| 110 Verb patterns Verb + to-infinitive / -ing; verb + (object) + bare infinitive; verb RROD ae CORT MMe C does ss peo ea mee m aL} HEREN (313) Listen to pare ofan interview from ‘radio travel programme. The reporter is talking ‘about his recent visi to the island of Lombok in Indonesia. Which of these problems did the reporter encounter on his trip? seasickness _ shark attack passport left at home volcanic eruption hurricane _ missed flight _ stung by jellyfish missed boat —_ [EZ LBB) Listen again and fill n the gaps. 11 Td been so anxious to get into the taxi that |__‘ pick it up. 2 Wewere ‘outside the harbour for hours. 3 Anumber of people _to the coral reefs off the northwest coast. 4 When | was younger | used to _ inthe sea. 5 Asitswam past) __me across the stomach. 6 Ireally sme so well 7 Aswe ___ the amazing sunset, it was almost possible to believe it. essai the camera in my mobile phone, but the quality was pretty poor. [EE] Notice that in each space in 1.2 you have written two verbs, and that the second verb has either 2 to-infinitive or an -ing form. 1. In three of these sentences ycu could use the other form of this verb and still havea correct sentence. ‘Which three? fi 2 Inonly one of these three would the sentence have a similar meaning with either a to-infintive or an -ing form. Which one? n| managed to finda friendly taxi driver. | considered staying for afew more days. | couldn’ get out ofthe way. "When two verbs are used together, the second verb isin either ato-infnitive an ing or a bare infinitive form (ie. an infinitive without to} Verb + to-infinitive / -ing Some verbs can be followed by either a to-nfinitive or an -ing form with little or no difference in meaning: | started to scream. or | started screaming. (Other verbs lke this include: begin, not bother, cease, continue, We normally avoid using two -ing forms together: | was beginning to feel quite ct home there. (not Hwos-beginning feeling...) ‘After the opinion verbs hate ike, love and prefer we can use either a to-infinitive or an ing form with little difference in meaning, However, we prefer ato-infnitive when we say we do something regularly. Compare: When | was younger. | used to hate to swim in the ea. (= implies regular swimming) When | was younger | used to hate swimming in the sea. (= implies swimming in general) ‘After would (i) with hate ke, love or prefer, we use ato-infinitive, not an -ing form: 1d love to think that it could avoid a huge expansion in visitors. Some verbs can be followed ty either ato-infnitve or an-ing form but the meaning ofthe verb is different: | came to realise that the Lombok people are very kind. (= talking about a gradual realisation) ‘came swimming towards me. (= saying that something swam in your direction) We use an ing form after the preposition to: 1d really been looking forward to staying atthe Hotel Sanar in Mataram. (not... ooking forwarel-to-sty...) and after the preposition of a phrasal verb: | put off going home for as lorg as possible. (not tputoffge...) {In negative sentences, the postion of not can influence meaning. Compare: | regretted not speaking the loca language. (=| didnt speak the language and I regretted it) | didn’t regret speaking the local language. (= spoke it and | didn‘ reget it) | was told not to exercise. (= they said | shouldn't exercise) | wasn't told to exercise. (= they didnt say | should exercise) Verb + (object) + bare infinitive When let and make have an object, this is followed by a bare infinitive: They made us wait ouside the harbour for hours. But we use a to-infinitive after a passive form of make: We were made to wait outside the harbour for hours. ‘When the verbs of perception feel, hear, notice, observe, overhear, see, watch have an object, this is followed by ‘an -ing form or a bare infinitive: | felt it stinging me across the stomach. or | felt it sting me across the stomach. | sat on the beach and | watched the sun setting. or | watched the sun set and then went home. 731 0 Verb patterns (2) _ ‘We usualy prefer an -ing form when the action is in progress or we want to emphasise that it continued for some time, and a bare infinitive when an action is complete or we want to eryphasise that it lasted for ashore time, ‘We use a bare infinitive in certain idiomatic phrases with dare, make, let and hear I dare say you're tired after your journey. (=I think this must be true; see Unit 4, 2.7 for more on dare.) | had to make do witha less luxurious hotel. 1 had to lt goof the rope. He let slip that he hadn't got a crving licence. (heard tell ere were sharks aroun, ‘After help we can use either a bare infinitive or to-nfinitve: Some ofthe villagers helped carry me back to my tax. or Some ofthe villagers helped to carry me back to my taxi (EE) verb + object + to-infinitive / -ing ‘After some verbs we have to include an object before a to-infinitive in active sentences: ‘Anumber of people had encouraged me to go to the coral reefs off the northwest coast of the island. Other verbs like this include: advise, persuade, tell. Some verbs can't include an object before a to-infinitive: I decided to go ahead. Other verbs like this include: agree, guarantee, refuse. With some verbs we have to include the preposition for before an object + to-infinitive: J arranged for the taxi to collect me. (Other verbs like this include: avert, apply, campaign, pay, wat. (See Unit 24, 2.2 for more on prepositions after verbs.) ‘Some verbs are only followed by an -ing form when they have an object: | saw the jellyfish coming towards me ‘Other verbs like this include: fee, find, hear. Verb + object/possessive + -ing ‘Some verbs can be followed either by an object or, more formally, a possessive form: | realy appreciated them looking after me so well.or | eally appreciated their ooking after meso well ‘Other verbs like this include verbs of (ds)iking (eg. appreciate, detest, (dis)approve of, (disk, enjoy, hate, love, object to) and verbs of thinking (eg, forget, imagine, remember, think o). We can only use a possessive form to talk about a person or a group of people: 1 never forget it swimming towards me. (not... ts-swimming towards me) We don't usea possessive formif the object is complex: I really enjoyed Arun and his sister showing me around. (not... Arun{S}and-isister..) Other patterns after verbs ‘The to-infinitive can also have perfect, passive and continuous forms. © Verb + to have + past participle ‘We use forms of the perfect infinitive to talk about an event that happened earlier or is complece: ‘The Sasaks are thought to have originally come to Lombok from India or Burma This is particularly used to talkabout actions that did not happen or may not have happened: | was supposed to have arrived on the 1th October. I was supposed to have been flying from London to Singapore. The mountain's thought by some to have been created by the god Batara. 74_Verb patterns (2) 1 0 ‘+ Verb + having + past participle ‘We use the perfect -ing form to emphasise that one action happens before ancther: {really regret not having taken my camera with me. This form is most often used with the verbs admit, deny forget, recall regret and remember. ‘+ Verb + to be + present/past participle Future actions can also be indicated using the continuous infinitive (verb + to be + present participle) and the passive infinitive (verb + to be + past participle): | hope to be going back again. ‘More fights to the island are expected to be introduced next year. I Grammar exercises Choose the correct answer. Sometimes more than one option is possible. 1 The President has urged people vote / has urged to vote / has urged people to vote “Yes' in tomorrow's referendum on joining the European Union 2. After Chan injured his knee last year,a number of specialists advised him to give up / advised to give up / advised him giving up football, but hei til playing as well as ever. 3 Avvideo recording from a security camera atthe bank was used in Thomas’ trial. It clearly showed pointing / showed him pointing / showed him to point a gun at the cashier. 4 Ifyou have any questions please write to me at the above address. can't guarantee you to reply / ‘guarantee to reply / guarartee you replying immediately, but | will certainly write back before the end of the month 5 "You can lead a horse to water but you can't make it drink / make it to drink / make it drinking’ (a proverb) 6 We really appreciate you help / appreciate you helping | appreciate your helting us move house. 7. We decided to look fora new job as | enjoy not sitting / dant enjoy to sit / don't enjoy sitting in front of a computer all day 8 Now that Lena has boughta house in Brussels, | will have to advertise for someone to share / advertise someone sharing | advertise someone to share my flat with me. ‘Complete these texts using each verb in the appropriate form. If necessary, add a preposition and/or object before the verb. A “I think i’ fair to say that Jim Thompson wasnt liked in our company and when he was made sales manager, many of us objected to (1) __his being _ promoted. Over the next few weeks, things just got worse. When. we walked past his office, we often heard (2)__to is fiends on the phone. Then one of my colleagues caught (3) some money from the cash box. Eventually, a group of us went to the ‘Managing Director of the company and demanded (4)__ Thompson dismissed. But despite our ‘objections, the MD said that he wasnt prepared (5) __ his own sont" 7s1D veioycaea 76 ‘When a bear broke out of its cage at Dudtand Zoo last week and climbed a nearby tree, there wasn't much the zookeepers could do. They failed (1) __it with the large net ‘they had, and then just had to wait (2) __ hungry. They put some honey, the bear's favourite food, inside its cage, and eventually the bear came back and began ® it, Since then, there has been a lot of criticism of the zoo staff by local residents. Mo Baker, 41, of Sea Street said: I accept that Keepers coulch't have done much to prevent (4) ________., but they didn't even bother (6) _ the police.’ ‘The director of Dudiand Zoo has said that an enquiry into the escape is now under way. Do you remember (1) that you wanted a recent photo of me? Well, here it is (please see attachment). Yes, it's not very flattering, but you know how | hate (2)______ my photo taken. Can't wait (3)_____ you again in July. Until then, you'll have to make (4) _________ with this photo! Btw, let me know when your flight gets in and Ill get Laura or Daniel (5) you from the airport. Must go. We're off to the cinema tonight, so! have to hurry (6) dinner ready. Will email again soon. Love, Luis_Verb patterns (2) 1 0 [EXE] complete the sentences with phrases from the box. Use a to-infinitive, bare infinitive or -ing form of the verb (including perfect and continuous forms). 1. yourheadache doesn't go soon try___taking a couple of paracetamol ‘The Department of Health has just launched a campaign to encourage people ‘Around 2,000 people ae believed | didn’t want to speak to Jakub, so when he walked past | pretended He had such a bad temper that no one dared ‘They say that Mark can be quite aggressive, but personally I've never heard him ‘She started life asa teacher, but went on 8 Now that Laura has gone away to college, | really miss 7Reading and Use of English Part 5 ‘You are going to read a newspaper article about the writer’s experience as a cyclist. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B, Cor D) which you think fits best according to ths text. My life as a human speed bump Giving up car has ot been gute the liberating experience that George Monbiot had hoped. Seventeen years after giving up my cat, | stil fel like a second-class citizen. Tam trying to do the right thing, but the United Kingdom just ist run for people like me. Take our bus services. My home city, Oxford, has invested ‘massively in a park-and-ride scheme: buses carry people into the centre from car parks on the outskirts. At first I thought chis was a great idea. Now, having stood for what must amount to weeks at bus stops, watching the fall double deckers go by every couple of minutes without stopping, I realise its not just the roads which have been taken over by drivers, bt abo the public transport system. (Or take the bike lanes. Most consist of ines painted on the road where itis wide and safe, which disappear a soon as it becomes narrow and dangerous. One of them, in Oxford, ha been surfaced with small stones, which shows that the people who designed them have never ridden a bicycle When we asked fore bike lane on one ofthe city’s busiest streets, the council chose instead to narrow the street and widen the pavements, in the hope thatthe bicycles would slow down the cars.The cyelits, reluctant to become human speed bumps, started traveling down the pavement Now there is almost nowhere reserved for people like me. Out of political cowardice, councils and the police have ‘ven up enforcing che law: Preventing people from parking on the pavement would mean cutting dhe number of parking places 3s the streets are otherwise too narrow. In one part of Oxford they have solved the problem by painting parking places oa the pavement. Since my daughter was born, and I have stated pushing a pram, 1 have been forced to walkin the middle ofthe road. In one respect this makes sense: the pavements are so badly ‘maintained that she will only sleep when she's being pushed down the smooth grey carpet laid out for the cars. My problem is that by secking to reduce my impact on the planet, I joined a political minority that is diminishing every year. As car ownership increases, its only remaining members area handful of strange people like me, the very poor and those not qualified to drive. None of these groups have political power. Our demands run counter to the usual wish to be successful, and have a better home, job and car, and are therefore of litle interest to either politicians or the media. ‘Now, to my horror | find I am beginning to question even the environmental impact of my 17 years of ‘moderation. Its true that my own carbon emissions have been reduced, It salso true that i everyone did the same thing the total saving would be enormous. The problem is that, in the absence of regulation, traffic expands to fill the available space. By refusing to own a car | have merely opened up road space for other people, who tend to drive more fuel-hungry models than T would have chosen. We can do litle to reduce our impacts on the environment if the government won't support us. ‘There are some compensations, however. About three or four times a year I hite a cat. When I stop at motorway service stations, am struck by the staggering levels of obesity it appears to be far more prevalent there than on trains or coaches. People who take public transport must atleast walk to the bus stop. The cyclists among us keep fit without even noticing, Being without a car in Oxfoc! has forced me to become more engaged with my home town. It throws me into contact with far more people than I would otherwise encounter. There are 2 couple of routes which make cycling a real pleasure: the footpath along the River Thames, for example, takes me most of the way to the tation. But overall as fa as self-interest is concerned, | would struggle to claim that giving up my car was a wholly positive decision. 84 o i In the first paragraph, the writer says his view of the Oxford park-and-ride scheme is that ‘A thas actually encouraged people to drive into town. B_ithas been an unqualified success. thas had insufficient funding. D ts popularity has become problematic. ‘The writer thinks that cyclists started traveling down the pavement in one of Oxford's busiest streets because ‘A. the council put in a speed restriction measure. B the pavement is very wide. © there is no bike lane, D_ inthe bike lane cyclists are too close to cars. Inthe third paragraph, the writer says he believes that Oxford city council has shown ‘political ‘cowardice’ because it ‘A. reluctant to stop cars being left in pedestrian areas. B doesn't want cyclists on the city's roads, © has narrowed some roads to discourage cyclists from using them. D_ is unwiling to improve the standard of pavements. In the fifth paragraph, the writer suggests that the effect of his actions has been to discourage the government from giving support. lower maintenance standards for pavements. ‘create more room on the road for other cars, ‘encourage others to drive bigger cars. com> writer's observations at motorway service stations suggest to him that car drivers are more overweight than public transport users. ‘people who own cars are thinner than people who hire ther. people who use public transport don't get enough exercise. Cyclists ride bikes in order to keep fit voary ding to the writer, being without a car in Oxford ‘has been a completely positive experience. hhas increased the number of acquaintances he has made. has made him stay at home more. has been a complete mistake. voa> veiopaners() 10 alah eee eae 7911 Relative clauses (1) PPS nae Brees tee lene CSCC mse elt iH Pate ciastimi hence tee ses cay relative clat EEN You are going to hear part of a commentary from an audio-guide in a museum of science and technology. Before you listen, look at these photos. What do you think the commentary is about? : ee tu vacuum tubes Hertz experiment E wireless telegraph [EB B74) tisten to the commentary. Number the photos in the order they are mentioned. HERE) (379) Listen again and fill in the gaps. 1. He devised an experiment __in which __asparkjumped across a gap in a metal ring when a sparking coil was held a few metres away, 2 For most people, however its the Italian Guglielmo Marconi __ name is mainly associated with the development of radio. 3 Thefirst public demonstration ofthe power of radio came in 1901, ‘Marconi announced that he had received a transmission from across the Atlantic, ‘There are just afew of the ‘wireless telegraphs’ that the factory produced left in the world, an example you can see in Case 2. Radio waves could not cary speech until a method had been developed __ the low-frequency waves produced in a microphone could be combined with high-frequency radio waves. 6 InBritain, the popularity of radio increased until 1952, _ _ four out of five households ‘owned one. EERE Whar do the words in the gaps in 1.3 refer to? 1 He devised an experiment’ in which a sparkjumped across gap in a metal ring when a sparking coil was held a few metres away. 80