Name of Student: Grade and Section:

School:
GRADE 11
PHYSICAL
SCIENCE
MODULE 2: QUARTER 1 (WEEK
2) MOLECULAR POLARITY

Learning Competencies (Essential Competencies)

1. Determine if a molecule is polar or non-polar given its structure (S11/12PS-IIIc-15).
2. Relate the polarity of a molecule to its properties (S11/12PS-IIIc-16).

Day 1 – THE POLARITY OF A MOLECULE BASED

ON ITS STRUCTURE
Objectives: After finishing the day 1 module, the learners should be able to:
 Describe chemical bonding, covalent bond, and octet rule.
 Determine the number of valence electrons of an atom.
 Draw the Lewis dot symbol of atoms and Lewis structure.

INTRODUCTION
Have you ever played tug of war?
If you have, you know that if both teams
have equal strength, the contest is a
tie. But, what if the teams pull on the
rope with unequal force? Then, the
ropes closer to one side or the other.
The same is true for electrons in a
covalent bond. Some atoms pull more
strongly on the shared electrons than
other atoms do. This is also known as
molecular polarity. istock.com

So, why do atoms bond and share

electrons? As most atoms do not have
eight (8) valence electrons around
them, the atoms engage in covalent
bonding to share electrons in order to
fulfill the octet rule. The octet rule is
like an eight- hour sleep; atoms need
eight valence electrons to be stable,
satisfied, and not reactive. It means
that when an atom achieved eight
valence electrons, the atom could
edu.rsc.org finally rest as it is stable and happy!
 Let’s Recall (Review)
Before accomplishing this lesson, let us review on your previous lessons
about molecular polarity. Rearrange the letters to form the right word and
arrange them in order. You may work with a partner or someone at home to
answer this activity.

1. LENECVA LEECRONT
Found in the outermost shell of an atom, and can participate in the formation of a
chemical bond.
2. LETNCAVO BNODNGI
This process involves the sharing of electron pairs between non-metal atoms.
3. LEISW TSUCURET
A diagram that shows the bonding between atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs of
electrons that may exist in a molecule.
4. OPLRA ONDB
It is formed when one non-metal atom has a partial negative charge and the other has a
partial positive charge.
5. NNOOPLRA DNOB
It occurs between two identical non-metal atoms.

Let’s Understand (Study the Concept)

Did you know that macromolecules

such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
and nucleic acid in a human body are
made of atoms?

Proteins, in fact, are made of carbon,

hydrogen, oxygen, and other elements.
The question is, how did these atoms
interact to make our bodies function?
spaciousbreath.com

Elements do react with other elements and compounds. There is a force that holds
the different compounds together. It is a lasting attraction between atoms that enables
the formation of chemical compounds known as chemical bonding.

The bond may result from the electrostatic

force of attraction between atoms with
opposite charges, in which an atom loses
electrons and the other atom will gain
(ionic bond), or through sharing of
electrons (covalent bond).

nuclear-power.net
Covalent bond or also known as
molecular bond, is a chemical bond that
involves sharing of electron pairs
between atoms. These electron pairs are
known as shared pair or bonding pairs,
and the stable balance of attractive and
repulsive forces between atoms. Covalent
bonding formation occurs when the
electrons are shared with another element
or molecule. For many molecules, the
sharing of electrons allows each atom to
attain the equivalent of a full outer shell,
corresponding to a stable electronic
configuration. Covalent bonds usually
occurs on non-metal to non-metal
elements. Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and
the halogens are the examples of atoms
that frequently bond to other non-metals
by sharing electrons.
scienceabc.com

Though atoms share electron pairs to be

stable, one atom has a tendency to keep
the shared electrons towards itself due to
electronegativity difference between two
atoms. The more electronegative atom
has greater share of electrons than the
less electronegative atom. This pulling of
electrons creates slight polarity in the
bond. The polarity determines the
physical properties of compounds such
as the boiling points, melting points,
pinterest.com and their solubilities.

Some atoms pull more strongly on the

shared electrons than other atoms do.
As a result, the electrons move closer to
one atom, causing the atoms to have
slight electrical charges. The unequal
sharing is enough to make one atom
slightly negative and the other atoms
slightly positive. A covalent bond in
which electrons are shared unequally is
polar. quora.com

If two atoms pull equally on the

electrons, neither atom becomes
charged. This is the case when the two
atoms are identical, as in fluorine gas
(F2). The valence electrons are shared
equally and the bond is nonpolar.

quora.com
There are different chemical covalent
bonds such as sigma bond and pi bond.

Sigma bonds are formed by end-to-end

overlapping. This also happens when
there is a pair of electrons in each side.

Pi (double) bonds are when the lobe of

one atomic orbital overlaps another. This
also happens when there are two or
more pairs of electrons in each side.

The next question is, are all electrons in

an atom involved in the bonding
process? The answer is NO. Only the
electrons in the outermost shell of an
atom are the ones that participate in
chemical bonds, also known as the
valence electrons.

socratic.org

In covalent bonding, atoms need

combine to achieve an octet of valence
electrons to make them stable. This
principle is also known as the octet rule.
Matter always wants to be in the most
stable form. For any atom, stability is
achieved by following the octet rule,
which is to say all atoms want eight (8)
electrons in their outermost electron shell
(just like noble gases).
tumblr.com

Exceptions to the octet rule include

hydrogen (H) and helium (He) that
follow the duet rule instead. They are
the first two elements of the periodic
table and have a single electron shell
which accommodates only 2 electrons.
Other exceptions include some group 3
elements like boron (B) that contain
three valence electrons.
tumblr.com

STEPS IN DETERMINING MOLECULAR POLARITY

STEP 1: COUNT THE VALENCE ELECTRONS

The number of valence electrons of the atoms of representative elements (group A) and
noble gases is identified by its group number in the periodic table.
Example 1:
Carbon belongs to group IVA of the periodic table. Thus, the number of its valence
electrons is 4.

Example 2:
Hydrogen, lithium, and sodium belong to group IA. The number of their valence electron
is 1.
Remember the following number of valence electrons for each group.
GROUP NUMBER OF VALENCE ELECTRONS
1A 1
2A 2
3A 3
4A 4
5A 5
6A 6
7A 7
8A 8 (NOBLE GASES *except for helium
that has 2)

To determine the number of valence

electrons in an atom, locate the
chemical symbol in the periodic table.
Then identify the number of valence
electrons based on its position on the
table.
socratic.org

STEP 2: ELECTRON-DOT DIAGRAMS OR LEWIS DOT SYMBOL OF

ATOMS

An electron-dot diagram or a Lewis dot symbol is a notation or diagram showing the

valence electrons around the element’s chemical symbol.

STEPS IN DRAWING ELECTRON-DOT DIAGRAMS

A. Write the element symbol.
For example, carbon, the element present in diamonds, is a chemical element with
symbol C.
B. Determine the number of
valence electrons of the element.
Carbon is in group 4A of the periodic
table, so it has four valence electrons.
C. Draw the electrons as dots around
the chemical symbol. Place one dot
on each side of the atom before
pairing the dots.
STEPS IN DRAWING THE LEWIS STRUCTURE OF A MOLECULE
Determine the number of valence electrons of all atoms present in the molecule.
For example, water, a basic necessity for life, has a chemical formula H2O. It has two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Each hydrogen has one valence electron, and
the oxygen atom has six valence electrons.

The Lewis structures for each atom are:

1. The central atom will be the
element with the lowest number of
atoms. A water molecule is
composed of one atom of oxygen
and two atoms of hydrogen. The
central atom will be oxygen.
2. Draw the electrons as dots around
the chemical symbol. Place one dot
on each side of the atom before
pairing the dots.

4. Look for a single valence electron.

Note that hydrogen atoms can form
only one bond. Connect the hydrogen
atoms to oxygen.

5. Two electrons that are shared

between atoms form a covalent bond.
Draw a line to indicate a bond.
6. Check if each atom achieves an
octet.

As you can see, in water molecule Lewis structure, there are two covalent bonds and two
lone pairs (attached in oxygen). The oxygen atom follows the octet rule. It is surrounded
by eight valence electrons. On the other hand, the hydrogen atoms also achieve eight
valence electrons by sharing valence electrons with oxygen.

Let’s Apply
Fill in the Lewis dot structure for each of the elements and molecules in the
table below

N Si

CO2 NH3
. Let’s Analyze
Write T if the statement is true. Change the underlined word to make the
statement true.
1. Using the periodic table, you can determine that a potassium atom
has one valence electron.
2. When atoms share electrons unequally, a polar bond forms.
3. In covalent bonding, atoms need combine to achieve four valence
electrons to make them stable.
4. A chemical bond in which a pair of electrons is shared between
two atoms is called ionic bond.
5. When the valence electrons are shared equally, the bond is polar.

Day 2- PREDICTING SHAPES THROUGH (VALENCE

SHELL ELECTRON PAIR REPULSION) VSEPR THEORY
Objectives: After finishing the day 2 module, the learners should be able to:
 Determine the shape of a molecule based on its Lewis structure.
 Practice predicting the structure of simple compounds.
 Determine if a molecule is polar or nonpolar given its structure.

INTRODUCTION

Have you ever wondered what a

molecule looks like in a three-
dimensional shape? The VSEPR
theory comes to our rescue! In this
module, we will know more about the
arrangement and shape of molecules
by the VSEPR theory as well as to
determine if a molecule is polar or
nonpolar.
nuclear-energy.net

Let’s Recall

Complete the table with the information needed. A Periodic Table can help.

ELEMENT NUMBER OF NUMBER OF VALENCE NUMBER OF

ELECTRONS ELECTRONS LEWIS DOT
O
Al
Mg
S
N
 Let’s Understand (Study of the Concept)

The molecular geometry is the

three-dimensional arrangement of the
atoms that constitute a molecule. It
includes the general shape of the
molecule as well as the bond lengths,
bond angles, torsional angles, and
any other geometrical parameters that
determine the position of each atom.

The overall polarity of molecules with

more than one bond is determined
from both the polarity of the individual
bond and the shape of the molecule.
scied.ucar.edu
It is important to remember the following terms:

A. Valence Electron Pairs

Bonding pairs are electrons that are

shared by atoms in a bond. Connecting
the paired electrons form a covalent
bond.

Nonbonding pairs (lone pairs) are

electrons that are not shared (also
known as lone pairs) and are localized
in only one atom. socratic.org

Valence electron pairs are paired

valence electrons that are most likely no
longer available to form a bond with
other atoms (with some exceptions). The
presence of valence electron pairs
explains why molecules have different
shapes. The electron pairs in the
valence shell of an atom repel one
another, and this repulsion causes
the valence electrons to be as far
socratic.org away from each other as possible.

B. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory

• It is used to predict the molecular geometry of atoms.
• It is based on Lewis structure and the following principles:
1. Electrons are negatively charged. They tend to repel other electrons.
2. The spatial arrangement of the bonding pairs of electrons in the valence orbitals is
the one in which electron repulsions are minimized.
Steps in Determining the Shape of the Molecule
1. Draw the Lewis structure of the
lone pair
molecule.
For example, water, H2O, has the
covalent
following Lewis structure.
bond

2. Determine the steric number (SN),

which is the total number of bonded
atoms and lone pairs on the central
atom.

*Note that when considering electron-pair repulsion, multiple bonds (double or triple, pi
bond) are treated like single bonds (counted as one each side).
In water, oxygen is the central atom. There are two hydrogen atoms bonded to oxygen,
and oxygen has two lone pairs of electrons. Therefore, its SN is 4.
H2O steric number (SN) = covalent bond (2) + lone pairs (2)
3. Determine the VSEPR notation, CBmLn, for the molecule. VSEPR notation is used
to determine the shape of a molecule easily.
VSEPR Notation: CBmLn
m = number of atoms bonded to the central atom
n = number of lone pairs
For water, n (lone pair) is 2 and m (covalent bond) is also 2. Therefore, its
notation is CB2L2.
4. Determine the electron geometry of the molecule using the table below.

quipper.com
Water is CB2L2, steric number is 4, and 2 lone pairs. From the table, water’s
molecular shape is bent or angular.

POLAR OR NONPOLAR?

There are millions of different molecules, and there are many ways to sort them.
One way to classify them is based on polarity. Polarity means having dipoles, a positive
and a negative end. Based on polarity, molecules can be polar or nonpolar.

Polar molecules have dipoles. Their dipole moments do not add up to zero (or do not
cancel out). Water and carbon monoxide are examples of polar molecules.

Nonpolar molecules do not have positive or negative ends. Their dipole moments add up
to zero (they cancel out). Carbon tetrachloride and methane are examples of nonpolar
molecules.

Generally, you can tell if a molecule is polar or nonpolar based on its structure or shape
and the polarity of the individual bonds present in the molecule

STEPS IN DETERMINING THE POLARITY OF A MOLECULE

1. Draw the correct Lewis structure and molecular geometry of the molecule.
2. Identify the polarity of each bond present in the molecule. A bond is polar when the
atoms in the bond have different electronegativities. Recall that electronegativity is
the measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. (You
may use the periodic table to determine the electronegativity values of the atoms.)
3. Draw the dipole moment vectors for polar bonds. The dipole moment vector points
to the more electronegative atom.

4. Determine the sum of the dipole moment vectors. If the dipole moments cancel
out each other, the molecule is nonpolar; otherwise, it is polar.

Example: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the gas that you exhale.

1. Correct Lewis structure and geometry:

2. Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon. Therefore, the C—O bonds are polar.
3. Since CO2 has a linear symmetrical structure, the dipole moments of the C—O bonds
cancel out.
 CO2 is a nonpolar molecule.

Let’s Apply
Draw for the molecular geometry of the following molecules and determine their
polarities.

1. Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)

2. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

Let’s Analyze
Study the following Lewis structures. Which of the structures are valid and
which are invalid. Explain your answers.

1. 2. 3.

1. _ _
2. _ _
3. _ _

Day 3- THE PROPERTIES OF A MOLECULE BASED ON

ITS POLARITY
Objectives: After finishing the day 3 module, the learners should be able to:
Relate the polarity of a molecule to its properties.
 Let’s Recall
Complete the table. Determine which is polar or nonpolar by its molecular
geometry.

water (H2O) carbon dioxide (CO2)

INTRODUCTION

Why is sucrose (table sugar) soluble

in water? In the previous lesson, you
have learned that both sucrose and
water are polar molecules.

In this lesson, you will continue to learn

about polar and nonpolar molecules.
But this time, you will relate the polarity
of the molecules to their observable
properties.
pinterest.com

Let’s Understand (Study of the Concept)

The properties of the molecules are related to their polarity. To understand the
relationship, you must be able to describe the force of attraction between the molecules.
You know now that polar molecules have partially positive and negative ends. The
separation of charges result in a strong force of attraction between the molecules. On
the other hand, nonpolar molecules do not have positive or negative ends, therefore,
the attraction is very minimal.

Do you remember the rule of thumb “like

dissolves like” in your previous chemistry
lessons? This rule is applied on the
concept of solubility of molecules. Polar
solutes dissolve in polar solvents. For
example, sucrose is soluble in water
because both of them are polar
molecules. On the other hand, nonpolar
solutes dissolve in nonpolar solvents. For
example, hexane (C6H14) and benzene
(C6H6) are nonpolar molecules because
they only contain nonpolar C-H bonds.
The combination of these molecules form quora.com
a solution.
 Melting point is the temperature at which
a solid turns into liquid. Heat is needed to
break the forces of attraction between the
molecules. Because the polar molecules
have relatively stronger forces of attraction
compared to nonpolar ones, greater
amount of heat must be applied to break
these forces. Therefore, in general, polar
molecules have higher melting points
than nonpolar molecules. For example,
hydrogen fluoride (HF) is polar while
fluorine (F2) is nonpolar. HF has higher
pinterest.com melting point than F2.

Boiling point is the temperature at which

a liquid turns into gas. Similar to melting
point, greater amount of heat is needed to
break the forces of attraction of polar
molecules compared to nonpolar ones.
Generally, polar molecules have
higher boiling points than nonpolar
molecules. For example, methanol
(CH3OH) is a polar molecule while
methane (CH4) is nonpolar. The boiling
of CH3OH is higher than that of CH4. medium.com

Let’s Analyze
Compare and contrast: Study the illustrations below to compare a polar and a
nonpolar molecule. Based on the illustration, which one has the higher melting and
boiling points? Explain why.

WATER:

CARBON DIOXIDE:
 Let’s Create
Getting involved in your community: One important application of the
concept of polarity is to make your knowledge about the polarity of different
substances useful to you and your community to prevent the spread of infectious
diseases.

Goal: Your goal is to make a hand sanitizer at home to observe the solubility of different
substances. Explain to family member/s the importance of knowing the molecular
properties and polarity of substances in creating new products that can be helpful to your
community. The presentation will be video recorded to serve as an output.
Materials:
 2/3 cup of rubbing alcohol
 1/3 cup of aloe vera gel or hair conditioner
 5-10 drops of essential oil
 Mixing bowl
 Spoon
Directions:
1. Choose a clean place and wash your hands thoroughly before making the hand
sanitizer. Wear gloves if possible.
2. Mix the rubbing alcohol and aloe vera gel. Let it sit for 10 seconds. Observe.
3. Add the essential oil. Mix well. Let it sit for 10 seconds. Observe.
Guide Questions:
1. Did the rubbing alcohol mix well with the aloe vera?
2. Did the essential oil mix well with alcohol and aloe vera?
Role: Your job is to act as a product development chemist.
Audience: You are to present your product to your teacher and classmates, and/or to
your family member/s.
Situation: The challenge involves applying your knowledge about molecular polarity in
connection to creating products that could help your community stop the spread of an
infection.
Product, Performance, and Purpose: Your video presentation will be judged by your
teacher and/or family member/s.

Standards and Criteria

Excellent Good Fair Poor

10 points 8 points 6 points 5 point

Content Extremely well Presented in a Most transitions Format was

organized; thoughtful were easy to difficult to
logical format manner, but at follow, but at follow;
that was easy to times ideas were times ideas were transitions of
follow; unclear; “solid” unclear; solid” ideas were
enhanced the product product abrupt
effectiveness of
the project

Creativity and Extremely clever Was clever at Fairly unique Little creative
and unique times, uniquely presentation energy used
Neatness
presentation presented
Day 4 - Let’s Try (Evaluation)

Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following properties affects the melting and boiling points
of molecules?
A. color
B. volume
C. polarity
D. mass
2. Which of the following refers to the temperature at which a solid
turns into a liquid?
A. boiling point
B. melting point
C. solubility
D. polarity
3. Which of the following is insoluble in water?

A. sucrose
B. isoprophyl alcohol
C. benzene
D. ammonia
4. Which of the following refers to the temperature at which a liquid
turns into a gas?
A. boiling point
B. melting point
C. solubility
D. polarity
5. Water and oil will not mix because water is , and oil is .
A. polar; nonpolar
B. nonpolar; polar
C. polar; polar
D. nonpolar; nonpolar
6. Which of the following is soluble in water?

A. C2H6

B. CH4
C. HCl
D. C6H14
7. Choose the pair that will not form a solution?
A. water and sugar
B. water and ammonia
C. water and alcohol
D. water and margarine
8. What factors describe the polarity of a molecule?
A. bond length and molecular size
B. bond polarity and molecular size
C. bond length and molecular shape
D. bond polarity and molecular shape
9. Both substances A and B are made up of nonpolar molecules, but A
has a greater size and mass than B. Which of the following statements
is true about both substances?
A. Both A and B exhibits London dispersion forces of the same
strength.
B. A has a stronger London dispersion forces than B.
C. B has a stronger London dispersion forces than A.
D. Neither A nor B exhibits London dispersion forces.
10. Which of the following is a polar molecule?
A. CH4
B. CO2
C. H2O
D. BeCl2
REFERENCES:
 Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Focus on Physical Science, California
Edition, 2425 Walnut Creek, California 94596
 Moncada, M.N., Ed.D., Physical Science for Senior High School, Educational
Resources Corporation, 11-B Sunrise Drive, Barangay Bagong Lipunan ng
Crame, Cubao, Quezon City
 Cervantes and Dizon, General Chemisty for Senior High School, LORIMAR
Publishing, Inc., 776 Aurora Boulevard, cor. Boston Street, Cubao, Quezon
City
 Quipper.Com
https://link.quipper.com/en/organizations/5ea787696e54250c12a79461/curric
 Molecular Polarity
https://chem.libretexts.org
 Covalent Bonding, Octet Rule, Polarity, and Basic Types of Formulas
https://www.utdallas.edu/~scortes/ochem/OChem1_Lecture/Class_Materials/03_c
oval_bonding.pdf
 A Visual Analogy Guide to Chemistry https://books.google.com.ph/books?
id=V8RKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52&lpg=PA52&d q=octet%20rule
%20analogy&source=bl&ots=auljrp22Ni&sig=ACfU3U2cmaofzIdD
EHIG_nZJPlIyb3PZ2A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_7tzZobrqAhUXE4gKHXJBC
wMQ6AEwDnoECAEQAQ&fbclid=IwAR3e7Ps7lC9mYoqI41DrUgJqN20ReaN9bq
5Cuo-6dlA6a4cNfpekEeKQS1U#v=onepage&q=octet%20rule%20analogy&f=false
 Single and Multiple Covalent Bonds
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/class-11-chemistry-
india/xfbb6cb8fc2bd00c8:in-in-chemical-bonding-and-molecular-structure
 Organic Chemistry: Lewis Structure
https://socratic.org/questions/how-is-water-represented-using-a-lewis-dot-diagram

IRENE B. JAPLOS, RRT, LPT

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
PARAÑAQUE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – MAIN

JULY 2020