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FLUID MECHANICS 2 Marks Question

1. Fluid mechanics deals with the behavior of liquids and gases at rest and in motion. It defines concepts like density, viscosity, and flow. 2. Density is the mass of a fluid per unit volume. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow, and depends on shear stress and rate of shear. 3. Newton's law of viscosity states that shear stress is directly proportional to the rate of shear. Real fluids have viscosity while ideal fluids do not. Most common fluids like water are Newtonian, where shear stress is directly proportional to rate of shear.

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117 views

FLUID MECHANICS 2 Marks Question

1. Fluid mechanics deals with the behavior of liquids and gases at rest and in motion. It defines concepts like density, viscosity, and flow. 2. Density is the mass of a fluid per unit volume. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow, and depends on shear stress and rate of shear. 3. Newton's law of viscosity states that shear stress is directly proportional to the rate of shear. Real fluids have viscosity while ideal fluids do not. Most common fluids like water are Newtonian, where shear stress is directly proportional to rate of shear.

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rahul singh
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© © All Rights Reserved
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FLUID MECHANICS FOR CHEMICAL

ENGINEERS
2 Marks Questions
UNIT I

1. Define fluid mechanics.


It is the branch of science, which deals with the behaviour of the fluids
(liquids or gases) at rest as well as in motion.
2. Define Mass Density.
Mass Density or Density is defined as ratio of mass of the fluid to its volume
(V) Density of water = 1 gm/cm3 or 1000 kg / m3.

Mass of fluid
ρ= (Unit: N/m3)
Volume of fluid
3. Define specific weight
It is the ratio between weight of a fluid to its volume.

Weight of fluid ( Mass of fluid ) × g


w= ¿ =ρ × g (Unit: m3/kg)
Volume of fluid Volume of fluid
4. Define Viscosity.
Viscosity is defined as the property of fluid, which offers resistance to the movement
of one layer of fluid over another adjacent layer of fluid.
When two layers move one over the other at different velocities, say u and u+
du, the viscosity together with relative velocity causes a shear stress acting between
the fluid layers. The top layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent lower layer while
the lower layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent top layer.
This shear stress is proportional to the rate of change of velocity.

du
τ =μ
dy
Where, μ is represent as the coefficient of viscosity (Unit: N.s/m2 or Pa.s)
du/dy is denoted as the shear rate.
Thus, viscosity can be defined as the shear stress required producing unit rate of shear
strain. The unit of viscosity is g/cm.s. Also, 1 Poise = 1 g/cm.s = 0.1 Pa.s
5. Define Specific Volume.
Volume per unit mass of a fluid is called specific volume

Volume of fluid 1
Specific volume= =
Mass of fluid ρ
Unit: m3/kg

6. Define Specific Gravity.


Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight density or density of a fluid to the weight
density or density of standard fluid. It is also called as relative density.

Unit: Dimensionless

weight density of liquid


S ( for liquid )=
weight density of water

weight density of gas


S ( for gases )=
weight density of air

7. State Newton’s Law of Viscosity.


It states that the shear stress (τ) on a fluid element layer is directly proportional to the
rate of shear. The constant of proportionality is called the co-efficient of viscosity.

du
τ =μ
dy
8. Define Kinematic Viscosity.
It is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and density of fluid.

Viscosity of fluid
ϑ=
Density of fluid
Unit: m2/s.
9. Define Real fluid and Ideal fluid.
Real fluid:
A fluid, which possesses viscosity, is known as real fluid. All fluids, in actual
practice, are real fluids.
Ideal fluid
A fluid, which is incompressible and is having no viscosity, is known as an ideal
fluid. Ideal fluid is only an imaginary fluid as all the fluids, which exist, have some
viscosity.
10. Define Newtonian fluids. Give one example.
Fluids in which shear stress is directly proportional to the rate of deformation or shear
are called “Newtonian fluids “. Most common fluids i.e., Air, water and gasoline are
Newtonian fluids under normal conditions.

11. Write the non-Newtonian Fluids.


The term Non –Newtonian is used to classify in which shear stress is not directly
proportional to the shear rate.
12. What is surface tension?
The force required to break a film of specific length is called surface tension. The
magnitude of this force per unit length of the free surface has the same value as the
surface energy per unit area. In MKS units it is expressed as kgf/m while in SI unit as
N/m (or) J/m2.
13. Define Compressible and Incompressible fluids:
If the density is little affected by moderate changes in temperature and pressure, the
fluid is said to be incompressible, and if the density is sensitive to changes in these
variables, the fluid is said to be compressible. Liquids are considered to be
incompressible and gases compressible.
14. Rheological behaviour of fluids.

15. What is shear thinning fluids?


Those fluids are having viscosity decreases with increase in velocity gradient.
Examples are most slurries, mud, polymer solutions, solutions of natural gums, and
blood. Good motor oil should be pseudoplastic, so that in the bearing, where the value
of du/dy is high, it will offer little frictional resistance and so that at all the gaskets
and joints, where the value of du/dy is low, it will be viscous and not leak through. It
is also known as pseudoplastic fluid.
16. Define dilatant fluids. Give two examples.
Dilatant fluids show a viscosity that increases with increase in velocity gradient.
Starch suspensions and rubber latex are the examples of dilatant fluids.
17. What is the time dependent fluids?
The viscosity can remain constant with time, in which case the fluid is called time
independent. The viscosity can decrease with time, in which case the fluid is called
thixotropic. The viscosity can increase with time, in which case the fluid is called
rheopectic.
A good paint should be thixotropic, so that in the container it is very viscous
and the pigment will not settle to the bottom, but when it is stirred, it will become less
viscous and can be easily brushed onto a surface. In addition, the brushing should
temporarily reduce the viscosity, so that the paint will flow sideways and fill in the
brush marks (called levelling in the paint industry); then, as it stands, its viscosity
should increase, so that it will not form drops and run down the wall.
A cream should be rheopectic, so that in the container it is less viscous. But
when stirred, it becomes more viscous.

18. What is Bingham plastic fluids?


Bingham plastic fluids resist a small shear stress indefinitely, but flow easily under
large shear stresses. So, at low stresses, the viscosity in infinite, and at higher stresses,
the viscosity decreases with increasing velocity gradient. Examples are bread dough,
toothpaste, jellies, and some slurry. Good toothpaste should be a Bingham fluid, so
that it can be easily squeezed out of the tube but will not drip off the toothbrush as
water.
19. Write the Ostwald-de-Wale equation.
'

τ =K
du n
dy
'
( )
Where, K and n are constants called the flow consistency index and the flow
’ ’

behaviour index, respectively. Such fluids are known as power law fluids. For
pseudoplastic fluids (n’ < 1), and for dilatant fluids (n’ > 1). Clearly, n’ for Newtonian
fluids.
20. Calculate the specific weight of 1 litre of liquid which weighs 7 N.
Given: V =1litre= ( 1
1000 )
m3

W=7N

Weight 7N
Specific weight= = =7000 N /m3
Volume
( 1
1000)m
3

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