General Chemistry
1
Measurement
s in Science
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
In science, measurement is an integral part in quantifying matter.
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
A measurement is obtained by
comparing a quantity with a
standard unit. For weight, the
standard unit is kilograms (kg).
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
For length, the
standard unit is
centimeters (cm) or
inches (in).
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
OBJECTIVES:
differentiate precision and
1 accuracy
At the end of the
lesson, the students
should be able to: justify the importance of
2 accuracy and precision in
chemistry
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
But when do you say that a
measurement is accurate or precise?
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
What is the difference between
accuracy and precision?
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
Accuracy
● the closeness of a measurement to the true or accepted value.
Precision
● the degree of agreement between successive measurements
using a given instrument (how close measurements are to each
other).
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
The mass of a 75.0 gram standard sample of a substance is
measured using an analytical balance. The measurements are
listed below. Are the measurements accurate? Are they precise?
Trial Mass of sample (g)
The measurements are precise
1 74.8 since the values are close to each
other. They are also accurate since
2 74.7 they are close to the true value,
which is 75.0 grams.
3 74.9
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
Describe the precision and accuracy of the temperature readings for five days as
shown below.
Forecasted Actual Temperature The forecasted
Day temperature readings
Temperature (oC) (oC)
show high precision
1 27.8 since their values are
close to one another.
2 28.4 However, it may be
inferred that the
3 29.6 31.5 temperature readings are
not that accurate since
4 30.0 they fall far from the
forecasted values.
5 29.9
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
darts: a good visualization of accuracy and
precision
○ bull’s eye or center of the dartboard
- the true value
○ the closer the dart pins are to the
bull’s eye, the more accurate they
are
The dart pins that are close to the target
show high accuracy.
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science 12
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science 13
Precision is not dependent on
accuracy.
A set of measurement can be very
precise but not accurate.
○ dart pins land close to one
another but are far from the Visual representation of low accuracy
bull’s eye and low precision measurements.
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science 14
What is the importance of accuracy and
precision in chemistry?
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
Having accurate and precise
measurements is important in
presenting data and solution
preparation.
A chemist uses different measuring tools to
quantify substances that are used in making
chemical products.
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science 16
Having accurate measurements of
each substance that make up a
chemical productive is important
to ensure its quality.
In chemical preparation, it is necessary to have
accurate measurements of substances.
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science 17
Below is a mnemonic that you can use to easily differentiate
accuracy and precision:
ACcurate is Correct (or Close to real value) while
PRecise is Repeating (or Repeatable values).
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
Tell whether the given statement describe accuracy or
precision.
1. It refers to how close a measurement is to the true value.
2. This pertains to how close measurements are to each other.
3. It is the degree of agreement between successive measurements
using a given instrument.
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
Why are all measurements uncertain?
All measurement, regardless of its accuracy and precision, are subject to a
certain degree of uncertainties.
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
These uncertainties may
be brought about by the
limitations of the
instrument used or due
to the lack of skill of the
reader.
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
A better understanding
of such uncertainties is
essential to help ensure
accuracy and precision
in measurements.
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
WORKSHEET NO 3
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
Significant
Figures
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
define significant figures
OBJECTIVES: 1
identify the rules in determining
At the end of the
lesson, the students
2 significant figures
should be able to:
apply the rules in determining
3 significant figures in
measurements and calculations
General Chemistry 1 : PROPERTIES OF MATTER
When taking a measurement, it is essential to inform the reader about the
level of accuracy and precision used.
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
Even if you are using a
calculator to compute for
the answer, the number
of digits written down is
important.
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
Significant figures are
used in expressing
measurements or in
doing mathematical
computations.
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
What are significant figures?
Significant Figures pertains to the essential digits that
contribute meaning to a certain number
● show how precise measurements are
● includes all digits measured correctly plus one estimated
digit
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
Rules in Determining Significant Figures
1. All nonzero numbers (1-9) are significant.
Examples:
1234 meters has 4 significant figures
749mL has 3 significant figures
126.21 L has 5 significant figures
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
Rules in Determining Significant Figures
2. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not
significant.
Examples:
0.56 has 2 significant figures
0.005869 has 4 significant figures
0.00001 has 1 significant figures
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
Rules in Determining Significant Figures
3. Zeros between nonzero digits are significant.
Examples:
4036 has 4 significant figures
7.02 has 3 significant figures
53.900007 has 8 significant figures
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
Rules in Determining Significant Figures
4. Zeros to the right of a nonzero digit with a decimal
point are significant.
Examples:
95.70 mm has 4 significant figures
1.00 g has 3 significant figures
8342.0 cm has 5 significant figures
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
Rules in Determining Significant Figures
5. Zeros to the end of a nonzero digit without a decimal
point are not significant.
Examples:
300 km has 1 significant figures
14 500 km has 3 significant figures
8 220 has 3 significant figures
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
Rules in Determining Significant Figures
Indicate the number of significant figures in each of the
given measurements.
1. 3,684 kg
2. 5.3 cm
3. 0.045 ft
4. 150000 mg
5. 0.0340 km
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
Addition and Subtraction
Solve the following. Express the answers to the correct number of significant
figures.
2.051 mm has 3 decimal places
+
3.56 mm has 2 decimal places
+
72.1 mm has 1 decimal places
77.711 mm
NOTE: since the least
number of decimal
places (has only 1), the 77.7 mm
answer should have only
1 decimal place.
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
Addition and Subtraction
Solve the following. Express the answers to the correct number of significant
figures.
32.63 g
-
5.2 g
27.43 g
27.4 g
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
Multiplication and Division
Solve the following. Express the answers to the correct number of significant
figures.
7.065 m has 4 significant figures
×
12.0 m has 3 significant figures
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
Multiplication and Division
Solve the following. Express the answers to the correct number of significant
figures.
162.05 m
÷
3.2 s
50.640625 m/s
51 m/s
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
Solve the following. Express the answers to the correct number of significant
figures.
4.8212 g
+ 7.204 m
2.42 g ×
+ 9.71 m
12.5 g
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
Scientific
Notation
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
OBJECTIVES:
write measurements in scientific
At the end of the 1 notation
lesson, the students
should be able to: convert numbers into scientific
2 notation and vice versa
General Chemistry 1 : PROPERTIES OF MATTER
What are scientific notation?
Scientific notation is a way to express extremely large or
small numbers easily and efficiently.
exponent
coefficient base
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
exponent
coefficient base
Coefficient- is the number that is equal to or more than one but less than
ten
Base- is the number that is always 10 in scientific notation
Exponent- the number that determines how many decimal places the
decimal point should be moved.
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
Scientific Notation
Converting numbers in standard form to scientific notation
1. Convert 183 000 000 000 to scientific notation
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
WORKSHEET NO 4
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
OBJECTIVES:
write measurements in scientific
At the end of the 1 notation
lesson, the students
should be able to: convert numbers into scientific
2 notation and vice versa
General Chemistry 1 : PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Units of
Measurements
General Chemistry 1 : MEASUREMENTS in Science
OBJECTIVES:
write measurements in scientific
At the end of the 1 notation
lesson, the students
should be able to: convert numbers into scientific
2 notation and vice versa
General Chemistry 1 : PROPERTIES OF MATTER
