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ATD Module 4

Heat transfer can occur through conduction, convection, or radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of heat between objects in direct contact. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the circulation of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation involves the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves between objects not in contact. Heat transfer is quantified using concepts like the rate of heat transfer, thermal conductivity, Newton's law of cooling, and Stefan-Boltzmann law. There are different types of heat exchangers that transfer heat between fluids like regenerators, recuperators, parallel-flow, counter-flow, and cross-flow exchangers.

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60 views

ATD Module 4

Heat transfer can occur through conduction, convection, or radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of heat between objects in direct contact. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the circulation of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation involves the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves between objects not in contact. Heat transfer is quantified using concepts like the rate of heat transfer, thermal conductivity, Newton's law of cooling, and Stefan-Boltzmann law. There are different types of heat exchangers that transfer heat between fluids like regenerators, recuperators, parallel-flow, counter-flow, and cross-flow exchangers.

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kannan
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Heat Transfer

• It is defined as the transmission of heat energy from one region to


another region due to the temperature difference between the two
region.
• There are 3 modes of heat transfer
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
Modes of Heat Transfer
• Conduction is the transfer of heat from one part of a substance to
another part of substance or between two substances which has
physical contact with each other ex : Heating of pan,
• Convection is the transfer of heat from one molecule to another
molecule by convection current . Ex: Heating of surrounding
surfaces due to fire
• Radiation is the process of heat transfer from hot body to cold
body, in a straight line without intervening the medium .
Heat transfer by conduction
• Fourier law of heat conduction : It is defined as the rate of flow
of heat is directly proportional to area of the section and rate of
change of temperature with respect to length .
dT
Q∝A.
dx
dT
Q=−k.A.
dx
Were k is the constant of proportionality and is known as the
thermal conductivity of the body .Q is the heat transfer
A is the area .
dT change of temperature
dx is the change in length across
Heat conduction Through a plane wall
Heat transfer through a composite wall
Heat transfer through a composite wall
University Theory Questions
Heat Transfer by Radiation
• Radiation’ heat transfer is defined as “the transfer of energy across
a system boundary by means of an electromagnetic mechanism
which is caused solely by a temperature difference
Absorptivity, Reflectivity and
Transmissivity
• When incident radiation also called
irradiation (defined as the total
incident radiation on a surface from
all directions per unit time and per
unit area of surface), expressed in
W/m2 and denoted by (G) impinges
on a surface, three things happens ;
• A part is reflected back (Gr), a part is
transmitted through (Gt), and the
remainder is absorbed (Ga) depending
upon the characteristics of the body,
as shown in the figure
Absorptivity, Reflectivity and
Transmissivity
• By the conservation of energy principle,
Ga+ Gr + Gt = G
Black Body and Gray Body
Stefan- Boltzmann’s Law
• According to Stefan- Boltzmann, the emissive power of a
blackbody, is proportional to absolute temperature to the fourth
power.
Heat Transfer by convection
• The rate equation for the convective heat transfer (regardless of
particular nature)between a surface and an adjacent fluid is
prescribed by Newton’s law of cooling.
• Its states that “the rate of heat loss of a body is directly
proportional to the difference in the temperatures between the
body and its environment”.

h is called convective
heat transfer coefficient
Units are W/m2°C or
W/m2K
Free convection and Forced Convection
• In free convection, the molecules move due to density and temperature
variation whereas in forced convection, the fluid molecules are forced to
move by an external source.
• The rate of heat transfer is lower in free convection and the rate of heat
transfer is higher in forced convection.
• The motion of molecules is comparatively slower in free convection and
molecules of fluid are forced to move faster in forced convection.
• Example Free convection: Movement of water molecules while boiling.
• Example Forced convection: Movement of molecules due to the fan or
blower.
Heat Exchangers
• A ‘heat exchanger’ may be defined as an equipment which transfers
the energy from a hot fluid to a cold fluid, with maximum rate and
minimum investment and running costs.
• In heat exchangers the temperature of each fluid changes as it
passes through the exchangers, and hence the temperature of the
dividing wall between the fluids also changes along the length of
the exchanger.
Types of Heat Exchangers
• In order to meet the widely varying applications, several types of
heat exchangers have been developed which are classified on the
basis of nature of heat exchange process, relative direction of fluid
motion, design and constructional features, and physical state of
fluids. Heat exchangers, on the basis of nature of heat exchange
process, are classified as follows :
(i) Direct contact (or open) heat exchangers.
(ii) Indirect contact heat exchangers.
(a) Regenerators. (b) Recuperators.
• We study Regenerators and Recuperators in detail
Regenerators and Recuperators
Indirect contact heat exchangers
• According to the relative directions of two fluid streams the heat
exchangers are classified into the following three categories :
1. Parallel-flow or unidirection flow
2. Counter-flow
3. Cross-flow.
Parallel-flow heat exchangers
Counter-flow heat exchangers
Evaporators and Condensers

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