INSERTION
– Is the end of the muscle attached to the
bone undergoing the greatest movement.
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
• BELLY
– The part of the muscle between the origin and the insertion.

• AGONIST
– A muscle that accomplishes a certain movement, such as
flexion.
• ANTAGONIST
– A muscle acting in opposition to an agonist.
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
• SYNERGIST
– Members of a group of muscles working together to produce a
movement.
• PRIME MOVER
– Among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in
accomplishing the desired movement.
– The brachialis is the prime mover in flexing the elbow.
• FIXATORS
– Are muscles that hold one bone in place relative to the body while
a usually more distal bone is moved.
NOMENCLATURE
 NOMENCLATURE USED IN
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Most muscles are named according to their location,
such as the pectoralis (chest) muscles.

• Other muscles are named according to their origin and

insertion, such as the brachioradialis (brachio, arm)
muscle, which extends from the arm to the radius.
 NOMENCLATURE USED IN
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Some muscles are named according to the number of
origins, such as the biceps (bi, two + ceps, head)
brachii, which has two origins, and some according to
their function, such as the flexor digitorum, which flexes
the digits (fingers).
• Other muscles are named according to their size
(vastus, large), their shape (deltoid, triangular), or the
orientation of their fasciculi
FACIAL ARRANGEMENT
 FACIAL
ARRANGEMENT
 FACIAL
ARRANGEMENT
FACIAL ARRANGEMENT
 MUSCLES OF HEAD AND NECK
• The muscles of the head and neck include those
involved in forming facial expressions, chewing, moving
the tongue, swallowing, producing sounds, moving the
eyes, and moving the head and neck.
 FACIAL EXPREISSON MUSCLES
• OCCIPITOFRONTALIS
– Rises the eyebrow
– The occipital and frontal portions of the muscle are connected
by the epicranial aponeurosis.

• ORBICULARIS OCCULI
– Encircle the eyes, tightly close the eyelids, and cause “crow’s
feet” wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eyes.
 FACIAL EXPREISSON MUSCLES
• ORBICULARIS ORIS (MOUTH)
– Which encircles the mouth

• BUCCINATOR (CHEEK)
– Are sometimes called the kissing muscles because they
pucker the mouth.
– The buccinator also flattens the cheeks as in whistling or
blowing a trumpet and is therefore sometimes called the
trumpeter’s muscle.
 FACIAL EXPREISSON MUSCLES
• ZYGOMATICUS MUSCLES
– Which elevate the upper lip and corner of the mouth.

• LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS

– Sneering is accomplished by the levator labii superioris
because the muscle elevates one side of the upper lip.
 FACIAL EXPREISSON MUSCLES
• DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS
– Frowning and pouting are largely performed by the depressor
anguli oris, which depresses the corner of the mouth.
FACIAL EXPREISSON MUSCLES
MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
TONGUE AND SWALLOWING
MUSCLES
TONGUE AND SWALLOWING
MUSCLES
NECK MUSCLES
MUSCLES ACTING ON VERTEBRAL
COLUMN
MUSCLES OF THE THORAX
MUSCLES OF THE THORAX
MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
MUSCLES OF THE PELVIC FLOOR
AND PERINEUM
MUSCLES OF THE PELVIC FLOOR
AND PERINEUM
MUSCLES ACTING ON SCAPULA
MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDERS
MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDERS
ARM MOVEMENTS
ARM MUSCLES
ARM MUSCLES
ARM MUSCLES
ARM MUSCLES
FOREARMS MUSCLES
MUSCLES OF THE FOREARMS
 SURFACE ANATOMY
(MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB)
MUSCLES OF THE MOVING THIGH
MUSCLES OF MOVING THIGH
MUSCLES OF MOVING THIGH
SURFACE ANATOMY
(LOWER LIMB)
LEG MOVEMENTS
MUSCLES OF THE LEG ACTING LEG,
ANKLE AND FOOT
SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF THE LEG
SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF THE LEG
MUSCULAR DISORDERS
 REFERENCE:
• VanPutte, Regan and Russo (2016). Seeley’s Essentials
of Anatomy and Physiology. 9th Edition