inDeX of eXaM skiLLs anD Tasks

Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking is designed to provide practice for standardized exams, such as IELTS
and TOEFL. Many activities in this book practice or focus on the key exam skills needed for test success. In addition, a
number of activities are designed to be the same as (or similar to) common question types found in these tests and
to provide effective practice of these questions.

Listening
Key
key exam skills ieLTs ToefL Page(s) / exercise(s)
EL Everyday Language
Distinguishing facts from theories X X 86 LS, 87 C, 99 D LS Listening Skill
Listening for advantages X X 66 LS, 67 C NT Note-Taking Skill
PRON Pronunciation
Listening for clarifying answers X X 96 LS, 97 D SS Speaking Skill
Listening for key details or specific information X X 56 LS, 56 C, 77 C, 96 C, 107 C, 127 C, 137 C, 167 C,
177 D, 197 D
Listening for main ideas X X 7 C, 46 B, 56 B, 76 B, 96 B, 106 B, 126 B, 136 B, 146 C,
156 B, 157 D, 166 B, 186 B, 196 B
Listening for positive or negative views X X 157 LS, 157 C
Listening for shifts in topic X X 137 LS
Taking notes: using abbreviations X X 7 NT, 7 D, 7 E
Taking notes: using a time line or idea map X X 87 NT, 87 D, 107 NT, 107 D, 117 D
Taking notes: using a T-chart X X 146 NT, 147 D
Understanding the introduction to a lecture X X 6 LS, 6 B
Using prior knowledge to listen effectively X X 36 LS, 36 A, 66 A, 96 A, 146 A, 156 A, 166 A, 196 A

Common Question Types ieLTs ToefL Page(s) / exercise(s)

Connecting content X 146 C, 156 B, 166 B, 186 B
Matching X 46 B, 137 D, 168 A
Multiple choice X X 6 B, 126 B
Multiple response X 6 C, 76 B, 106 B, 136 B
Note completion X 7 D, 27 D, 27 E, 47 C, 57 D, 67 C, 77 C, 87 D, 107 D, 117 D,
127 C, 147 D, 167 C, 177 E, 187 C, 187 D
Sentence completion X 17 D
Short answer X 177 D, 197 D

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inDeX of eXaM skiLLs anD Tasks
speaking
Key
key exam skills ieLTs ToefL Page(s) / exercise(s) EL Everyday Language
Approximating X X 88 SS, 89 B LS Listening Skill
NT Note-Taking Skill
Asking rhetorical questions X X 108 SS, 108 C PRON Pronunciation
Brainstorming ideas X X 28 A, 59 A, 107 E, 119 B, 200 B SS Speaking Skill
Citing research or knowledgeable groups X 128 SS, 128 A, 128 B, 188 SS, 189 B, 191 B
Defining unfamiliar terms X X 68 SS, 68 A, 68 C
Discussing personal experiences or feelings X X 13 F, 71 C, 98 C, 165 D, 173 E, 195 F, 197 E
Discussing pros and cons X X 10 B, 10 C, 69 D
Emphasizing important information X X 148 SS, 148 A, 149 C
Expressing opinions and/or reasons X X 37 F, 38 B, 55 D, 78 B, 149 E
Expressing probability and possibility X X 89 C, 90 E
Linking X X 18 PRON, 18 A, 18 B, 18 C, 30 PRON, 30 E, 30 F, 30 G,
98 PRON, 98 A, 98 B, 98 C, 138 PRON, 138 A
Making suggestions or recommendations X X 171 EL, 171 C
Paraphrasing X X 49 SS, 53 E
Pronouncing reduced words X X 178 PRON, 178 A, 178 B, 199 PRON, 199 B, 199 C
Speaking about abstract concepts X X 5 D, 10 A, 15 E, 17 E, 19 D, 25 D, 26 A, 27 F, 28 B, 35 C, 45 E,
47 D, 49 C, 53 F, 57 E, 66 A, 77 D, 79 C, 85 E, 105 E, 113 F,
115 E, 117 E, 125 E, 133 F, 157 D, 175 D, 193 E
Speaking about causal relationships X X 168 SS, 169 D
Speaking about conditional situations X X 10 F, 13 F, 110 G, 127 D
Speaking about familiar, everyday topics X X 67 D, 78 B, 80 C, 89 B, 91 A, 91 B, 98 C, 118 A, 118 C, 120 F,
130 F, 131 B, 136 A, 151 B, 155 E, 165 C
Speaking about past actions or situations X X 71 B, 71 C
Speaking about problems and solutions X X 20 A, 20 D, 30 B, 30 C, 99 E, 180 E
Summarizing information you heard X 87 E, 97 D, 177 F
Summarizing written or illustrated X X 9 D, 38 C, 48 B, 189 C
information
Using correct stress X X 109 PRON, 109 D, 109 E
Using parentheticals to clarify ideas X X 78 PRON, 78 A, 78 B
Using signal phrases to introduce ideas X X 8 SS, 8 B

Pathways CefR ieLTs Band ToefL score

Level 4 C1 6.5–7.0 81–100
Level 3 B2 5.5–6.0 51–80
Level 2 B1–B2 4.5–5.0 31–50
Level 1 A2–B1
0–4.0 0–30
Foundations A1–A2

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