ALT C

ALT CENTRE

Rural Radio Technologies :

(CDMA WLL, GSM, corDECT and WiMAX )

Ashish Tayal DGM (TX-II) ALTTC Ghaziabad Rural Radio Technologies 1/12/2005

Rural Radio Technologies - An Overview

1. Challenges of Radio Environment 2. RF Spectrum Scarcity and Cellular Concept 3. CDMA WLL : Network Architecture and Concepts. 5. Advantages and Limitations of WLL 6. GSM Architecture and Applications 7. CorDECT Solution 8. Emerging Technologies WiMAX.
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RADIO TRANSMISSION PROBLEMS

1. Shadowing

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RADIO TRANSMISSION PROBLEMS

2. Fading

- Occurs due to multi-path signals.

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RF SPECTRUM SCARCITY 1. RF Spectrum is a scarce resource and shared by different type of users like Defense, Police, Airport Authority etc. besides by telecom service providers. 2. In our country WPC (Wireless Planning Co-ordination) under Ministry of Communication does the RF Spectrum allocation to different users of the spectrum based upon the radio regulation guidelines of International Telecommunication Union ( ITU). 3. Based on these ITU guidelines and other international treaties national frequency allocation plans are evolved taking into account requirements and priorities of different services.
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RF SPECTRUM PLANNING 1. In our country National Frequency Allocation Plan 2002 ( NFAP-2002) has been evolved in line with ITU Radio Regulations with a view to catering demand of spectrum for new emerging technologies. 2. NFAP-2002 is effective in our country from 1st January 2002 and forms a basis of spectrum utilization activities in our country. 3. NFAP-2002 has been made a public document and is available on web-site www.dot.gov.in

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CELLULAR

CONCEPT

1. Cellular Concept is used to facilitate frequency reuse as radio spectrum is critical resource.

2. For WLL network the geographical area to be served is divided in cells.

3. Telecom service is provided in the geographical area covered by a cell by a unit known as BTS (Base Transreceiver Station ) located close to the center of the cell.

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CELL PATTERN IN WIRELESS WORKING

A Typical Cell Pattern

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CELL PATTERN

Cells may be of different shapes and sizes. Cell shape and size depends upon the number of users and topography of the area. Cells are kept smaller in size in dense urban environment and of relatively larger in size in sparsely populated rural areas.
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MOBILE COMMUNICATION
WIRELESS GENERATIONS

1 G -analog (cellular revolution) - Only for voice services. 2 G - digital (breaking digital barrier) - Mainly for voice services. - Data delivery is possible at slow speed.
( 9.6 kbps to 144 kbps )

3 G - Voice & data ( breaking data speed barrier) - Superior quality of voice. - Makes feasible MMS ( Multi Media Messaging ) and other services requiring higher speed data rates.
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WHY WE NEED MORE CELLS ? 1. More cells need to be added to the network to meet increased capacity requirement as subscriber base is growing up exponentially.

2. Needed to provided sufficient coverage in entire city.

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TOWERS AND ANTENNA FOR WLL 1. More cells mean more BTSs and thus more towers to mount antenna. 2. As ground based towers are not feasible at many locations in city areas, so we have to often go for roof-top towers on existing structures.

A Typical Roof Top Tower

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WHAT IS WILL ? 1. WLL provides last mile connectivity to the subscribers in form of wireless. 2. It was earlier an access network that provided Telecom services to subscribers using radio signals as a substitute for copper for connection between the subscriber and a telephone exchange. 3. The latest version have now full fledged switching capacity as well to work as independent exchange i.e. , MSC based WLL systems. 4. Present versions of WLL are capable to offer full mobility as in any mobile system.
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Architecture of A Typical Wireline Telecom Network

Pillar

Copper cable Copper wire

Pillar

Telephone Exchange

Pillar Call Processing (Switching & Charging )

One pair of copper wire is dedicated for each subscriber.

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A Typical WLL Network

BTS
Digital Link Pillar

Radio Link

MSC

Digital Link Telephone Exchange BSC

BTS Radio Link

Pillar

BTS
Pillar

Radio Link

BSC : Base Station Controller MSC : Mobile Switching Centre Rural Radio Technologies 1/12/2005

WHY WILL ?

1. Traditionally copper has provided link between telephone subscriber and local exchange.

2. Nowadays roads are used for carrying almost all civic requirements like water, sewer, Telephone cable, Electricity and now even metro rail.

3. So it has become increasingly difficult to dig and lay copper cable in congested city areas.
Contd.. Rural Radio Technologies 1/12/2005

WHY WILL ? 4. Due to frequent digging operation by various agencies there are damages to already laid underground copper cables resulting in disruption of services to subscribers. 5. Even basic service providers have to lay cables repeatedly for their expansion needs. 6. WLL offers freedom of connectivity to the subscribers as many of the problems related to copper cable are not present since local loop is wireless. 7. WLL also makes feasible provisioning of telecom services in Technically Non Feasible (TNF ) areas i.e. where copper cable pairs are either exhausted or not feasible to Rural Radio Technologies 1/12/2005 be laid.

FREQUENCY BANDS ALLOCATION FOR CDMA WLL SERVICES In Our Country

CDMA up link down link

824-844 MHz 869-889 MHz

NK LI UP NK LI
B T S

OW D

LOWER BAND FOR UPLINK - HIGHER TRANSMISSION LOSS AT HIGHER FREQUENCIES. Rural Radio Technologies 1/12/2005

NETWORK DIAGRAM OF CDMA / WLL SYSTEM

2 Mbps 2 Mbps
DIGITAL LINK DIGITAL 2 Mbps LINK DIGITAL LINK

BTS

FWT
FAX

Telecom Network

MSC

BSC ( V5.2 OR R2/NO.7 )

..

MS
BTS

BSC : Base Station Controller MSC : Mobile Switching Centre FWT : Fixed Wireless Terminal at subscriber premises.

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MS : Mobile Station

ADVANTAGES OF WLL - I
1. FAST DEPLOYMENT . 2. FLEXSIBILITY IN PLANNING ,EXPANSION & RECONFIGURATION. 3. LESS FAULT PRONE -- NO PHYSICAL MEDIUM 4. HIGHLY SUITABLE FOR DIFFICULT, INACCESSIBLE TOPOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS ( TNF CASES). 5. PROVISION OF NEW DIGITAL DATA SERVICES LIKE MMS ( Multi Media Messaging), Streaming Video etc.

Contd.. Rural Radio Technologies 1/12/2005

LIMITATIONS OF WLL - I
1. AT LEAST FOUR TO SIX HOURS AVAILABILITY OF AC POWER IS PRIME REQUIREMENT FOR SATISFACTORY WORKING OF FWT AT CUSTOMER PREMISES WHICH IS CAUSING SLOW DEPLOYMENT IN RURAL AREAS. 2. AS POWER IS KEY REQUIREMENT, PROPER WORKING OF WLL DEPENDS ON AVAILABILITY OF A.C. POWER IN RURAL AREAS.

3. PORTABILITY OF WLL HANDSETS / FWTs IS DIFFICULT BETWEEN DIFFERENT SERVICE PROVIDERS.

Contd.. Rural Radio Technologies 1/12/2005

WLL - APPLICATIONS
1. RURAL COMMUNICATION - VILLAGE PANCHAYAT TELEPHONE. - GRAMIN PCO SCHEME.

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WLL - APPLICATIONS

2. Traffic Information
APPLICATION OVERVIEW APPLICATION OVERVIEW

This service both collects and distributes traffic information. Traffic information This service both collects and distributes traffic information. Traffic information is very important need for city authorities as well as residents. is very important need for city authorities as well as residents.

Stickiness : Daily traffic info. pushed during rush hours via SMS/MMS Most people need to know the current traffic sitution on their route. Very useful to city authorities for Traffic Management.

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WLL - APPLICATIONS

3. Location Based Services

Positioning application Where am I Yellow Pages Tracking Fleet management

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WLL - APPLICATIONS
4. AVAILABILITY OF INTERNET AND OTHER COMPUTERISED NETWORKS IN VILLAGES - VERIFICATION OF LAND RECORDS ETC. EVEN DURING VISIT OF OFFICERS FROM ADMINISTRATION. - HELPFUL IN HEALTH CARE AND EDUCATION PROGRAMMES. - ACCESS TO BUS/RAIL/AIR RESERVATIONS. - ACEESS TO INSURANCE SERVICES.

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GSM Network Architecture

OSS
HLR

B T S B T S

PSTN ISDN

BSC BSC

MSC VLR

Data Networks

B T S

Air interface

MSC VLR

Rural Radio Technologies

GSM Radio Specifications - I Frequency Bands

Mobile to Cell

890 to 915 MHz 935 to 960 MHz

(UP-LINK)

Cell to Mobile (DOWN -LINK) -

Channel Bandwidth Access Method Modulation

200 KHz - TDMA/FDMA GMSK

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GSM Radio Specifications - II

Number of Channels

124 ( 13 Kbps) RPE-LTP

Voice Channel Coding RPE-LTP

Regular Pulse Excitation Long Term Prediction FULL RATE - 13Kb/s ; HALF RATE - 6.5 Kb/s

Bit Rate
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270.833 Kbps

GSM - MULTIPLE ACCESS

GSM uses both FDMA & TDMA with FDD. FDMA Access along Frequency axis Each RF carrier 200khz apart Total 124 RF Channels available. One or more carrier assigned to each base station 1 2 3 4 5 6 124

...
Freq
890.2 890.4 890.6 890.8 891.0 Rural Radio Technologies 1/12/2005 914.8

Mhz.

corDECT - System Architecture

25 Km

RBS
E1 (R2 / V5.2) Voice IP

10 Km

DIU CBS

Power Backup

WS-IP

corDECT General Architecture

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corDECT - CBS Interface

TP Power + Signal DIU

Both signal and power carried on 3 Twisted Pairs (TP) 4 km on 0.5 mm Twisted Pair
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Compact Base Station

supports upto 12 simultaneous voice calls small, weatherproof unit remotely powered from DIU or BSD two antennas for diversity 3600 coverage using omni-directional antennas a sector can be covered with directional antennas more than one CBS can be deployed to serve a single sector or cell
1/12/2005

Rural Radio Technologies

Wallset IP
Standard 2W Analog port
standard Telephone instrument G3 FAX Voice Band MODEM at 9600 bps min. (14400 bps typ.), V.90 12/16 khz metering pulses Line reversal DTMF - CLIP

Serial Cable

Internet port: Serial or Ethernet

35/70 kbps Internet, no MODEM

Built-in Battery
talk: 3 hrs, standby: 16 hrs.

direct Solar Panel connectivity On air software upgrade

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corDECT - Air Interface

Interface between CBS and the FWT DECT Protocol used

1880 1900 MHz : 20 MHz band needed for operation
The DECT frame has 24 time slots

5 ms Tx fro m Base Station 1 2 480 bits 12 13

5 ms Tx fro m W allset 23 24

DECT Frame Structure

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corDECT - Air Interface

Dynamic Channel Selection (DCS)

Decentralised FWT controlled channel selection Select best channel for call setup During the call - monitors channel for quality - seamless handover No Frequency planning

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corDECT - Air Interface

MC-TDMA/TDD
Multi-carrier Time Division Multiple Access with Time Division Duplex Channel is specified as Frequency, Time-Slot pair 12 simultaneous calls

Authentication and Encryption supported

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corDECT - IP Interface
PSTN
E1 l in ks

RASs
10 BaseT

E1 l in

ks

ROUTER

Ethernet Switch

10/100 BaseT

TO ISP

10 Base T

RADIUS

DIU Separates the Voice and Internet Traffic Voice Traffic to PSTN
1/12/2005

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Internet Traffic to RAS

corDECT Applications
corDECT system can be interfaced to any PSTN switch on R2MF or V5.2 If connected in R2 mode, then call processing, charging, routing etc is done by corDECT itself. In case of V5.2 the corDECT system acts like a Access Network.
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Emerging Technologies : WiMAX

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IEEE View of Wireless Network Technologies

A Net-Centric Industry Perspective WWAN
<15 km 802.20 (proposed)

WiMAX
New standard for fixed broadband wireless. Doing for MAN what Wi-Fi did for LAN.

MAN
<5 km 75 Mbit/s 802.16d/e

Wi-Fi
Includes 802.11a/b/g. Products must be approved for interoperability by the Wi-Fi Alliance.

WLAN
<100 m 11-54 Mbit/s 802.11a/b/ g

PAN
<10 m 802.15.1 (Bluetooth)* 802.15.3 (UWB) ** 802.15.4 (ZigBee)***

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* Bluetooth: ~1 Mbit/s ** UWB: 100 Mbit/s *** ZigBee: 20-250 kbps

Source: ITU, Birth of Broadband, September 2003 and Pyramid Research

What is

WiMAX or Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access had its origins in backhaul connectivity using microwave access such as LMDS/MMDS WiMAX has become a hot topic in the wireless industry, with visible and aggressive backing from INTEL, among others WiMAX is designed to provide last-mile or backhaul connectivity using wireless
Last-mile refers to a wireless connection from a major trunk line to a business or residential user Using IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) standard, approved in January 2003, to provide operations in the <11GHz spectrum range Within the next two years, IEEE 802.16e based systems claim to offer metroarea portability for Internet access for carriers to consider overlaying it in urban areas Rural Radio Technologies 1/12/2005

WiMAX Approach: Unified Broadband Access

Fixed Access
Small to Mid size Business

Portable Access

WiMAX Base Station (Towers or rooftop antennas) CPE

Residential SOHO

Mobile Network Backhaul

HotSpot Backhaul Rural Radio Technologies

WiFi/802.11 Hotspot

Cellular

1/12/2005

Broadband Target Markets

Residential Broadband Access
al W len W gi A N ng
Wireless DSL/Wireless Cable Consumer telephony

Enterprise Broadband Access

T1/E1 Replacement Business telephony

802.11 Hotspot Backhaul Mobile Network Backhaul

802.16

Portable Broadband Access

WiMAX Roaming (regional)

Ch

802.11 802.11 802.11

Private MAN Networks

Metro Ethernet

Rural Radio Technologies 1/12/2005 WiMAX claims to address most of these market segments

WiMAX Spectrum (802.11 & 802.16)

International Licensed ISM US Licensed International Licensed Japan Licensed

UNII ISM

GHz

ISM: Industrial, Scientific & Medical Band Unlicensed band UNII: Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure band Unlicensed band

WiMAX is considering both licensed and unlicensed Rural Radio Technologies 1/12/2005 options

WiMAX Technology Features (802.16d/e)

Air Interface:
OFDM, OFDMA, 64QAM, 2048 sub-carriers, NLOS

Bands
2.3 GHz, 2.4 GHz, 2.5-2.7 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5-6 GHz

Bandwidth or Channel Sizes:

3 MHz, 3.5 MHz, 6 MHz, 7 MHz, 10 MHz, 14 MHz MHz Data rates: 56 Mbps- 63 Mbps in a 14 MHz Channel Maximum 74.7 Mbps in a 20MHz channel

Range: Maximum range of approximately 50 kms

Real world cellular operators 2-5 kms
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Thanks !!
[email protected]

Rural Radio Technologies

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