WHAT EVERY ENGINEER

SHOULD KNOW ABOUT

COMPUTATIONAL
TECHNIQUES OF
FINITE ELEMENT
ANALYSIS
Second Edition

LOUIS KOMZSIK

Ltfi) CRC Press

VV J Taylor &. Francis Croup
Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Contents

Preface to the second edition xiii

Preface to the first edition xv

Acknowledgments xvii

I Numerical Model Generation 1

1 Finite Element Analysis 3
1.1 Solution of boundary value problems 3
1.2 Finite element shape functions 6
1.3 Finite element basis functions 9
1.4 Assembly of finite element matrices 12
1.5 Element matrix generation 15
1.6 Local to global coordinate transformation 19
1.7 A linear quadrilateral finite element 20
1.8 Quadratic finite elements 26
References 29

2 Finite Element Model Generation 31

2.1 Bezier spline approximation 31
2.2 Bezier surfaces 37
2.3 B-spline technology 40
2.4 Computational example 43
2.5 NURBS objects 48
2.6 Geometric model discretization 50
2.7 Delaunay mesh generation 51
2.8 Model generation case study 54
References 57

3 Modeling of Physical Phenomena 59

3.1 Lagrange's equations of motion 59
3.2 Continuum mechanical systems 61
3.3 Finite element analysis of elastic continuum 63
3.4 A tetrahedral finite element 65
3.5 Equation of motion of mechanical system 69
3.6 Transformation to frequency domain 71

vii
Vlll

References 74

4 Constraints and Boundary Conditions 75

4.1 The concept of multi-point constraints 76
4.2 The elimination of multi-point constraints 79
4.3 An axial bar element 82
4.4 The concept of single-point constraints 85
4.5 The elimination of single-point constraints 86
4.6 Rigid body motion support 88
4.7 Constraint augmentation approach 90
References 92

5 Singularity Detection of Finite Element Models 93

5.1 Local singularities 93
5.2 Global singularities 97
5.3 Massless degrees of freedom 99
5.4 Massless mechanisms 100
5.5 Industrial case studies 102
References 104

6 Coupling Physical Phenomena 105

6.1 Fluid-structure interaction 105
6.2 A hexahedral finite element 106
6.3 Fluid finite elements 109
6.4 Coupling structure with compressible fluid Ill
6.5 Coupling structure with incompressible fluid 112
6.6 Structural acoustic case study 113
References 115

II Computational Reduction Techniques 117

7 Matrix Factorization and Linear Systems 119
7.1 Finite element matrix reordering 119
7.2 Sparse matrix factorization 122
7.3 Multi-frontal factorization 124
7.4 Linear system solution 126
7.5 Distributed factorization and solution 127
7.6 Factorization and solution case studies 130
7.7 Iterative solution of linear systems 134
7.8 Preconditioned iterative solution technique 137
References 139
 IX

8 Static Condensation 141

8.1 Single-level, single-component condensation 141
8.2 Computational example 144
8.3 Single-level, multiple-component condensation 147
8.4 Multiple-level static condensation 152
8.5 Static condensation case study 155
References 158

9 Real Spectral Computations 159

9.1 Spectral transformation 159
9.2 Lanczos reduction 161
9.3 Generalized eigenvalue problem 164
9.4 Eigensolution computation 166
9.5 Distributed eigenvalue computation 168
9.6 Dense eigenvalue analysis 172
9.7 Householder reduction technique 175
9.8 Normal modes analysis case studies 177
References 181

10 Complex Spectral Computations 183

10.1 Complex spectral transformation 183
10.2 Biorthogonal Lanczos reduction 184
10.3 Implicit operator multiplication 186
10.4 Recovery of physical solution 188
10.5 Solution evaluation 190
10.6 Reduction to Hessenberg form 191
10.7 Rotating component application 192
10.8 Complex modal analysis case studies 196
References 199

11 Dynamic Reduction 201

11.1 Single-level, single-component dynamic reduction 201
11.2 Accuracy of dynamic reduction 203
11.3 Computational example 206
11.4 Single-level, multiple-component dynamic reduction 208
11.5 Multiple-level dynamic reduction 210
11.6 Multi-body analysis application 212
References 215

12 Component Mode Synthesis 217

12.1 Single-level, single-component modal synthesis 217
12.2 Mixed boundary component mode reduction 219
12.3 Computational example 222
12.4 Single-level, multiple-component modal synthesis 225
12.5 Multiple-level modal synthesis 228
X

12.6 Component mode synthesis case study 230

References 232

III Engineering Solution Computations 235

13 Modal Solution Technique 237
13.1 Modal solution 237
13.2 Truncation error in modal solution 239
13.3 The method of residual flexibility 241
13.4 The method of mode acceleration 245
13.5 Coupled modal solution application 246
13.6 Modal contributions and energies 247
References 250
14 Transient R e s p o n s e Analysis 251
14.1 The central difference method 251
14.2 The Newmark method 252
14.3 Starting conditions and time step changes 254
14.4 Stability of time integration techniques 255
14.5 Transient response case study 258
14.6 State-space formulation 259
References 262

15 Frequency Domain Analysis 263

15.1 Direct and modal frequency response analysis 263
15.2 Reduced-order frequency response analysis 264
15.3 Accuracy of reduced-order solution 267
15.4 Frequency response case study 268
15.5 Enforced motion application 269
References 271

16 Nonlinear Analysis 273

16.1 Introduction to nonlinear analysis 273
16.2 Geometric nonlinearity 275
16.3 Newton-Raphson methods 278
16.4 Quasi-Newton iteration techniques 282
16.5 Convergence criteria 284
16.6 Computational example 285
16.7 Nonlinear dynamics 287
References 288

17 Sensitivity and Optimization 289

17.1 Design sensitivity 289
17.2 Design optimization 290
17.3 Planar bending of the bar 294
Contents xi

17.4 Computational example 297

17.5 Eigenfunction sensitivities 302
17.6 Variational analysis 304
References 308

18 Engineering Result Computations 309

18.1 Displacement recovery 309
18.2 Stress calculation 311
18.3 Nodal data interpolation 312
18.4 Level curve computation 314
18.5 Engineering analysis case study 316
References 319

Annotation 321

List of Figures 323

List of Tables 325

Index 327

Closing Remarks 331