Smart Lecture Sheet

Topic:Preposition
Part 1:Rules Of Preposition
Preposition কি?
● A preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show in what
relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something else.

● The word Preposition means that which is placed before.

Preposition কত প্রকার?
● Simple Prepositions:

at,by,for,from,in,of,off,on,out,through,till,to,with,up.

● Compound Prepositions:

About,above,across,along,amidst,among,amongst,around,before,behind,below,be
neath,beside,between,beyond,inside,outside,underneath,within,without.

● Phrase Prepositions:

according to,along with,away from,because of,by dint of.

● Participial Prepositions:
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Barring,concerning,considering,during,pending,touching.

*See the diagram.

During
● এটা 'Duration of time' কে নির্দে শ করে।
During my winter vacation,I went to Chittagong to visit Sitakunda Eco Park.

From
● এটি to এর বিপরীত কিছু কে বোঝায়। He came from Dhaka(He came to Dhaka এর
বিপরীত)।
From a time/a place to a time/a place:Our war of independence took place from
March,1971 to December,1971.He came from Dhaka to Chittagong.
From time to time(occasionally):I visit my aunt's house from time to time.

Out Of

● এই Preposition টি into এর বিপরীত।He walked out of the palace building.

Out of + noun(কোন কিছু র অপর্যাপ্ততা বা কোন কিছু ছাড়া থাকা)-John is out of work now.
Out of town(বাইরে থাকা):He is out of town now.
Out of date(পুরনো)-That machinery is out of date now.
Out of work(বেকার)-Rahim is out of work now.
Out of the question(অসম্ভব)-His demand of pay rise is out of the question.
Out of order(অকেজো)-We had a washing machine in our home which is out of
order.

By
● এই Preposition টি দ্বারা কোন স্থান ঘেষে যাওয়া বা কোন স্থানের কাছাকাছি অবস্থান করাকে
বোঝায়।We walked by the central library on the way to our mess.My bag is by the
table.
Passive sentence এ কর্ত াকে বোঝাতে:Animal Farm was written by George Orwell.
By+specific time(পূর্বে):We usually go to work by 9 o'clock in the morning.
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যাত্রার মাধ্যম বোঝাতে:I go to university by bus/by train/by plane/by ship/by car/by

bike.

image source:freepik.com

By then(অতীতে বা ভবিষ্যতে কোন সময়ের পূর্বে):I will graduate from Chittagong

University in 2025. By then,I hope to have found a job.
By the way(দৈবাৎ):By the way,I have found 500 taka in the street.What should I do
with it?
By far(Notably):This book is by far the best on the subject.
By accident(অনিচ্ছাকৃ ত):He got 1000 taka on his Bkash account by accident.

In
● এই Preposition টি কোন স্থানের মধ্যে কোনকিছু অবস্থান করাকে বোঝায়। The book is in the
drawer.
In a room/building/drawer(মধ্যে):The oven is in the kitchen.
In+month/year:Peter was born in 1998.He went to Australia in January.
In time(সময়মতো):We arrived at the railway station in time.
In the street:Don't play in the street.
In the morning/afternoon/evening:I have a meeting in the evening.
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image source:freepik.com

In the past/future:In the past medical service was not much available in our
country.
In the beginning/end:In the beginning everyone bullied him,but in the end
everyone respected him.
In the way(বাধাপ্রদান):I couldn't park my car because there was another car in the
way.
Once in a while(মাঝেমধ্যে):We go to expensive restaurant once in a while.
In no time at all(স্বল্প সময়ের মধ্যে):He finished his job in no time at all.
In the meantime(একই সময়ে):We can join in the programme,in the meantime we
can arrange a tour.
In the middle:Karim stood in the middle of his classroom.
In the army:The guy was in the army for 30 years.
In a row(সারিতে):Arrange those chairs in a row.
In the event that(If):In the event that he passes the exam,his father will buy him a
bicycle.
In case(If):I will help in case he helps me out in this matter.
In touch with(যোগাযোগ রাখা):It's very difficult to get in touch with my
friends,because I am busy everyday.

On
● এই Preposition টি কোন কিছু র ওপরে কোন কিছু স্পর্শ করে থাকাকে বোঝায়।The spectacles
are on the table.
On a day/date:I will meet you on sunday.His marriage day is on December 3.
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On bus/plane/train/ship/bike: I came to university on shuttle train today.

On a street:Fardin lives on 7th Avenue.
On the floor of a building:Henry lives on the 4th floor of the building.

image source:flaticon.com

On time(সময়মতো):We arrived at the airport on time.

On the sidewalk:Walk on the sidewalk.
On the way(যাত্রাপথে):There is a big tree on the way to our home.
On the right/left:There is a table on the right of the room.
On television/on the radio:We have seen a documentary on Bangabandhu on
television.There was a documentary programme on Bangabandhu on the radio
today.
On the telephone:Rebeka is on the telephone now.
On the whole(মোটের ওপর):On the whole,our tour was amazing.
On the other hand(তথাপি):Asha works hard everyday,on the other hand Rebeka
doesn't want to work more than required.
On sale(বিক্রির উদ্দেশ্য):The television is on sale for 20 Dollars.
On foot(পায়ে হেঁ টে):I go to school on foot.

At
● এই preposition টি general location কে নির্দে শ করে।
at+an address:Masud lives at 6th Avenue.
at+a specific time:The programme will begin at 3.10 P.M.
at home/school/work:His brother is at work.
at night:We will go to their house at night.
at least(at the minimum):We need at least 1 hour break.
at once(এখনই):You have to do this work at once.
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at present/at the moment(বর্ত মানে):He is studying hard at the moment.

At times(মাঝেমধ্যে):At times my lessons seem to be tough for me.
At first(প্রাথমিকভাবে):At first,I assumed him as an honest person.

Common combinations with Prepositions

Nouns + Prepositions
● Equivalent of,Number of,Example of,Quality of,Reason for,Exception to,Pair
of,Sample of,Possibility of.

Verbs + Prepositions
● Decide on,Plan on,Depend on,Detract from,Engage in,Approve of,Emerge
from,Pay for,Succeed in,Participate in,Escape from,Mingle With,Confide
in,Remove from,Rely on.

Adjectives + Prepositions
● Satisfied With,Fond of,Amenable to,Divorced from,Isolated from,Inferior To,Guilty
of,Afraid Of,Similar to,Interested in,Accustomed to,Different from.

Part 2:Practical Usage Of Prepositions

Problems in using at/on/in

● At/on/in তু লনা করোঃ
They left at 7 o'clock.
They left Dhaka on wednesday.
They left Dhaka in June.
● আমরা at ব্যবহার করি দিনের সময় বলার জন্যঃ
at 7 o'clock,at 9.30 a.m,at midnight,at sunrise.
● আমরা on ব্যবহার করি দিন এবং তারিখের জন্যঃ
On wednesday,on 3 December,1998.On his marriage day.
● আমরা বলি,at the moment/at the minute/at present/at this time.
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At present he is busy with his research.

image source:freepik.com

● আমরা বলি,at the same time:

They came to the meeting at the same time.
● আমরা বলি,at the weekends/at weekends:
Where do you usually spend your leisure time at weekends?
● আমরা বলি,at christmas/on christmas day.
● সাধারণ রাতের বর্ণনায় at night:
John likes to work at night.
● কিন্তু,নির্দি ষ্ট রাতের ঘটনা বর্ণনায় in the night.
I was sleepless in the night.(particular night).
● আমরা বলি,in the morning,in the afternoon,in the evening.
● কিন্তু,on saturday morning,on wednesday afternoon,on monday evenings.
● আমরা last/next/this/every শব্দের পূর্বে at/on/in বসবেনা।
His grandfather died last April.
I will meet with you next saturday.
● আমরা বলি কোন কিছু 'in a few minutes','in six months' এ ঘটবে।
Shuttle train will leave in a few minutes.
He wants to lose weight in six months.
● On time=punctual/যথাসময়ে হওয়া।
The bus left on time.
● In time=soon enough/আগেভাগে।
The train arrived in time.
● At the end=যখন কোনকিছু সমাপ্ত হয়।
● in the end=শেষমেষ।
The mechanic demanded money at the end of his work.
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The mechanic succeeded in fixing the radio in the end.

Practical usage of in/at/on

● In-In a room,In a building,In a box,In a garden,In a town,In the city centre,In a
pool,In the sea,In a river,In your hand,in your mouth,in a village,in the mountains.
In কোন কিছু র মধ্যে থাকাকে mean করে।
There are many people in the room.
There are two parks in the city.
● At-At the bus stop,at the door,at her desk,at the window,at the traffic lights,at the
next junction,at the next stop,at reception.At কোন স্থানে অবস্থান করাকে mean করে।
He is waiting at the bus stop.
She is reading at her desk.
● Compare in and at:
I will meet you in Hotel Sheraton.(in Hotel Sheraton).
I will meet you at the entrance to Hotel Sheraton(place).
● On-on the wall,on the door,on the floor,on the table,on the ground,on the grass,on
the beach,on a chair,on the wall,on page.
There is a spider on the wall.
Child is playing on the floor.

image source:freepik.com

● Compare in and on:

There is some juice in the bottle.
There is a label on the bottle.
● Compare at and on:
There is Karim knocking at the door.
The landowner hangs a notice on the door.
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● আমরা বলি,in a line,in a row,in a queue,in a picture,in a photograph,in a

newspaper,in a magazine,in a book,in an office,in a department,in the sky,in the
world,in the country.
There is no cloud in the sky.
I work in the Upazila Education Office.
● আমরা বলি,on the left,on the right,on the ground floor,on the third floor,on a map,on
a menu,on a list,on a page,on a website,on a river,on a road,on the coast,on the
way.
Where is the table in that room?On the right or on the left?
By the things which are on the list.
Our apartment is on the third floor of the building.
● আমরা বলি,at the top/at the bottom/at the end.
Write down page numbers at the bottom of the pages.
● আমরা বলি,somebody is in bed/in hospital/in prison.
● আমরা বলি,somebody is at home/at work/at school/at university/at college.
● আমরা বলি,somebody is at an event(at a party/at a conference/at the meeting/at
the wedding/at a concert.
Ranu is still in bed.
He is resting at home.
My boss is at the meeting now.
● আমরা city,town এবং village এর সাথে in ব্যবহার করি।
They live in a small village.
● আমরা বলি,on a bus/on a train/on a plane/on a ship/on a motorbike.কিন্তু,in a car,in
a taxi.

image source:freepik.com

The bus is full.There are too many people on it.

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Rebeka came to our house in a taxi.

Practical usage of to,at,in&into

● আমরা বলি,go/come/travel to a place or event.
● আমরা বলি,welcome to/a trip to/a visit to/on my way to.
We had a visit to my aunt's house last summer.
● Compare to and in/at:
They are going to Italy.
They live in Venice.
Will you go to the meeting?I want to see you at the party.
● আমরা বলি,I have been to a place or an event.
I have never been to Maldives.
● আমরা বলি,arrive in a town or country.
● আমরা বলি,arrive at the hotel/at the airport/at the party.
● আমরা Preposition ব্যতীত বলি,go home,come home,get home,arrive home,on the
way home.
When did you get home(not get to home).
● আমরা বলি,go into/get into=enter.
I open the door and go into the room.
● Into এর বিপরীত out of.
I open the door and go out of the room.
● Bus,train এবং plane এর জন্য আমরা বলি,get on এবং get off.
She got on the bus and left the city.
She will get off at Manchester.
● আমরা বলি,in the rain/in the sun/in the shade/in the dark/In a language/In a
currency/In love(with somebody).In a good mood/in my opinion.
Don't play in the rain.
How much is one thousand taka in dollars?
● আমরা বলি,on tv/on the radio/on the phone/on fire/on purpose(উদ্দেশ্যগতভাবে),on
the whole(মোটের উপর)।
She is inviting everyone on the phone.
The parrot is shrieking like it's on fire.
● আমরা বলি,on holiday/on vacation/on a trip/on business/on a diet/on strike.
I am going on vacation next month.
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The truck drivers are on strike today.

● At the age of 16/at 120 miles an hour/at 100 degrees.
In Bangladesh,students left school at the age of 16.
He is driving at 120 miles an hour.
Water boils at 100 degrees.

Practical usage of by
● আমরা বলি,something happens by mistake/by accident/by chance.
I met with my college friend by accident.
● আমরা by ব্যবহার করি কেউ কিভাবে travel করছে সেটা বোঝানোর জন্য,by car/by train/by
plane/by boat/by ship/by bus/by bike.
John usually goes to work by train.

image source:flaticon.com

● আমরা bike এবং public transport এবং পায়ে হাঁটার ক্ষেত্রে on ব্যবহার করি।
We go to school on the bus.
Sushi goes to school on foot.
● আমরা বলি,something is done 'by'(passive).
Animal Farm was written by George Orwell.
● By দ্বারা next to/beside কেও mean করা হয়।
The almirah is by the door.
● আমরা by দ্বারা কোন কিছু র পার্থক্যকেও বুঝিয়ে থাকি,
Our current bill has increased by 5 percent this month.
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Part 3:Common mistakes of preposition

● Ask for a thing,ask a thing নয়।

Don't say:He came and asked my pen.

Say:He came and asked for my pen.

● Dispose of a thing,dispose a thing নয়।

Don't say:He will dispose all his wealth.

Say:He will dispose of all his wealth.

● Dream of a thing,dream a thing নয়।

Don't say:Cricketers dream fans and followers.

Say:Cricketers dream of fans and followers.

● Explain to a person,explain a person নয়।

Don't say:She explained me the situation.

Say:She explained the situation to me.

● Knock at the door,knock the door নয়।

Don't say:Who is knocking the door?

Say:Who is knocking at the door.

image source:freepik.com

● Listen to a person or thing,listen a person or thing নয়।

● Don't say:They were listening the radio.
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● Say:They were listening to the radio.

● Pay for a thing,pay a thing নয়।

Don't say:How much did you pay for those oranges?

Say:How much did you pay for those oranges?

● Point to or at a person or thing,point a person or thing নয়।

Don't say:,He pointed his father's picture on the wall.

Say:He pointed at his father's picture on the wall.

● Remind a person of something,remind a person something নয়।

Don't say:Please remind me that notice.

Say:Please remind me of that notice.

● Reply to a person,reply a person নয়।

Don't say:He has not replied my text yet.

Say:He hasn't replied to my text yet.

image source:flaticon.com

● Say to a person,say a person নয়।

Don't say:He said me,'May Allah bless you'.

Say:He said to me,'May Allah bless you'.

● Search for a lost thing,search a lost thing নয়।

Don't say:They are searching the book.

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Say:They are searching for the book.

● Share with a person,share a person নয়।

Don't say:My friend shared me his article.

Say:My friend shared his article with me.

● Speak to a person,speak a person নয়।

Don't say:I shall speak her about this matter.

Say:I shall speak to her about this matter.

● Supply a person with something,supply a person something নয়।

Don't say:Can you supply me all I need now?

Say:Can you supply me with all I need now?

● Think of a person or thing,think a person or thing নয়।

Don't say:Think a number and then triple it.

Say:Think of a number and then triple it.

● Wait for a person or thing,wait a person or thing নয়।

Don't say:I shall wait you at the bus stop.

Say:I shall wait for you at the bus stop.

● Wish for a thing,wish a thing নয়।

Don't say:He doesn't wish any reward.

Say:He doesn't wish for any reward.

● Write to a person,write a person নয়।

Don't say:I shall write a letter him tomorrow.

Say:I shall write a letter to him tomorrow.

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● Answer(=reply to)

Don't say:Please answer to my question.

Say:Please answer my question.

● Approach(=come near to)

Don't say:Do not approach to him.

Say:Do not approach him.

● Ask(=put a question to)

Don't say:I asked to my mom about it.

Say:I asked my mom about it.

● Attack(=go and fight against)

Don't say:They attacked against their enemy.

Say:They attacked their enemy.

image source:freepik.com

● Comprise(=consist of)

Don't say:Animal Farm comprises of twelve chapters.

Say:Animal Farm comprises twelve chapters.

● Enter(=go into)

Don't say:The soldiers entered into the bunker.

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Say:The soldiers entered the bunker.

● Finish(=come to the end of)

Don't say:I have finished from my work.

Say:I have finished my work.

● Leave(=depart from)

Don't say:He left from Italy last week.

Say:He left Italy last week.

image source:freepik.com

● Obey(=act according to)

Don't say:We should obey to our elders.

Say:We should obey our elders.

● Permit(=give permission to)

Don't say:She permitted to him leaving the house.

Say:She permitted him leaving the house.

● Reach(=arrive at)

Don't say:We reached at our uncle's house early.

Say:We reached our uncle's house early.

● Resemble(=be similar to)

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Don't say:Does he resemble to his father?

Say:Does he resemble his father?

● Tell(=to say)

Don't say:I told to him to call me early in the morning.

Say:I told him to call me early in the morning.

● Behind(=at the back of)

Don't say:He hid behind of a carob tree.

Say:He hid behind a carob tree.

image source:flaticon.com

● Inside(=on the inner side of)

Don't say:They boy went inside of the room.

Say:The boy went inside the room.

● Out side(=out of)

Don't say:The players are outside of the field.

Say:The players are outside the field.

● Round(=on all sides of)

Don't say:The earth goes round of the sun.

Say:The earth goes round the sun.

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● To এবং at

Don't say : We come at school everyday at 8.00 a.m.

Say : We come to school everyday at 8.00 a.m.

Don't say: Someone is knocking to the door.

Say: Someone is knocking at the door.

Analysis : এক স্থান হতে অন্য স্থানে গতি বা চলন বােঝাতে 'to' ব্যবহৃত হয়;

পক্ষান্তরে, অবস্থান বা স্থিতি বােঝাতে 'at' ব্যবহৃত হয়।

● To এবং Till

(a) To

Don't say: We walked till the pond.

Say: We walked to the pond.

image source:flaticon.com

(b) Till

Don't say : I shall stay here to next year.

Say: I shall stay here till next year.

Analysis : দূরত্ব বােঝাতে 'to' এবং সময় বােঝাতে 'till (untill)' ব্যবহৃত হয়।

391. At এবং In

(a) At
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Don't say : I spent my eid in Chittagong.

Say : I spent my eid at Chittagong.

(b) In

Don't say: He lives at Dhaka or at Chittagong.

Say: He lives in Dhaka or in Chittagong.

Analysis : 'In' সাধারণত দেশের নাম, শহরের নাম বা প্রসিদ্ধ স্থানের নামের

পূর্বে বসে। 'At'ছােট শহর এবং গ্রামের নামের পূর্বে বা দূরবর্তী স্থানের

কথা বলতে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

● In এবং Into

(a) In

Don't say. He spent all the week into his house.

Say: He spent all the week in his house.

image source:flaticon.com

(b) Into

Don't say: He came in the room and sat down.

Say: He came into the room and sat down.

Analysis : কোন কিছু র অভ্যন্তরে অবস্থান বা স্থিতি নির্দে শ করতে'in'', পক্ষান্তরে

কোন কিছু র অভ্যন্তরে অভিমুখে চলন বা গতিপথ নির্দে শ করতে 'into' ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Note : 'Into', preposition-টি সর্বদা একটি word হিসেবে লেখা হয়।

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● On, At, In (সময় প্রকাশ করতে)

(a) On

Don't say : My uncle will arrive at thursday.

Say: My uncle will arrive on thursday.

(b) At

Don't say: I usually go to work on seven o'clock.

Say: I usually go to work at seven o'clock.

(c) In

Don't say: He takes a walk at the afternoon.

Say: He takes a walk in the afternoon.

Analysis : (1) সপ্তাহের বা মাসের দিনের সাথে 'on' ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন- 'on

saturday'', 'on April 20'', on New Year's Day', (2) নির্দি ষ্ট সময়ের

সাথে 'at' ব্যবহৃত হয় : যেমন- 'at seven o'clock', 'at dawn', 'at night'

'at sunrise', 'at midnight', (3) সময়ের ব্যাপ্তিকালের সাথে 'in' ব্যবহৃত

হয় : যেমন- 'in April'; 'in Winter', 'in 1945', 'in the morning',

তবে 'at night' এবং 'by day' হয়।

● For এবং At (মূল্য প্রকাশ করতে)

(a) For

Don't say: I bought a pen at ten dollars.

Say: I bought a pen for ten dollars.

(b)At

Don't say: I cannot buy it for such a price.

Say : I cannot buy it at such a price.

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Analysis:প্রকৃ ত (নির্দি ষ্ট) অঙ্ক নির্দে শিত হলে 'for' ব্যবহৃত হয়। প্রকৃ ত (নির্দি ষ্ট)

অঙ্ক প্রদত্ত না হলে at' ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Note:.তবে যদি প্রকৃ ত অঙ্কটির পরে, ওজন বা পরিমাপ বসে, তবে প্রকৃ ত

অঙ্কটির সাথেও 'at'ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে। যেমন- The cloth was sold

at fifty taka a yard."

● Between এবং Among

(a) Between

Don't say : There was a duel among two rogues.

Say: There was a duel between two rogues.

(b) Among

Don't say : Divide the oranges between you five.

Say : Divide the oranges among you five.

image source:flaticon.com

Analysis:কেবল দু'য়ের মধ্যে বােঝালে 'between' ব্যবহৃত হয়; পক্ষান্তরে দুয়ের

অধিক বােঝালে 'among' ব্যবহৃত হয়।

● Beside এবং Besides

(a) Beside
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Don't say: He was sitting just besides me.

Say: He was sitting just beside me.

(b) Besides

Don't say : We study German beside English.

Say: We study German besides English.

বিশ্লেষণ : 'Beside' অর্থ হল ‘পাশে' (by the side of)' এবং 'besides' অর্থ

‘অধিকন্তু (in addition to)'।

● Besides এর জন্য except.

Don't say: I have other pens except these.

Say: I have other pens besides these.

● With-এর জন্য by

Don't say: The man shot the ball by a bat.

Say: The man shot the ball with a bat.

image source:flaticon.com

Analysis : যে উপায়ে বা যন্ত্রপাতির সাহায্যে আমরা কোন কাজ করি, তখন প্রায়

নির্দে শ করতে আমরা 'with' ব্যবহার করি। কাজটি যে করে তাকে

নির্দে শ করতে by' ব্যবহৃত হয় : যেমন- The bird was shot by the

man.'
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Note : তবে পরবর্তী ক্ষেত্রগুলােতে by' গৃহীত হয়, 'with' নয় : 'by (electric)

light' ইত্যাদি 'by steam', 'by hand', 'by post', 'by telephone', 'by

one's watch', 'by the day, 'by the dozen', 'by the yard.'

● By-এর জন্য from

Don't say : Mary was punished from her father.

Say: Mary was punished by her father.

Analysis : যে কাজটি করে তা নির্দে শ করতে Passive voice-এ 'by' (from নয়)

ব্যবহৃত হওয়া উচিৎ।

● Of বা In-এর জন্য from

Don't say: She is the most intelligent from all the girls.

Say: She is the most intelligent of all the girls.

or: She is the most intelligent girl in the class.

Analysis : Superlative degree-তে adjective (বা adverb)-গুলাের পরে 'of' বা

in' বসে।

● About এর জন্য for.

Don't say:The Police Commissioner spoke for bad habits.

Say:The Police Commissioner spoke about bad habits.

● For এর জন্য since.

Don't say:He has lived here since five years.

Say:He has lived here for five years.

Analysis:সময়ের ব্যপ্তিকাল নির্দে শক word বা phrase গুলোর পূর্বে 'for',preposition টি বসে।

● Since এর জন্য from

Don't say:He has been out of the city from last thursday.
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Say:He has been out of the city since last thursday.

● In এর জন্য after

Don't say:I may be able to walk after a month.

Say:I may be able to walk in a month.

● Within এর জন্য in

Don't say:I will return in two hours.

Say:I will return within two hours.