Versatile Notes

PHYSICS XII
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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

CHAPTER 11
ELECTROSTATICS

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

Exercise Mcq’s Chapter 11

I. A charge Q is divided into two parts q and (𝑸 − 𝒒) and separated by a distance R. The force ofrepulsion
between them will be maximum when:
(a) q= Q/4 (b) q = Q/2 (c) q=Q (d)None of these
II. Three objects are brought close to each other, two at a time. When objects A and B are brought together, they
attract. When objects B and C are brought together, they repel. From this, we conclude that
(a) Objects A and C possess charges of the same sign
(b) Objects A and C possess charges of the opposite sign
(c) Al three of the objects possess charges of the same sign
(d) One of the objects is neutral
III. Objects A has a charge of +2 and object B hass a charge of +6 . Which statement is true about the electric
forces on the objects?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
IV. Some charge is being given to a conductor. Then its potential:
(a) Is maximum at surface
(b)Is maximum at center
(c) remains same throughout the conductor
(d) Is maximum somewhere between surface and the center
V. The unit of electric field intensity is
(a) Volt / meter (b) newton/ Coulomb (c) Joule / Coulomb. Meter (d) Volt.meter
VI. A proton is about 1840 times heavier than an electron. When it is accelerated by potential differenceof 1KV, its
kinetic energy will be:
(a) 1840 keV (b) 1/1840 keV (c) 1keV (d) 920keV
VII. The electric field at a distance of 20 cm from 2 charge is ………..N
(a) (b) (c) (d)
VIII. An electric charge q is placed at the center of a cube of side “a” . the electric flux ion its one side will be
(a) (b) (c) (d)
IX. The electric flux through the surface of a sphere due to charge q placed at its center depends upon
(a )The radius of the sphere
(b)The quantity of the charge outside the sphere
(c) The surface area of the sphere
(d) The quantity of charge inside the sphere
X. A one microfarad capacitor of a TV is subjected to 4000 V potential difference. The energy stored in capacitor
is:
(a)8J (b)16J (c)4 × 10–3J (d) 2 × 10–3J
XI. In the figure below, the charge on 3µF capacitor is:

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

a. 5 µC b.10 µC c. 3 µC d. 6 µC
XII. Two parallel, metal plates are a distance 8.00 m apart. The electric field between the plates is
uniform, directed toward the right, and has a magnitude of 4.00 N/C. If an ion of charge +2e is
released at rest at the left-hand plate, what is its kinetic energy when it reaches the right-hand
plate?
a. 4eV b. 64eV c. 32eV d. 16eV
XIII. The electric potential between two points A and B is ∆V. The work done by the field is
a. W= - q ∆V b. W= q ∆V c. W = -∆V/q d. W = ∆V/q

Exercise Short Questions

Q.1 The electric potential is constant throughout a given region of space. Is the electric field
zero or non-zero in this region? Explain.
Ans. Case-I: The electrical field may be zero in the region if electric potential is constant.

As V = constant

● Then potential difference is zero. 𝑽=0

Putting 𝑽 ,

Therefore, inside hollow charged sphere electric field is zero. E = 0

Case-ii: The potential is constant at equipotential surface but electric field is non-zero there.
Q.2 If a point charge q of mass m is released in a non-uniform electric field with filed lines
pointing in the same direction will it make a rectilinear motion?
Ans. Yes, it will make a rectilinear motion.

Reason i) A rectilinear motion means a motion along a straight line. If a point charge q of
mass m is placed at any point in the non-uniform electric field of a single positive point charge
then the charge will experience a repulsive force.

This force will act on the charge along the straight line and the charge will follow a straight
path .Therefore it makes rectilinear motion.

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

F= q E
► The electrostatic force produces linear acceleration.

► So the charge q will acquire rectilinear motion with non-uniformacceleration when released in
a non-uniform electric field.

► (ii) In case of the field of two opposite charges it will not follow a
rectilinear path. For two oppositec
charge will move along straight path in this electric
field.

Q.3 What is the relationship between voltage and energy? Moreover precisely, what is the
relationship between potential difference and electric potential energy?
Both of them are closely related with each other.

Explanation:

● Let two plates A and B are oppositely charged. A positive test charge of very small magnitude and
dimension is displacedfrom A to B.
• The work done on the charge increases (change ) the electric P.E. of charge against the electric field.

This work done per unit charge to displace it from one point to another point against
𝑾
electric field keepingelectrostatic equilibrium is called potential difference. 𝑽 𝒒
As
𝑼
𝑽
𝒒
Hence change in potential energy per unit test charge in called potential difference.
Electric potential energy is possessed by the charge whereas the
potential difference is theproperty associated with electric field.

Q.4 How are units of volts and electron volts related? How do they differ?
Ans. Volt is the unit of potential difference and electron volt is the unit of energy or work.
Volt: If one joule work is done in carrying a unit positive charge from one point to another keeping
electrostatic equilibriumthen the potential difference between two points is one volt.

Electron volt. The amount of energy acquired or lost by an electron as it traverses through a potential
difference of onevolt is
called 1 eV energy.
𝑼 𝒒 𝑽 (1)
As q = e = 1.6 × 10-19 C and ∆V = 1V, then the energy gained is called 1 electron volt and from equation
“1” we have.

1ev = 1.6 × 10-19 c × 1 volt = 1.6× 𝟏 -19

J

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

Differences: 1. Volt is the unit of voltage or potential difference and electron volt is the unit o used
for nuclear energy inatomic physics.

2- Potential difference is the property associated with electric field between two oppositely charged
parallel plates whereaseV is energy of charged particle in that electric field.

Q.5 How can electric potential be high when the electric potential energy is relatively low?
Ans: This is possible only for charges of small magnitude.

Electric potential is given as

And electric potential energy is given as

So from equations 1 and 2 it is clear that for small magnitude of charge, that electric potential be
high when the electric potential energy is relatively low.

Q.6 Can the potential of a non-uniformly charged sphere be the same as that of a pointcharge?
Explain.

Ans. The electric potential at a point due to a point charge is is given by ...

As there is non-uniform charges distribution on an insulating sphere then close to the surface of sphere ‘q’
is not equal forsame distance ‘r’

● So potential of non- uniformly charges distribution sphere and that of a pointcharge are not
same very close to surfaces.
► But for a point at large distance from a non-uniformly charged sphere the electric potential
may be same as that of theelectric potential due to a point charge.
Q.7 Will the energy stored in three capacitors be greater when they are connected in series or
in parallel?
Ans: As we know that energy stored in capacitor is given as

This relation shows that energy id directly related to capacitance.

 So when three capacitors are connected in series then equivalent capacitance is given as

 And when three capacitors are connected in parallel then equivalent capacitance is given as

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

 Above relations shows that in parallel combination equivalent capacitance is always greater than
individual capacitor as compared to series combination.
 So energy stored in parallel combination will be greater.
Q.8 Can different equipotential lines cross? Explain.
Ans. No it is not possible for two different equipotential lines to cross each other.
Reason. There is a certain value of potential V at each point of an equipotential line which is given by

► Now if two or more equipotential lines intersect at a point,there will be two

or more values of electric potential at a single point, which is not possible.

Therefore equipotential lines can never cross each other.

Q.9 Water has a large dielectric constant but it is rarely used in capacitors. Explain why?

Ans. Water has very high value of dielectric constant of 78.5. It is not used in
capacitors as a dielectric.This is because of the following reasons.

► Pure water molecules have dipole moments, so it can be easily polarized under a given electric
field. This decreasing theeffect of the electric field between a capacitor’s plates
► Water can conduct electricity because it ionizes quickly and contains 𝐻 + and 𝑂𝐻 ions. Water have +
and 𝑂 𝐻 ions which are mobile that may leak charge between the plates of a capacitor and will discharge
the capacitor.
► The value of dielectric constant of water varies with temperature.
Q.10 How can you increase the capacitance of capacitor?
Ans: As capacitance of capacitor is given as

So from above equation we see that capacitance depends upon

• Area of plates
• Separation between plates of capacitor
• Relative permittivity of dielectric material
So by decreasing separation between plates, increasing area and using insulator of large relative
permittivity capacitance will be increased.

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

Additional MCQ’S Chapter 11

1. A closed surface contain two equal and opposite charges. The net electric flux from the surface will be (2010)
A. Negative B. Positive C. Infinite D. Zero
2. What is S.I unit of electric flux? (2011)
A. NmC-1 B. Nm-1C-1 C. Nm2C-1 D. Nm2C-2
3. What is quantity ΔV/Δr called ? (2011)
A.Electric potential B. Electric energy C. Potential Barrier D. potential gradient
4. The fact that Electric field exist in space aroud an electrical charge is (2012)
A. Electrical property B. gravitational field C. Intirnsic property of nature D. All of these
5. One columb charged is carried by ………electrons. (2012)
𝟏
A. 6.25 x 𝟏 B. one C. 1.6 x D. none of these
6. Electric field and a potential difference inside a hallow charge conducting sphare are (2012)
A. 0.0 B. .0 C. 0. D. None of these
7. The negative of potential gradiant is (2012)
A. Electric filed intensity B. Potential difference
C. Electric potential D. None of these
8. Aluminum is a/an (2012)
A. Photo conductor B. Insulator C. Excellent conductor D. Bad conductor
9. The electric intensity near in infinite plate of positive charge will be (2013), (2017)
A. B. C. D. None of these
10. One electron Volt is equal to ……… Joule (2013)
𝟏
A. B. C. 𝟏 𝑿𝟏 D.

11. The ratio of gravitational force to the between two electron the same distance a apart is (2013)

A. 9.8 B. 24 X C. 24 X D.24 X 𝟏

12. The SI unit of relativity permittivity is (2013)

A. B. C. D. No unit
13. It is required to suspend a proton of charge “q” and mass “m” in an Electric field. The strength of field must be
(2014)
𝒈
A. B. C. 𝒒
D.
14. The energy stored per unit volume in the electric field between the plates of charged capacitor with dielectric is
(2014)
A. B.
𝟏
C. 𝑼 D.
15. The total capacitance of the given cmbination between P and Q is (2014)
A. B. 2C
C. D.

16. Dielectric placed between the plates of a charged capacitor can (2014)

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

A. Decreases the potential difference B. Reduce electric intensity

C. Increase the value of capacitance D. All of these
17. The work done is moving a positive charge on an equuipotentail surface is (2015)
A. Finite and positive B. Infinite
C. Finite and negative D. Zero
18. The slope of potential distance graph provides (2015)
A. Electric potential B. Magnetic induction
C. Electric field intensity D. Electrostatic force
19. Three capacitor each of capacity C are given. The result capacity can be obtained by using them (2015)
A. All in series
B. All in parallel
C. Two in parallel and the third one in series with this combination
20. A capacitor stores energy in (2015)
A. Its magnetic field B. Its electric field
C. Its coil D. Battery
21. Two charges of and are 12cm apart. The force between them is (2016)
A. B.
C. D.
22. The minimum indivisible unit of charge is (2016)
A. The charge on an electron B. One micro coulomb
C. One coulomb D. The Charge on
23. The value of permittivity for free space is (2016)
A. B. 𝟏 𝟏
C. D.
24. A capacitor has a potential difference of across it. The charge on the capacitor is (2016)
A. 𝟏 B. C. D.
25. If time constant in R-C circuit is small the capacitor is charged (2016)
A. Rapidly B. Slowly C. Neither rapidly nor slowly D. Infinitely
26. The direction of field lines due to a test charge “+q” is (2017)
A. Circular B. Curve C. Radially outward D. Radially Inward
27. A capacitor of capacitance “C” has a charge “Q” and stored energy is “w” if the charge increased of “2Q” The
stored energy will be (2017)
A. B. C. D.

28. The ratio of gravitational force to the between two electron the same distance a apart is (2017)

A. 9.8 B. 24 X C. 24 X D.24 X 𝟏
29. The minimum charge on an abject is
a) 1 coulomb b) 1 state coulomb c) 1.6 x 10-19 C d) None
30. Which of the following is correct
a) J = C/V b) J = V x A c) J = V/A d) J = C x V
31. Polarization of matter is possible only for
a) Conductors b) Insulators c) Gases d) S. conductors
32. There are two charges 1 and 6 , the ratio of forces acting on them will be
a) 1:25 b) 1:6 c) 1:1 d) 6:1
33. An electric field lines provides information about ________

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

a) Electric Force b) Direction c) Medium d) All of them

34. If two charges are experiencing a force of 10 N, when medium is Air, if the medium is change whose relative
permittivity is ‘2’ then force will be
a) 3 N b) 5 N c) 10 N d) 0.3 N
35. Unit of electric flux is
a) V.m b) N/C c) V.m2 d) N2/C2
36. Gauss’s law can be applied to
a) Plane surface b) Curved surface c) Any surface d) Closed surface
37. Objects may acquire an excess or deficiency of charge by
a) Electric force b) Heating c) Striking d) By rubbing
38. Coulomb’s law is only applicable for
a) Big charges b) Small charges c) Point charges d) Any charges
39. The force per unit charge is known as
a) Electric flux b) Electric potential c) Electric intensity d) Electric current
40. Electric field intensity is also known as
a) Electric potential b) Electric flux c) Potential gradient d) None
41. The work done in moving a charge along an equipotential surface is
a) Greater than zero b) Equal to zero c)Negative d)Depends on the path
42. In the region where the electric field is zero, the electric potential is always
a) Positive b) Negative c) Constant d) Zero
43. The electric intensity is expressed in unit of N/C or
a) Volts b) Walt c) Joules d) V/m
44. The energy stored in the capacitor is
a) ½ CV2 b) ½ C2 V c) ½ QV2 d) ½ Q2V
45. A charge of 0.01c accelerated through a p.d of 1000V acquires K-E
a) 10 J b) 100 J c) 200 J d) 400 eV
46. If the charge on the particle is double then electric field is
a) Half b) Double c) Unchanged d) None
47. The area of plates of 1 farad capacitor separated 8.85mm placed in the air is
a) 109m2 b) 05m2 c) 10-9m2 d) 10-5m2

48. A capacitor acts as blocking elements when applied signal is

a) A.C b) D.C c) both d) None
49. The surface consider for gauss’s law is called
a) Closed surface b) Spherical surface c) Gaussian surface d) None
50. Gravitational force does not depends on
a) Force b) Masses c) Distance d) Medium
51. The medium used b/w the plates of capacitor is called
a) Polarization b) Dielectric c) Insulators d) Medium
52. Selenium is a conductor material which when exposed to ________
a) Light b) Mono chromatic light c) Dark d) None
53. When capacitors are connected in parallel the net capacitance will
a) Increase b) Decrease c) Constant d) None
54. When two capacitors of same capacitance are connected in parallel and then in series, the capacitance in these
two cases are in ratio of
a) 1:4 b) 4:1 c) 6:1 d) 1:2
55. S.I unit of permittivity of free space is
a) Farad b) Weber c) C2/N.m2 d) C2/N.m

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56. The field inside the hollow conductor will be

a) Zero b) Greater than zero c) E = kq/r2 d) Infinite
57. If the potential difference on a surface is equal to zero b/w any two points, then surface is said to be
a) A dielectric b) An equipotential surface c) Polarized d) None
58. A unit of electric charge is
a) Volt b) Hennery c) Ampere d) Coulomb
59. Potential gradient is defined as
𝑽
a) b) c) d)
60. Large RC (Time constant) value has
a). Small time constant b) Large time constant
c) Equal time constant d) none of these
61. A Capacitor of 2μF is connected with a battery of 12 Volts, the charge stored in capacitor
a) 2.5 × 10 -5C b) 2.4 × 10-6C c) 2.4 × 10-5C d) 2.4 × 10-6C
62. An electric field can deflect
a) Neutron b) x – rays c)  – rays d) α – rays
63. The relative permittivity for germanium is
a) 16 b) 17 c) 18 d) 22
64. Xerography means
a) Type writing b) Wet writing c) Dry writing d) none
65. A 25eV electron has a speed of
a) 2 × 106m/sec b) 3 × 106m/sec c) 5 × 106m/sec d) 4 × 106m/sec
66. If mica sheet is place between the plates, the capacity will
a) Increase b) Decrease c) Remain same d) None
67. The force exerted by two charged bodies on one another, obeys Coulomb’s law provided that
a) The charges are not too small
b) The charges are in vacuum
c) The charges are not too large
d) The linear dimension of charges is much smaller than distance between them
68. Coulomb Law is also known as
a) Electrostatic Law b) Force Law c) Inverse Square Law d) None
69. The ratio of Cvac and Cmed is equal to
a) b) c) d)
70. The force of proton in electric field of magnitude 106 N/c is
a) 1.6 × 10-15N b) 1.6 × 109N c) 1.6 × 1013N d) 1.6 × 1013N
71. A cylinder of radius R and length L is placed in a uniform electric field E parallel to the cylindrical axis. The total
flux for the surface of the cylinder is:
a) R / E c) 2R / E d) 2R E
2 2 2
b) Zero
72. In an inkjet printer the charged ink drops are diverted by the deflection plates
a) Towards the charging electrodes
b) Towards the gutter
c) Towards a blank paper on which the print is to be taken
d) In inkjet printer ink cannot be charged
73. The constant K in Coulomb’s Law depends upon
a) Nature of medium b) System of units c) Intensity of charge d) a & b

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74. The force between two charges in 8N. now placed a mica of relative permittivity 4 between two charges as a
medium, the force then reduced to
a) 2N b) 4N c) 6N d) 8N
75. Selenium is an
a) Insulator b) Conductor c) Semiconductor d) Photoconductor
76. The magnitude of the electric field on the surface of a sphere of radius ‘r’ having a uniform surface charge
density  is
a) b) c) d)
77. Of the following quantities, the one that is vector in character is an electric……..
a) Charge b) Potential Difference c) Energy d) Field
78. Dielectric has the charge of the type inside it
a) Moving charge b) Static charge c) Both a & b d) None
79. The Coulomb’s force between two charges q1 and q2 separated by distance ‘r’ is F. If the separation between two
charges is doubled keeping charges constant, then Coulomb’s force becomes
a) 4F b) F/4 c) F/2 d) 2F
80. The dimensions of relative permittivity are
a) [A2T4ML-3] b) [ML-3A2T4] c) [ML3A2T2] d) None

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

Additional Short Questions Chapter 11

1. A parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C is charged using an emf 𝑽. After the capacitor is charged the battery is
removed and the distance between the capacitor is halved. Find the new energy stored? (2010)
Ans: When the capacitor is being charged then energy is stored in a capacitor is given as

( )

( )

2. What do you understand by an equipotential surface in an electric field? (2010), (2017)

Ans: Any surface over which the potential is constant is called equipotential surface. In other words potential difference between
two points on an equipotential surface is zero.
Properties of Equipotential surface
 Work done in moving a charge on equipotential surface is zero.
 The electric field is always perpendicular to the equipotential surface.
 Two equipotential surfaces never intersect each other.
3. Verify that an Ohm time’s farad is equivalent to second? (2010), (2014), (2015) (2017)
Solution: Ohm’s law in term of potential difference V, current and resistance can be written as

Putting this equation transforms into the equation,

Or
According to equation
Multiplying this equation with above equation given

Hence 1ohm x 1 farad = 1 second

Where ohm is the unit of resistance
4. By assuming that a hydrogen atom consists of an
electron of charge e- orbiting a proton of charge e+. Calculate the ratio of the electric force between the electron and proton to
the gravitationnal force between them ( Mass of electron me=9.1 X 10-11 kg mass of proton mp = 1.67 x 10-27 Kg )
(2010)
Ans:

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

⁄
⁄

5. Compare Electric and Gravtitional forces? (2011), (2017)

Ans: These can be compared as
Gravitational Force Electric Force
1. It is Long range force 1. It is short range force
2. It is weak force. 2. It is strong force
3. It is attractive only. 3. It is attractive as well as repulsive.
4. It can’t be shielded 4. It can be shielded
-11 2
5. The value of its constant G is 6.67 x 10 Nm / 5. The value of its constant K is 9 x 109
2
kg Nm2/ C2

6. Prove that the electric intensity at any point inside a hallow charged sphare is zero? (2011)
As there is no charge inside the sphere, so . According to Gauss's law:
As ( )
So,
We know electric flux,
=0
( )

7. Define Electric flux and give its unit.? (2012)

Ans: It is defined as total number of electric field lines passing through a surface is known as electric flux. OR
The dot product of elctric field intensity and vector area is called electric flux.

It is scalar quantity. Its unit is Nm2 / C

8. How can the positively charged plate of a capacitor be identified? (2012),(2013), (2016)

Ans: We can identify the positively charged plate by following methods:

 The plate connected with positive terminal of battery is positively charged while the other is negatively charged.
 We can use Gold leaf electroscope to determine the polarity of plates.
 When the charged capacitor is connected across a resistance, the current starts flowing from positively charged plate to
negatively charged plate, until it is discharged completely.

9. De electron tend to go to the region of high potential or of low potential? (2012)

Ans: Yes. As electrons are negatively charged particles, so they tend to move from region of lower potential to region of higher
potential. Because negative terminal is considered at lower potential as compared to positive terminal.

10. If a point charge q of mass m is released in a non-uniform electric field with fields lines pointing in the same direction will
it make a rectilinear motion? (2013)

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Ans: Yes, q will make a rectilinear path, if it is moved in electric field due to single charge, since the field line is pointing in some
direction, so the charge q will move along the line.

If it is allowed to move in in electric field due to two charges, it will move along the curved path.

11. Suppose that you follow an electric field line due to a positive point charge. Do the Electric field and the potential
increase or decrease (2013), (2017)

Ans: Electric field intensity as well as electric potential will decrease by following electric field lines around a positive point charge,
because electric field lines are directed away from positive charge so distance will increase when field line is followed, as

V= ⇒

And E = ⇒

So electric field and the potential will decrease.

12. Electric lines of force never cross. Why (2013), (2017)
Ans: Electric field lines cannot intersect each other. This is because E has only one direction at any given point. If the lines cross, E
would have two directions at a single point i.e. point of intersection of two field lines which is not possible.
13. What is one electron volt energy? Derive its formula. (2014)
Ans: “The amount of energy gained or lost by an electron when it travels through a potential difference of one volt”.

( )( )
As

14. Does there exist any electric field inside a hollow charged shell? Prove your answer. How can metal body act as
electrostatic shielding for electronic device? (2014)
Ans: No, electric field does not exist inside a hollow charged shell.
As there is no charge inside the sphere, so . According to Gauss's law:
As ( )
So,
We know electric flux,
=0
( )

. It is well known that no electric fields exist inside a hollow conductor, even if there are charges present outside. The
conductor (metal) acts like an electrostatic shield. This is only true if the conductor is kept at a constant potential. Indeed,
assuming electrostatic equilibrium and the concept of equipotential surface
15. What is potential Gradient? Prove that the electric field intensity is equal to the negative of potietial gradient i.e
𝑽
? (2014)
Ans: “Change in electric potential with respect to the distance is called potential gradient. It is equal to electric field intensity”.
When a charge is moved between two points from A to B in an electric field of value E.Potential difference at that point is given
as

Here

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

So
Or
If distance between two points is very small i.e

16. What is the role of material medium if it is placed in between plates of Capacitors? (2015), (2018)
Ans: If an insulating material called dielectric of relative permittivity is inserted between the plates. Then the capacitance of the
capacitor is increased by the factor called dielectric constant.
Consider of an experimental demonstration in which a charged capacitor is connected to a voltmeter. The reading of the voltmeter
gives potential difference between the plates. When the dielectric is placed between the plates, the reading of voltmeter is
decreased. Now
𝑸
𝑽
Since ‘Q’ remains constant so when ‘V’ decreases the value of ‘C’ increases. Then above eq. becomes,

𝒆𝒅
𝒅

17. How do shark fish locate their prey precisely? (2016)

Ans: Fish and other sea creatures produce electric fields in a variety of ways. Sharks have special organs , called the ampullae of
lorenzini, that are very sensitive to electric field and can detect potential difference of the order of nanovolt and can locate their
prey precisely.

18. What do you understand by electric filed lines(2016)

Ans: An electric line of force is an imaginary continuous line or curve drawn in an electric field such that tangent to it at any point
gives the direction of the electric force at that point. The direction of a line of force is the direction along which a small free positive
charge will move along the line. These lines show the strength of electric field also.
19. The potential is constant throughout a given region of space. Is the electric field zero or non-zero in the region? Explain
(2017)
For constant potential in a region, the electric field is zero, as,

Hence, when potential difference is zero, electric field is also zero

20. Define Electric field intensity. Also give its unit. (2018)
Force per unit charge in an electric field is known as electric field intensity.
It is given as
Its unit is . It is vector quantity.
21. A particle carrying a charge of 2e falls through a potential difference of 3 volt. Calculate the energy acquired by it (2015)

Solution:

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

q=2e
The energy acquired by the particle is
( )( )

Comprehensive Questions Chapter 11

► Q. State and Explain the Coulomb’s Law.
COULOMB’S LAW
The quantitative measurement of force between two electric charges was first made by Coulomb in 1784 AD.He
carried out series of experiment to measure the electric force between two electric charges using torsion balance
apparatus.
Statement
“The electrostatic force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of magnitudes of charges
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.
Mathematical Form
The magnitude of electric force between two point charges q1 and q2separatedby a
distance r is given by

Combining these two relations we get

Where k is the constant of proportionality called electrostatic constant.

9 2 2
► In S I-unit value of k is k = 9 × 10 Nm /C Point charges: The
► Dimensions of [ ]
► Value of k depends upon: charged bodies whose size is
very small as compared to
► System of units.
distance between them are
► The nature of medium between two charges. called point charges.
The constant k can be expressed in terms of permittivity of free space
(epsilon nought)

So

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Putting value of k from equation (2) in equation in (1) So, the electrostatic force is given by

Equation (1) and (3) give the magnitude of force between two charges when there is air or vacuum betweenthem.
𝟏
Dimensions of [ 𝑻 ]

Vector form of Coulomb’s Law

Coulomb’s force is mutual force, it means that if q1 exerts a force on q2, then q2
also exerts an equal andopposite force on q1.
⃗ = Force exerted on charge q2 by q1
̂ = unit vector directed from q1 to q2
⃗ = force exerted on charge q1by q2

̂ unit vector directed from q2 to q1

⃗ * + ̂

⃗ * + ̂

As from fig

̂ ̂

Put in eq 4

⃗ * +( ̂ )

Putting value from equation (5) in (6)

⃗ ⃗
This equation shows that two forces are equal in magnitude. Negative sign in equation (7) shows that two forces
are opposite indirection. Hence Coulomb’s law is in accordance with Newton’s third law of motion.

Effect of medium on electric force between two charges

● If an insulating medium is placed between the charges, it reduces theelectrostatic force as compared to free
space.
● Permittivity is the property of medium which affects the magnitude offorce between two-point charges.
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Coulomb’s force in medium is

* +

Where ε is permittivity of medium.

Relative permittivity: The permittivity of material medium compared with the permittivity of vacuum is calledrelative
permittivity or dielectric constant.

► Value of is different for different mediums.

► is always greater than unity.
► have no unit and no dimensions.Putting in equation (8)
► * +

* +Putting value from Eq. (3) in (8)

is times less than

For vacuum the value of is 1 while for air the value of 1.0006.

Relative Permittivity ( )
From Eq (10) Relative permittivity or dielectric constant can be defined as
The ratio of electrostatic force with vacuum between two charges to the force with mediumbetween
the charges.

Q What is Absolute electric Potential. Derive a relation for the electric potential (or absolute
potential) at a certain point due to a point charge
Definition: The work done in moving a unit positive charge from infinity to that point keeping electrostaticequilibrium is called
electric potential or absolute electric potential at that point

Derivation: Consider an isolated charge +Q fixed in space as shown in fig.

► Let a test charge q is moved from point A to point B against the electric field of charge Q keeping the electrostatic

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

equilibrium. 𝑟 𝑟𝐴
𝑟𝑎𝑣
Let and 𝐵 be distances of point A and point B from charge Q.

As 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟𝐴 ⇒ 𝑟 𝑟𝐴 𝑟

𝑟𝐴 𝑟𝐴 𝑟 𝑟𝐴 𝑟 𝑟
𝑟𝑎𝑣 𝑟𝐴

By squaring on both sides

𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
𝑟𝑎𝑣 (𝑟𝐴 ) 𝑟𝐴 𝑟𝐴 ( )

𝑟
( ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑

► We divide the distance between A and B into very small displacements (as shown)𝑟𝑎𝑣so 𝑟𝐴 𝑟𝐴 𝑟 𝑟𝐴 𝑟𝐴 (𝑟 𝑟𝐴 )
that the field intensityE over each displacement remains same.

𝑟𝑎𝑣 𝑟𝐴 𝑟 𝑟𝐴 𝑟𝐴

𝑟𝑎𝑣 𝑟𝑟

So

Replace on r by and another by

So equation (1) becomes

( )

► Work done in moving the test charge q from point A to 1 is:

⃗ ⃗

As electric force and displacement

So,

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

Because q is moved against the electric field.

As

From equation 2,3 and 4 we get

( )( )

By rearranging

( )

( )

Similarly

( )

……

……

……

( )

► So total work done in moving the test charge q from A to B is:

( )

Now consider point A lies at infinity.

So

( )

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

This work done is equal to electric potential energy.

( )

Electric potential at distance r from charge Q is

► Q. State and explain Gauss’s Law.

GAUSS’S LAW
𝟏
Statement: “It states that “The electric flux through any closed surface is times the total charge enclosed in the closed surface.”
(or)

It states that “The net electric flux through a closed is equal to total charge enclosed by closedsurface
divided by permittivity of free space.
Electric flux through any closed surface
Consider a closed sphere of radius r having a point charge +q at its center.

► To calculate electric flux divided surface area into n number of small patches,
sothat electric field is same for each patch.
Let the electric intensities at the center of vector areas

⃗ , ⃗ , ⃗ , …………………… ⃗ are ⃗⃗ , , ⃗⃗ , …………………… ⃗⃗ respectively.

Electric intensity is same for all patches of areas.

The electric flux through the area Δ A 1 is, …………….

⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ …………

Similarly The total electric flux through the

closed surface will be

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

A

+q
As electric intensity is same for all small patches.

The total electric flux through the

surface of the spheredue to a charge

* + +q

Putting in eq. 1
* +

Putting surface area of sphere =

* +

► Now consider a closed surface around the sphere as shown in figure. The flux through the closed surface is
the same as the flux through the sphere. So we can conclude,
Conclusion
 The electric flux through a closed surface does not depend upon the shape or geometry of closed
surface.
 The flux through the surface depends upon the medium and magnitude of charge enclosed.

Explanation of Gauss’s law

Consider an irregular closed surface having n point charges q1, q2, q3, ….…, as q3
q2
shown in figure. The totalelectric flux through the closed surface is equal to sum of
electric flux of all the charges, q1 qn
q6

q5
q4

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

( )

( )

Where

This represents the mathematical form of Gauss’s Law.

► The electric flux through any closed surface is 𝟏 times the total charge enclosed in it”.

Q. What is Gaussian surface? What is use of Gauss’s law?

Gaussian surface
A Gaussian surface is an imaginary closed surface of arbitrary shape which passes
through the point where we want to calculate electric intensity.

Applications of Gauss's Law:

Gauss's law provides a convenient method to calculate E in the case of sufficiently
symmetrical charge distribution.

► Q. What is location of charges on a hollow closed surface? Also calculatethe Electric

Intensity for Hollow Charged Sphere?
Intensity of Field inside a Hollow Charged Sphere
Gaussian surface
In order to calculate the electric intensity inside the sphere, we
imagine a Gaussian sphere of radius inside the sphere, where radius of
Gaussian sphere is less than R (i.e. < R)

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

Charge enclosed
It can be seen in figure that the charge enclosed by Gaussian
sphere iszero. i.e.

q=0 (1)
Flux through the surface
The electric flux through the closed surface is

⃗⃗ ⃗

Calculation of Electric Intensity

By Gauss’s law

Using equations (1) and (2) in equation (3), we have

⃗⃗ ⃗

Since vector area can never be zero. So

Thus, the interior of a hollow conducting charged metallic sphere is field

free region.

Location of Excess Charge on a Conductor:

We know that the electric field E = 0 at all points due to electrostatic
equilibrium in a conductor (the charges will reside on the outer surface of the
hollow closed body).

Case 1:

 Consider the charged conductor as shown in the figure.

 Charges are present on the outer surface of the conductor.
 If we imagine a Gaussian surface S, in the interior of a conductor, as
shown in fig:
 We see that there are no charged inside the conductor so there will
be no electric field inside it (E = 0) everywhere in this surface.
 Conversely, we can say that there cannot be a net charge at any
point within the conductor if that's so, that means all the charge
must be on the outer surface of the conductor, as shown in fig.
Case 2:

 Now let's consider a hollow conductor as shown in the illustration.

 Since the conductor is hollow so there is no net charge at any point
within the conductor.

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

 The cavity is surrounded by a Gaussian surface S which encloses no

net charge and so there is no charge on the internal cavity.
 Again, all the charge is deposited on the outer surface of the conductor.
Case 3:

 In the third case as shown in the fig, Lets put a charge q inside
thehollow conductor.
 Initially the conductor was uncharged but when charge q is inserted, then
therewill be negative charge on the inside cavity in order to maintain
its neutral
Status due to electrostatic induction. Also there will be equal positive charge on the outer surface of the
cylindricalconductor.

 Now if we use Gauss's Law with Gaussian surface S inside the

conductor as shown, the net charge of what it encloses has to be
zero sum of positive charge q at center of cavity and negative charge
on inside of cylinder is zero.
 Therefore, there will be no electric field inside the conductor.
 So the other surface must have a charge equal but opposite the
charge ofthe internal cavity, or the outer surface's charge is equal to
that of charge q.
Derive an expression for the Electric Intensity Due to an Infinite Sheet of Charge.
► Consider an infinite plane sheet of surface charge density
► Let P be the point at a distance r from the sheet. E be the electricfield at point P due to
positive sheet of charges.
► Consider Gaussian surface in the form of a cylinder of cross-sectional area A
perpendicular to the sheet of charge.
The direction of E is perpendicular to face containing P and parallelto the curved surface.

Since we know by Gauss’s law

( )

Surface charge density is amount of charge per unit area =

Or

So

Now we calculate the electric flux through each of the three surfaces of
Gaussian cylinder.
i) Flux through right end flat surface at P
⃗⃗ ⃗

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

( )

ii) Flux through left end flat surface at 𝑷′

⃗⃗ ⃗

( )

iii) Flux through curved surface

As no field lines pass through the curved surface, so

⃗⃗ ⃗

( )

Hence, the total flux through the cylinder is,

By putting value

Comparing equation (2) and (3),

In vector form ̂
Where ̂ is the unit vector normal to the sheet directed away from sheet of charge.

ELECTRIC INTENSITY BETWEEN TWO OPPOSITELY CHARGED PARALLEL PLATES

► Consider two oppositely charged parallel metal plates of infinite extent separated by vacuum.
The surface charges densities of these plates are +σ and -σ. Electric field between the plates is uniform.
Gaussian Surface
► Consider a Gaussian surface in form of hollow box, whose top is inside the upper metal plate and
thebottom is in space between the plates, as shown in figure.
Let A = surface area of the top surface of the hollow box.
uniform surface charge density

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

Or

► Electric Flux through sides of the box

As the field lines are perpendicular to the vector area of
sides of the box.
⃗⃗ ⃗

( )

So electric flux through the sides is zero.

► Flux through upper surface of the box
As there is no field inside the metal plate. So flux
through the upper end of the box is also zero.
► Flux through lower surface of the box
The flux through the lower surface of the box is given by,
⃗⃗ ⃗

( )

Total flux through the box

Hence net flux through the box is,

According to Gauss’s law

Putting

Comparing equations (1) and (2) we have

In vector form ̂
Where ̂ is unit vector directed from positive to negative plate.
► Q.What is a capacitor and capacitance of a capacitor? Give SI Unit of Capacitance.
CAPACITOR

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The capacitor is a device which is used to store electric charge.Parallel plate capacitor
► A simple capacitor consists of two parallel conducting plates separated by air, or some insulating
mediumcalled dielectric. This type of capacitor is called parallel plate capacitor.
Charging of capacitor
► If the plates are connected to a battery of voltage V, then the plate of capacitor connected with +ve terminal
gains +Q charge and the other plate connected with -ve terminal of battery gain – Q
charge. These charges remain on the inner surface of the plates due to attraction
between the opposite charges.
► Let Q is the magnitude of the charge on either of plates and V is potential
difference between the plates. Then it is observed that,

𝑸 𝑽

Where C is the constant of proportionality called the capacitance ofcapacitor.

Capability of a capacitor to store charges is called capacitance.
Dependence of Capacitance

Capacitance depends upon the following factors;

► Area of the plates
►Separation between the plates.
► The medium between the plates.
Definition of capacitance

The capacitance can be defined as the ratio of magnitude of charge on either plate to potential difference
produced between the plates.
► SI unit of capacitance is farad.

Definition of farad

► The capacitance of a capacitor is said to be one farad if a charge of one

coulomb, given to one of the plates ofa parallel plate capacitor, produces a
potential difference of one volt between them.
𝟏
► Dimensions of capacitance [ 𝑻 ]

► Q. Derive an expression for capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor.

CAPACITANCE OF A PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR

Let us consider a parallel plate capacitor connected with a battery as shown in figure.
Area of each plate = A
Distance between the plates = d
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The charge stored on plates are +Q and –Q when potential differencebetween the plates is V.

The electric field between the plates =

Surface charge density of plates

Capacitance when air or vacuum between the plates

► According to the application of Gauss’s law the electric field intensity

betweentwo oppositely charged plates is

As

So

Comparing equation (1) and (2)

𝑽
𝑸
𝒅
Let there is air or vacuum between the plates of the capacitor.
𝑸
𝒂𝒄
𝑽

Putting this value of Q from equation (3) in (4), we get

Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor depends upon:

i- Aera of plates
ii- Distance between two plates
iii- Medium between two plates
ii) Capacitance With dielectric as the medium between two plates
ofcapacitor

► If a dielectric, of relative permittivity is placed between the two plates, then capacitance of capacitor increase
factor . So, equation (5) can be written as

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

( )

Put equation 5 in 6

( )

Equation (7) shows that is times greater than

 How capacitance increases with dielectric

When an insulating material is placed between the plates, then potential
difference and electric field between the plates decreases.

Q
As C=
V

Since V decreases while Q remains constant, so value of C increases,Dielectric

constant
From equation (5) and (6)

● Dielectric constant can be defined as the ratio of capacitances of a parallel

plate capacitor with a dielectric to its capacitance with vacuum or air as the
medium between the plates.
Explain series and parallel combination of capacitors in detail.
Combinations of Capacitors:
We know that the capacitors can be connected either in series or in parallel. We want to find out an
equivalentcapacitor that has the same capacitance as that of the combination of capacitors.
Series Combination of Capacitors:
● When the capacitors are connected plate to plate i.e. the right plate of one capacitor is connected to
the leftplate of the next capacitor so on as shown in figure, then it is called series combination.
● A battery of voltage V is connected between points A and B.
● Then it deposit the +Q charge on the left plates of the capacitor C and - Q charge is induced on its right plates.
► In series combination of capacitor amount of charge Q is same on each of its plates.
► The potential difference V must be equal to the sum of potential difference, V1, V2& V3 across the
capacitors
.

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

, ,

Put in eq 1

( )

( )

Thus the equivalent capacitance of a series combination is always less than any individual capacitance in
thecombination.
Parallel Combination of Capacitors:
► When two or more capacitors are connected between the same two points in a circuit, as shown in
figure thenit is called parallel combination of capacitors.
● Three capacitors of capacitance C1, C2 and C3 areconnected in parallel between two points A and B.
► The potential difference between the plates of each capacitor is
the same and is equal to applied potential difference V i.e.

► When Q charge is supplied to the capacitors C1,

C2 and C3, they acquire different amount of
charges Q1, Q2 and Q3 respectively depending upon
their capacitances.
► Let Ce be the capacitance of an equivalent
capacitor, which would hold the same amount of
charge as sum of charge of all the three capacitors
C1, C2 and C3 hold under the same potential
difference.
........................................ (3)

Putting , , and in equation (3)

( )

𝒆 𝟏 ....................................... (4)

● Thus the equivalent capacitance of a parallel combination is always larger than any individual capacitance in the combination.

Q.17 Explain the phenomenon of electric polarization of dielectrics. What is the effect of polarization of dielectrics
onthe capacitance of a capacitor

● The appearance of charges on the faces of dielectric due to the effect of external electric field is calledelectric polarization

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

of dielectric.
► When a dielectric material is placed in an electric field, the negative and positive charges of
atoms/moleculesof dielectric are slightly displaced, this phenomenon is called polarization and the
dielectric is said to be polarized
Explanation
● If a dielectric material is placed in electric field between the plates of a capacitor, negative charges
(electrons) are attracted towards the positively charged plates and the positive charges (nuclei) are
attracted towards the negatively charged plates. Thus, the electrons and nuclei are slightly displaced.
► The external electric field E is directed from left to right.
► The electric field EP due to induced charges is directed from right to left.
► The electric field EP due to induced charges is opposite in direction to the electric field of oppositely
ENet = E- EP

charged plates of capacitor therefore net electric field decreases.

► A Polar molecule behave like a permanent electric dipole and it is neutral as

a whole e-g NaCl sodium ion is +ve and chlorine ion is -ve.
► Non-polar molecule like oil has no electric dipole moment in the absence of
external electric field. The centerof positive charge coincides with the center of
negative charge.

● When non-polar molecules are placed in external electric field the center of
positive and negative charges nolonger coincides with each other.

● So, one end of the molecule shows negative charge and the other end
shows an equal amount of positivecharge, hence a dipole is formed, the
molecule is said to be polarized and the phenomenon is called polarization.

Electric Dipole: Two equal but opposite charges separated by a small distance d
form an electric dipole.
Electric dipole moment (p) ; It is the product of charge q present in the dipole and distance d between two
charges of the dipole.

► Where p is vector quantity.

► EFFECTS OF POLARIZATION ON CAPACITANCE

When a dielectric is placed between the plates of a capacitor, then capacitance of a capacitor increases
due topolarization of dielectric.
Dielectric effectively decreases surface charge density ( ) on plates.

This decreases the electric intensity between the plates decreases by relation

With the decrease of electric intensity E between the plates, the potential difference (V = Ed) between the plates
𝑸
decreases. With the decrease of voltage V the capacitance 𝑽
of a capacitor increase.

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► Q. Derive an Expression for Energy stored by the Capacitor.

ENERGY STORED IN A CAPACITOR

● Let us suppose that initially when the capacitor is uncharged,Initial potential difference between plates of capacitor
● When it is connected with battery of potential difference V it is charged, then charge Q is deposited on
plates.
The work is to be done to deposit charge on the plates. It increases the potential difference between plates and
a large amount of work is needed to bring further charge. Electrical energy stores in the electric field of
capacitor.Final potential difference between plates = V

Average potential difference =

Energy stored = Average potential difference × charge

Putting

Energy stored in terms of electric field

The energy is being stored in the electric field between the two plates rather than the potential energy
of thecharges on the plates .

It is the capacitance of parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric medium)

And
(4)
●Putting values of C and V from equation (3) and (4) in equation (2), we get
( )

( )
( )
( )
●It is an expression for energy stored in the electric field between the plates of a capacitor.
Energy density : Energy density is defined as the energy stored per unit volume.

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

Energy density

Volume between plates= Ad

( )
► This equation shows that the energy density of a capacitor is directly proportional to the square of electric
field.
► Q.Describe the charging and discharging of a capacitor. What is time constant?
CHARGING AND DISCHARGING OF A CAPACITOR
● The circuit consisting of a capacitor and a resistor is called R-C circuit
CHARGING OF A CAPACITOR
● According to figure 1(a) when the switch S is closed then a battery of voltage Vstarts
charging the capacitor.
● The capacitor is not charged immediately, rather charges build up
gradually tothe maximum value of
● The growth of charge with time for different resistances is shown in figure 1(b).
● According to graph q = 0 at t = 0 and increases gradually with time till it
reachesits equilibrium value
● It can be shown that after time t ,as charge builds up on the plates ,it repel
more charges and current decreases.
● Charging will stop when the potential difference between the capacitor
plates is equal to e.m.f of the battery.
Maximum charge on capacitor= capacitance ×(e.m.f of battery)
● The charging process of a capacitor exhibits the exponential behavior
therefore we can write its equation as
( )

Time constant
● The time required by the capacitor to deposit 0.63 times the
equilibrium charge qo is called time constant.

(OR)
● The time during which the capacitor charges to 63.2 % of its maximum value is called time constant.
● The time taken to charge a capacitor in a given time is given by time constant.
The factor RC is known as time constant.
Putting t=RC in equation (1)
( )

( )
( )

( )

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 Versatile Notes PHYSICS XII

( )

So for small value of time constant, the capacitor reaches to its equilibrium value very quickly.
DISCHARGING OF A CAPACITOR
● In fig 2(a) when switch S is closed the charge +q can flow clockwise and neutralize the
charge –q.
● The graph between time and charge shown in fig 2(b) represents thatdischarging
starts at t = 0 when charge q0= CVo and decreases gradually to zero.
● The charge left on either plate at time t is

Smaller value of time constant RC lead to a more rapid discharging.

Putting in equation (2)

( )
Applications

● The charging and discharging of capacitor has many applications

► Capacitor discharge ignition (CDI) is a type of automotive electronic ignition system which is widely
used in motorcycle, lawn movers, chain saws, small engines, turbine powered air craft and some cars.

● It is used in high inductance coils used in inductive ignition system.

● It makes the ignition system more suitable for high engine speeds (for small engines, racing engines
androtatory piston engines).

● It can increase the capability of power supply and make the spark much stronger.

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