International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology

Vol-7, Issue-5; Sep-Oct, 2022

Journal Home Page Available: https://ijeab.com/

Journal DOI: 10.22161/ijeab

Peer Reviewed

Micronutrient Concentrations of Cassava Continuously

Cultivated Soils in Ezinihitte Mbaise LGA Imo State,
Nigeria
Igbozuruike Christopher Ifeanyi

Department of Soil Science and Environment, Imo State University, Owerri Imo State Nigeria
[email protected]

Received: 12 Aug 2022; Received in revised form: 07 Sep 2022; Accepted: 12 Sep 2022; Available online: 17 Sep 2022
©2022 The Author(s). Published by Infogain Publication. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Abstract— The study was conducted to determine the concentrations of micronutrients (Copper (Cu), Zinc
(Zn), Iron (Fe), Molybdenum (Mo) and Manganese (Mn)) in soils of Ezinihitte Mbaise LGA Imo State. The
research was conducted in cassava continuously cultivated areas Obizi, Eziudo, Onisha and Udo in
Ezinihitte to trace the role of micronutrient in the decline of Cassava yield in the area. Samples were
collected randomly using soil auger from each locations at a depth of 0-30 centimeter (cm). Control
(reference) soils were collected the same way but from fallow land of 5years old. Samples were treated and
analyzed routinely and micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mo and Mn) determined using Atomic Adsorption
Spectrophotometer (AAS). The result (table 1) revealed that Samples have same soil texture -Loamy Sand
(LS) but differ in pH significantly (p<0.05). The samples are acid soils of moderately acidity, and levels
ranges from 5.00 to 5.44 (lowest to highest) with mean value of 5.21. For % Nitrogen N, % Organic Matter
(OM), % Base Saturation (BS), Available Phosphorus (Av. P), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium
(Ca), Sodium (Na), EA (Ea) and Effective Cation Exchange capacity (ECEC). They were significantly
affected by cultivation and have mean values (P -1.57, N -1.33, K-1.60, OM 2.79, BS-74.3, Mg-2.46, Ca-
1.47, K-0.15, Na-0.13, Ea-1.48 and ECEC-5.47) (table 1). This is a common characteristics of moderate to
low fertility soils. The micronutrient levels were also significantly different. Cassava cultivation affected
micronutrients levels significantly at p<0.05 (table2). The decrease were observed in all samples, and were
significantly lower when compared with control. For Zn, Cu, Mo, Fe and Mn, the mean values are 6.05 Zn,
1.60 Cu, 1.09 Mo. 4.61 Fe and 4.90 Mn respectively. Micronutrients though significantly different between
samples, and lower when compared with control, all (including control) were at low levels at which
deficiency can occur when compared with critical nutrient levels (table 3).
Keywords— Cassava, Imo State, Mbaise, Micronutrient.

I. INTRODUCTION instance, to tuber crops, reduces the quality of carbohydrate

Decreasing soil fertility with declining yield growth for in the tubers likewise nitrogen deficiency, which reduces
major food crops have raised concerns about the protein content in grains (Havlin et al., 2006}. Many
sustainability of agricultural production at current level declines in crop yield have be associated with
(Mortvedt, 1995). . The work of Grundon (1997) added micronutrients levels (Enwezor et al., 1990).
important reason for us to investigate nutrient management Micronutrients are elements or plant nutrients
and elements levels in the soil. He posited that, we not only which are essential for plant growth, but are required in
need food, but quality food too.This was supported by relatively small amounts than those of the primary nutrients
Paterson (2002) who posited that the deficiency of zinc for (N,P,K,S, Mg etc).

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Igbozuruike International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 7(5)-2022

These micronutrients include Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Reconnaissance survey visits were made to locate and select
Manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), Boron(B), Molybdenum(Mo) sites for the study. The experiment was conducted in
and Chloride(Cl) etc. Soil vary widely in their micronutrient Ezinihitte Mbaise LGA. The experiment was carried out in
content and in their ability to supply micronutrients in four communities namely –Udo, Eziudo, Obizi and Onicha
quantities sufficient for optimal crop growth (Solberg et al., both in Ezinihitte Mbaise LGA in Imo state. The farmlands
1999). Micronutrients though required by plants in small comprises of cassava continuous cropping. The control was
quantity but their action in plant are not small (Wiese, uncultivated lands of about 5 years. The dominant trees
2010). And what quantity is sufficient to support plant for present are oil palm tree, oil bean and the topography is
normal growth and development (Enwezor et al., 1990). undulating.
Many studies (Jacobsen and Jasper, 1991; Representative soil sample were collected randomly.
Akinrinde and Obigbesan, 2000) have revealed Sampling was done with the aid of soil auger at a depth of
micronutrient deficiency in crops, and (Boardman and 30 cm since previous work by Nyanagababo and Hamya
McGure, 1990) stressed that, micronutrients are important (1986) showed that surface soils are better indicator of trace
for plant growth as plants requires a proper balance of all elements concentrations. Samples were randomly collected
the nutrients for normal growth and optimum yield. (Brown, 1987) from the sites.
Excessive use and or, availability of these macronutrients These 4 villages in Ezinihitte were sampled. 20 samples
over nonsufficient levels of micronutrients affects the soil were collected from Udo, and 4 samples each were bucked
pH, and this in turn, tend to decrease Manganese (Mn), for 4 composite replicates. The procedure was the same for
Iron(Fe), Copper(Cu), and Boron(B) as pH increases (Alam all the other villages. The samples were emptied into a paper
and Raza, 2001). envelop respectively.
Most farmers in this part of the country apply NPK fertilizer The control was sampled from 20 fallow lands, from each
regularly with little or no attention to micronutrients, of these villages. Procedures previously discussed were
forgetting the danger of imbalances with micronutrient adopted in replication.
s(Jones, 2007). Findings from some researches in Nigeria
2.3 SAMPLE PREPARATION AND LABORATORY
have found micronutrient deficiencies in Nigerian soils
ANALYSIS
(Mckenzie, 2003). Each deficiency symptom is related to
some function of the nutrient in the plant Also, a 2.3. 1 Soil Sample Analysis
considerable proportion of agricultural soils in Nigeria can Soil samples were spread on clean and dry paper sheet for
be classified as low fertile soils (Bennett, 2003). To this end, air drying. After air drying, the samples were crushed in
there is need to investigate the levels of some clean ceramic mortar using a small ceramic piston. These
micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mo, Mn) on selected soils in the samples were passed through 2-mm sieve to get a fine soil
study area and also determine the physico-chemical fraction (Nelson and Sommers, 1982). The analyses was
properties (soil pH, organic matter content, cation exchange carried out at Federal College of land Resources and
capacity, exchangeable acidity etc) of arable soils in the Technology (FECOLART) Oforola, Imo State.
study area.
The fine soil fraction was used to extract micronutrient
using the DTPA method (Lindsay and Norvell, 1978). A 10
II. MATERIALS AND METHOD g of soil sample was mixed with 20 ml DTPA (0.05 M –
adjusted to pH 7.3 with TEA), then shaken on a
2.1. Study Area
reciprocation shaker or (mechanical shaker) for 30 – 45
This study was carried out in four communities in Ezinihitte minutes before filtering through whatman No 1 filter.
Mbaise LGA, Imo state. Ezinihitte Mbaise is strategically
The filtrate was analysed for micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Fe,
located in Imo State of Nigeria. Ezinihitte Mbaise has the
Mo, Mn) on Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS),
following coordinate Latitude:5.50511, Longitude:7.36771
Perkin Elmer model 306
5° 30′ 18″ N, 7° 22′ 4″ E. The temperatures ranged from
32.1-29.10c (maximum) and 24.1-22.20c (minimum), while Soil pH was determined in distilled (deionised) water (1:2.5
relative humidity in these areas ranged from 77-86%, while Soil-Water ratio) using glass electrode pH meter (Dewer
rainy season is from April- October with a short break in model) as described by Smith and Doran(1996). Organic
August Called “August Break”. carbon was determined by the Walkley-Black wet
oxidation method (Heanes, 1984).
Organic Matter was determined by multiplying organic
2.2 Site Selection, Description And Soil Sampling
carbon by 1.724(Bemmelen’s Factor). Exchangeable

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acidity was determined by the titration method (McGrath Size Distribution was determined using hydrometer
and Cunliffe, 1985). method of mechanical Analysis. Base Saturation was
Cation Exchange Capacity was determined using calculated by dividing total exchangeable bases by effective
summation method (McGrath and Cunliffe, 1985). Particle cation exchange capacity value and multiplied by 100.Total
Table 1. Physicochemical property of the soil
Samples Text pH Av. P N OC OM BS Ca Mg K Na Ea ECEC
ure H2O Mg/kg …………… % ….................. ……………….. Cmol.Kg- ……..……..……...
1

b c b b b b
Obizi (A) LS 5.09 0.89 1.14 1.65 2.85 71.9 2.27c 1.47b 0.17a 0.11a 1.60b 5.61b
Eziudo (B) LS 5.44a 2.52a 1.11b 1.29c 2.23c 78.7a 2.53b 1.53a 0.18a 0.16a 1.10d 5.48c
Onicha © LS 5.38a 2.53a 1.11b 1.27c 2.19c 73.1b 2.27c 1.33c 0.18a 0.16a 1.43c 5.39c
Udo (D) LS 5.15b 1.61b 1.10b 1.21c 2.09d 70.4b 2.40b 1.60a 0.11a 0.08b 1.47c 4.95d
Control € LS 5.00bc 0.32d 2.20a 2.61a 4.59a 77.6a 2.86a 1.46b 0.13a 0.16a 1.80a 5.96a
Mean LS 5.21 1.57 1.33 1.60 2.79 74.3 2.46 1.47 0.15 0.13 1.48 5.47
Within each column, means with different letters are significantly different at (P < 0.05).
Key: P phosphorus, N Nitrogen, OC organic carbon, Om Organic matter, BS Base Saturation, Ca calcium, Mg magnesium,
k potassium, Na sodium, Ea Exchangeable acidity, ECEC Effective cation Exchange Acidity.

Nitrogen was determined using Kjeldahl method (Brown, Potassium levels differ in all the samples and were
1987). Available Phosphorus was determined using Bray- significantly different between the samples, and when
2 method (Olson and sommer, 1982). Effective Cation compared with control. With addiction of NPK fertilizers,
Exchange Capacity was determined using summation levels of macronutrient increase tremendously and can
method, that is, exchangeable base plus exchangeable acidic decrease through plant uptake in actively growing fields
expressed in (molkg-1). occupied by crops and weeds (Marschner, 1995). For
2.4 Data Analysis phosphorus, the levels were in accordance with Rengel
(2001), who indicated that most Ultisols are sandy and
Simple descriptive technique was used and data were
possesses P fixing ability. P becomes available if moisture
summed and divided to produce means respectively. Means
content is sufficient. The fertility levels of southeastern soils
were separated using the Least Significant Difference
are moderate to low and soil amendments including
(LSD) according to Snedecor and Cochran (1980),
fertilizer application is crucial especially under continues
correlation with physicochemical properties were made,
cultivation (MCkenzie, 2003).
and comparism were made with results from the control and
already established levels. 3.1.2 Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca)
There were significant difference between the samples, and
the lowest occurred in Onisha but were significantly
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSON
different when compared with control.
3.1.Some Mineral Nutrient Elements
Cultivation affected the calcium levels and there were
The details of physical and chemical properties of the significant different between some samples and these were
samples are shown in table 1. significantly reduced when compared with control.
3.1.1 Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium –NPK 3.1.3 Sodium
The total nitrogen level decreased significantly between Cultivation affected the sodium content of the sites slightly
treatments with the lowest occurring at Udo. Nitrogen levels but significantly, and these were significant different
were all lower when compared with control. between some samples Table 1. Moderately acid soils have
Phosphorus levels were also significant different when Mg and Ca at moderate to high levels (Enwezor et al.,
compared between samples and control. The samples were 1990).
higher in available Phosphorus than control and the highest 3.2 Chemical Properties Of The Soil
occurred in Onicha.
The values of chemical properties were summarized in table
1.

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3.2.1 Soil texture. amides, and growth regulation. It has been conducted that
The soil texture is loamy sand. FMANR (1990) revealed zinc reduces auxin content through its involvement in the
that sandy soils are predominant in Imo State. This soil is synthesis of tryptophan, a precursor of the auxin.
always low is fertility indices and has higher leaching Deficiency of zinc results in light green, yellow or
capacity as well as high drainage potential and low water white areas between leaf veins, particularly in older leaves,
and nutrient holding capacity. premature foliage loss, malformation of fruits, often little or
3.2.2 pH no yield, may occur. Zn in soil solution ranges from 2- 70
Mg/Kg with more than half complexed with organic matter.
The soil pH were significantly different between samples
Deficiency of Zinc are usually associated with
and the lowest occurred in control sites. The soil is
concentrations of less than 10- 20 Mg/Kg (Paterson, 2002).
moderately acidic and this justifies the many findings that
Depending on the crop, toxicity will occur when the leaf
reported tropical soils as acidic (Akinrinde, et al., 2005).
concentration of Zn exceeds 400 Mg/Kg.
Cultivation increases soil acidity through applications of
chemical fertilizers which further increase soil acidity 3.3.2 Copper
(Akamigbo and Asadu, 2001). Copper levels were lower in all sample when compared with
3.2.3 Organic Matter Content (OM) control and were significantly different between samples.
Copper is necessary for carbohydrate and nitrogen
There were significant difference between samples and
metabolism, legume synthesis which is needed for cell wall
control when compared, and the highest occurred in
strength. It is also known to function in photosynthesis and
Control.
respiration. Copper deficiency includes, die – back of
The percentage organic carbon were also affected from one stems, chlorosis, stunted growth, pale green leaves that
sample to another and were not significantly different wither easily. Copper deficiency and toxicity are not as
between samples C and D except when compared with common as other micronutrients deficiency. Copper
control. There is rapid decomposition of organic matter in deficiency include chlorosis in young leaves, and stunted.
tropical soils, and the levels are even lower in sandy soils In advance stage, necrosis along leaf tips and edges appears.
(Brown, 1987). Soil organic matter help in nutrient retention Stem melanosis, root rot and ergot infection can occur in
and slow release. It increases soil water holding capacity small grains (Solberg et al., 1999). Cu toxicity include
and as source of energy for soil biota, reduced shoot vigor, poorly developed and discolored root
3.2.4 Percentage Base Saturation (% BS) systems. Toxicity is uncommon, occurring where there are
high deposits of waste such as municipal, sewage sludge etc.
Percentage base saturation of the samples decreased slightly
Concentration of Cu in soil ranges from 1- 40 Mg/Kg and
and significantly, and all except Eziudo (B) were lower than
averages about 9 Mg/Kg.
control.
3.3.3 Molybdenum
3.2.5 Effective Cation Exchange Capacity (ECEC) and
Exchangeable Acidity (EA) The concentrations of molybdenum was lowest at eziudo,
and highest in Udo. It was significantly different when
Samples exchangeable acidity were all lower and
compared with control which was almost at the same level
significantly different from control. The ECEC of the sites
with Onisha and Obizi. Molybdenum sufficient levels in
were also affected. All the sites except control were lower
the soil ranges from0-02-5mg/kg and is involved in enzyme
significantly when compared. This levels were supported
systems relating to nitrogen fixation and metabolism,
by Akamigbo and Asadu (2001) who posited that Imo State
protein synthesis and sulphur metabolism, pollen fruit
Soils are generally acidic and have moderate ECEC.
formation. Deficiency is not common but is similar to
3.3 Micronutrient Levels interveinal chlorosis in Iron deficiency. Excessive amount
3.3 .1 Zinc of Molybdenum are toxic, especially to grazing cattle or
sheep. Mo toxicity cause stunted growth and bone
There were significant difference in zinc content of the
deformation in animal and can be corrected by oral feeding
sample, with highest concentration occurring at Onicha
of Copper (Paterson, 2002). The soil concentration of Mo
when compared with control. Numerous findings especially
ranges from 0.2 to 5 Mg/Kg (Benett, 2003).
Enwezor et al. (1990) revealed that eastern soils are low in
micronutrient except at municipal dump sites. Zinc is an 3.3.4 Iron
essential component or various enzyme systems for energy There was a similar trend of concentrations in iron levels.
production, protein synthesis as evidenced by accumulation There were significant differences in iron content and the
of soluble nitrogen compounds such as amino acids and highest occurring in control. Iron content of tropical soils

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are different from location to location due to parent al., 1993). Iron toxicity can occur under certain condition,
materials (Osiname, 2005). Iron is involved in the for example in rice grown or poorly drained or submerged
production of chlorophyll, component of many enzymes for soils, leaf bronzing symptoms occur with 300 mg/kg of Fe
energy transfer, nitrogen reduction and fixation, lignin in rice leaves. Fe concentration is usually very low, 0.1-
formation. It provides the electrochemical potentials for 0.50 Mg/Kg and only the chelate dynamics make Fe more
many enzymatic transformations in plants (Jones, 2007). available (Van Dijk et al., 1993). Iron is involved in the
Iron deficiency symptoms include interveinal chlorosis, production of chlorophyll, component of many enzymes for
which progresses rapidly over the entire leaf. In severe energy transfer, nitrogen reduction and fixation, lignin
cases, leaves turn entirely white and necrotic (Van Dijk et formation. It provides the electrochemical potentials for
many enzymatic transformations in plants (Jones, 2007).
Table 2:
3.3.5 Manganese Mn
Micronutrient levels of the samples
Mn levels were significantly different and the highest
Zn Cu Mo Fe Mn
occurring in Onicha. These levels were in accordance with
Source ………………..…Mg/Kg …………..…………. Adepetu (1990), who described Nigerian soils as lacking in
Obizi (A) 3.12 d
2.19 b
0.07 b
2.75d 1.34e Mn and other micronutrients. Manganese is necessary for
photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and to form either
Eziudo (B) 5.28c 0.10cd 0.03bc 3.35e 2.59d
compounds required for plant metabolism or enzyme
Onicha © 6.59b 2.18b 0.07b 5.80b 7.33b
activator. Manganese functions in nitrate reduction where it
Udo (D) 6.50b 0.13c 0.13a 4.34c 4.81c acts as an indicator for enzymes nitrate reductase and
Control € 8.76a 3.36a 1.16a 6.90a 8.47a hydroxylamine reductase. Its deficiency results in
interveinal chlorosis, brown necrotic spots appear on leaves,
Mean 6.05 1.60 1.09 4.61 4.90
premature leaf drop, delayed maturity, whitish grey spots in
Within each column, means with different letters are leaves of cereals and shortened internodes in cotton.
significantly different at (P < 0.05)
Key: (Zn) Zinc, (Cu) Copper, (Mo), Molybdenum, (Fe) Iron, Manganese deficiency occur mainly in high pH soils, sandy
(Mn) Manganese. soils low in organic matter and over limed soils (Gerendas,
et al., 2009). Mn has a sufficient range of 15-100mg/kg.
Table 3. Critical levels of some nutrient Elements

Nutrient Low
Marginal Sufficient High Excess
Spring 1.5 1.5 - 2.0 2.0 - 3.0 3.0 - 4.0 4.0
Nitrogen (N) % Winter 1.25 1.25 - 1.75 1.75 - 3.0 3.0 - 4.0 4.0
Phosphorous (P) % 0.15 0.15 - 0.25 0.26 - 0.5 0.5 - 0.8 0.8
Potassium (K) % 1.0 1.0 - 1.5 1.5 - 3.0 3.0 - 5.0 5.0
Sulphur (S) % 0.1 0.1 - 0.15 0.15 - 0.40 0.40 - 0.8 0.8
Calcium (Ca) % Other 0.10 0.10 - 0.2 0.2 - 1.0 1.0 - 1.5 1.5
Magnesium (Mg) % 0.1 0.1 - 0.15 0.15 - 0.50 0.5 - 1.0 1.0
Zinc (Zn) mg/kg 10 10 - 15 15 - 70 70 - 150 150
Copper (Cu) mg/kg Barley 2.3 2.3 - 3.7 3.7 - 25 25 - 50 50
Iron (Fe) mg/kg 15 15 - 20 20 - 250 250 - 500 500
Manganese (Mn) mg/kg 10 10 - 15 15 - 100 100 - 250 250
Boron (B) mg/kg 3 3-5 5 - 25 25 - 75 75
Molybdenum (Mo) mg/kg 0.01 .01 - .02 .03 - 5 5 - 10 10
Sources: Westerman (1990).

IV. CONCLUSION The result of the study showed that micronutrient contents
are generally low when compared with control. Some are at

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