WATERPROOFING A WALL FROM INSIDE

On Friday 29/07/2022 we visited to the Circuit House building for construction visit for our Vocational
Training. In this portion of our training work, we learned how to waterproof a wall from inside.
Water seepage and dampness are common problems that most house owners face. Poor construction
quality and lack of proper waterproofing measures are the key reasons behind these problems. While the
immediate effects such as puffiness of the walls, dampness and peeling of paint seem to be negligible, but
these can cause severe damage to the property if not taken care of at the right time.
Product Used For Waterproofing The Walls
SHYAM STEEL STURDFLEX- ACRYLIC MAX 2K and CEMMIX
Application Process
At first plaster was removed till brickwork. After removing the plaster, the walls were cleaned with steel
brush and water. Then the two components of ACRYLIC MAX 2K (liquid and powder) were mixed in
1:2 proportion, and applied 2 coats to the wall. Then the walls were cured for two days. Then repair
mortar was prepared with the SHYAM STEEL STURDFLEX CEMMIX in a proportion of 200ml per
50kg bag and applied to the wall and the walls were cured for two more days. Then normal putty and
paintwork was done.

PITCH MAT ROOF WATERPROOFING

On Wednesday 06/07/2022 we visited to the Chinsurah Court building for construction visit for our
Vocational Training. In this portion of our training work, we learned how to waterproof a roof by pitch
mat.
Super Uniplastifelt is Polymeric Bituminous Membrane of various thickness The center core of material
consists of 90 Micron thick high molecular high density polythene film. The center core of the material is
protected on both sides with polymeric bitumen having high softening point and high penetration. The
modified bitumen is protected on both sides by 25 Micron thick high molecular high density polythene
film. This reinforces the non-permeable quality of the entire membrane
Properties

Easy application, Absorption of Vibration Flexibility at low Temperatures Resistant at high

Temperatures, Elongation Capacity.

Roof Surface Preparation

The surface to be membrane should be clear from dirt, dry and clean. Must not be installed during
adverse weather and below 450 F. For slope up to 3 inch the membrane should be laid perpendicular to
slab and more than 3-inch slope should be laid parallel to slope. This ensures that water is never be
running at joint lap edge.

Method Of Application

1. The surface has to be thoroughly cleaned to obtain a smooth uniform surface.

2. A Coat of bitumen primer IS: 3384 is to be applied.
3. Blown Bitumen Grade 85/25 is to be used at 1.2 Kegs. Per sq. meter. The membrane can also be
applied by torching with a blow lamp or a torch seal.

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

On Tuesday 05/07/2022 we student of B. Tech Civil, visited to Bandel-Rajhat-Polba Road, Hooghly,

West Bengal for Bridge construction visit for our Vocational Training. In this portion of our training
work, we learn different component of bridge and reinforcement details.
The proposed 3-lane bridge has been designed
for one lane of class 70R. For every two lanes with one
lane of class A on the remaining lanes or 3 lanes of class
A. The bridge consists of carriageway, crash barrier,
Footpath and Kerb. Width of carriage way is 11 meters.
1.5 meters wide footpath is provided alongside the
carriage way. The grade of concrete for substructure is
M30, for superstructure M35. HYSD bars of grade Fe
500D conforming to IS:1786 is used as reinforcement.
Diameter of main bar is 16 mm at 120 mm spacing (inner
to inner) is used whereas 10 mm distribution bar at 190
mm spacing (inner to inner) is used. Chair bar of 12 mm
diameter is used at 112 mm c/c spacing. Lapping length of main bar is 1 meters (each side from center of
girder). ISMB 400 is used as cross girder. Clear cover to outer most steel is 50 mm, except foundation.
Strip seal type expansion joint is used for a total movement of +/- 10mm with original gap of 40 mm
between concrete faces. In wearing course 25 mm thick mastic asphalt is laid over 40mm thick
Bituminous Macadam. Weep holes along with filter media spaced at 1000 c/c both at horizontally and
vertically is provided in a staggered manner.

BRICK STITCHING

On Monday, 11th day of July, under our vocational training, we visited to the District Judge Bungalow for
the purpose of learning how to make a brick stitching in a wall crack. In basic terms crack stitching is
the masonry repair method for repairing cracked walls and ensuring that they are reinforced. It involves
retrofitting a number of crack stitching bars which are grouted across cracks in walls in order to reconnect
them and provide stability to the masonry.

The technique has been used by Native Americans and in Africa,

the Middle East and South America. Guatemalan examples use
beads of size 22/0 and smaller.
Types
There are many variations of brick stitch in bead weaving. These
include flat brick stitch, circular brick stitch or tubular brick
stitch. A popular use of brick stitch is to bead around a
component, be it a closed jump ring or another larger bead.

Making a Brick Stitch

To begin each row of brick stitch, pick up two beads. Push them down toward the ladder and then pass
the needle through the connecting thread between the first two beads of the ladder. Work from back to
front. Pull snugly.
How to repair cracked brick walls step-by-step
Remove the cracked mortar from the brick wall

Removed the old cracked horizontal mortar from the joints

using a raking bar. We also careful not to damage the bricks
and don’t go deeper than 1.5 – 2 cm in the wall. Then
removed the vertical joints at the end of the bricks as well. To
do so, used a chisel and a hammer. Taped the chisel with the
hammer until cracked the mortar. Don’t go deeper than 1.5 –
2cm. Used a wire brush and gently scrub the empty joints to ensure all the excess mortar is removed.

Spray the brick wall

After all the mortar is removed, it needs to spray the wall with water. A dry brick wall will suck up all the
water from the new mortar, causing the wall to crack all over again.

Patch the joints with mortar

After the mortar is mixed well and matches our wall colour, took a brick jointer and push the mortar into
the joints. Also, careful not to leave any empty holes. when mixing the mortar, it didn’t too hard. As we
mentioned, bricks tend to expand depending on the weather conditions, and if the mortar is too hard, it
will crack again and cause even further damage.

Point the brick wall

Put some water on the pointer and pushed it into the joint to flatten the mortar.

Pro tip: Make sure all the excess mortar is removed. This way, you’ll avoid air or water in the space
behind it and will prolong the life of your wall.

REPLACEMENT OF TIMBER BEAMS

On Thursday 07/07/2022 we visited to the Chuchura Court for construction visit for our Vocational
Training. In this portion of our training work, we learn how to
replace a Timber beam with Steel I section.
Timber beams are a decorative feature in many older
properties, and an aesthetic choice in some newer properties too,
but they must be strong enough to support the roof or ceiling
above them.
Ultimately, a beam in any material is a structural feature, not a
decorative one, and if a wood beam is showing signs of sagging or
other damage such as rot and woodworm, it may be time to
replace it with a new steel I section instead.
This is especially true of very old wood beams, which may have
been installed over excessive spans of 15-20 feet or more, without
the appropriate consideration of the forces exerted on the centre of
the beam.
Steel I section beams are an excellent alternative. They are strong,
constructed in an H cross-section to distribute the forces more
effectively, and they can span large lengths without any concerns
about sagging even over the long term.
Steel beams will need suitable support under their ends, and can then be lifted into place and
secured, often by bolting them to the surrounding masonry or timbers.
Finally, the props can be removed to leave the ceiling or roof structure resting solely on the steel beam,
which should be more than capable of holding the weight and dissipating the forces without any undue
stress on the supporting walls.

INDOOR SPORTS COMPLEX AT CHINSURAH, HOOGHLY

During our vocational training on 5th July, we are visiting the indoor Sports complex, Gorkha ground
Chinsurah, Hooghly. which is very beautiful to see such an example of a modern structural illustration. It
is an example of a "bowstring truss".
“A bowstring truss is a structural device commonly used in bridge-building and, less often, in industrial
architecture. Used to span wide, column-free spaces, it consists of an arched beam (the bow) joined at
each end by a straight beam (the string), with diagonal support beams joining the two”.
It’s designed by senior assistant engineer S. Pramanik (PWD Design Division-1).
Because of this structural design, it's enhancing the inner view of the stadium. It was designed for multi-
purpose national-level sports competitions.
At this time the structural and architectural works are fully completed. Now, proposals have been sent for
creating modern indoor courts for the games with the necessary flooring facilities.
Design A simply supported slab for bar library building having clear span 4.57 m ×18.28 m is supported
on two walls of 600M and 500M
Given Data,
Lx = 4.57 m, Ly= 18.28 m
18.28
∴ Ly/Lx = =4>2 Hence, the slab is one way slab
4.57
Assuming, live load = 0.75 Kn/m2 [For inaccessible roof ]
Fck = 25 N/mm2 and Fy = 500 N/mm2
Effective Depth of Slab:-
For simply supported slab, L/deff = 20 [ C.l n.o 23.2.1; IS 456:2000 ]
Assuming modification factor = 1.5
∴ L/deff =20 ×1.5 = 30
4570
∴ deff = L/30 = = 152.3
30
Let us adopting clear cover of 20 mm and using 10 ɸ HYSD bar.
∴ Overall depth, D = (152.3+20+5) = 177.3 mm
Let, we decrease the volume of overall depth of slab as 175 mm,
∴ deff = (175 – 20 – 5) = 150 mm.
Effective Span (Leff ) :-
It should be least of the below –
0.6 0.5
I. Center to center spacing = (4.57 + + ) = 5.12
2 2
II. Clear span + Eff. Depth = (4.57 + 0.150) = 4.72
∴ Effective span of slab is 4.72 m
Load Calculation:-
For 1 m width of slab –
Self-weight of slab = (0.175 × 1 × 25) = 4.375 Kn/m
Live load = 0.75Kn/m
∴ Total load = (4.375 + 0.75) = 5.125 Kn/m
Factored load / Design load ,Wu = (5.125 ×1.5) = 7.68 Kn/m
Design Moment:-
2
W u × Leff 7.68×( 4.72)2
Mu = = = 21.38 Kn/m
8 8
Check for Effective depth
X u max X
Mu lim = 0.36 × (1- 0.42× u max ) × b × d 2eff × Fck [G-1.1,C; IS 456:2000]
d d
 X u max
21.38 ×10 6 = 0.36 × 0.46 (1- 0.42 × 0.46) 1000 × d 2eff ×25 [ for Fy = 500 , = 0.46 ]
d
∴ d required = 80.00 mm ¿ 150 mm = d provided [ Hence Ok ]
Area of Reinforcement:-
A st f y
∴ Mu = 0.87 × fy ×Ast × d ×(1 - ) [ G-1.1,b; IS 456:2000 ]
bd f ck
A st × 500
∴ 21.38 × 106 = 0.87 × 500 ×Ast ×150 (1- )
1000× 150× 25
Or, 327.66 = Ast – ( 1.33 ×10−4 ) A2st
2
Or, A st – 7518.70 Ast + 2463609 = 0

7518.70± √(7518.70) −4 ×1 ×2463609

2
∴ Ast =
2
7518.70± 6832
∴ Ast =
2
7518.70−6832
∴ Ast = = 343.35 mm2 [Required]
2
π
∴ n× 2
×10 = 343.35 [ n = 4.37 ≈ 5 nos. ]
4
π
Now, Ast = 5× × 102 = 392.7 mm2 [ Provided ]
4
1000 ×a 1000× 78.53
Spacing of bars = = = 199.97 mm ≈ 200 mm
A st , provided 392.7
c
∴ Provide 10 ɸ bars @ 200 mm in shorter span.
c
Minimum reinforcement / Distribution bar for slab:-
Ast, min = 0.12 % of total cross-section area Agross
0.12
= ×1000 ×175 = 210 mm2 ¿ 392.7 mm2 [ Hence Ok ]
100
π
Using 8 mm dia bars = × 82 = 50.26 mm2
4
1000× a 1000× 50.26
Spacing = = = 239.3 mm ≈ 240 mm
A st , min 210
c
∴ Provide 8 ɸ bars @ 240 mm in longer span.
c
l 4720
Bending half the bars at 675 mm ( = =374 mm) from the centre of support.
2 7
Check for Shear :-
W u × L 7.68× 4.72
Vu = = = 18.12 Kn = 18120 N
2 2
 Vu 18120
Normal shear stress, τ v = = = 0.12 N/mm2
bd 1000× 150
Design shear strength of concrete (τ c) –
392.7
At support Ast = =196.35 mm2
2
A st
Pt = 100 ×
bd
196.35
= 100× = 0.13 % which is less than 0.15 %
1000 ×150
For Pt ≤ 0.15 and M25 grade concrete τ c = 0.29 N/mm2 [ Table 19; IS 456:2000 ]
And, for M25 concrete grade, τ c, max = 3.1 N/mm2
∴ τ v ¿ τ c <¿ τ c, max [ Hence Ok ]
Check for Deflection :-
A st
Pt = 100×
bd
392.7
= 100× = 0.26 %
1000 ×150
f s= 0.58 × f y ( Area of steel required/ Area of steel provided ) [ Cl.–23.2.1; IS 456:2000]
343.35
= 0.58 × 500× = 253.55 N/mm2
392.7
For Pt = 0.26 % and f s253.55 N/mm2
Modification factor , k t= 1.6 [ Cl.- 23.2.1; IS 456:2000 ]
l
∴( d ) = 20 × k t = 20 × 1.6 = 32
max

l 4720
∴( d ) = = 31.44
provided 150

l l
∴ (d) <¿ ( )
d [ Hence Ok ]
provided max

Check for Development length [Cl.–26.2.3.3; IS 456:2000]:-

6
M
+ L0= 21.38× 10 + 0 = 1180 mm [ Using no hook ]
V 18120
0.87 × f y × ∅
Ld = For M25 grade concrete , τ bd = 1.4 [ Cl.–26.2.1.1; IS 456:2000]
4 τ bd
0.87 ×500 ×10
=
4 ×1.40
= 776.78 mm
M
Since, + L0 > L d Therefore, Slab is safe.
V
Given Data,
Ly = 7.77 m Lx = 4.57 m ⸫ Ly/ Lx = 1.70
Live Load = 0.75 KN/m2 (For Un-accessible)
fck =25 N/mm2 fy = 500 N/mm2
Thickness of The Slab:-
For Simply Supported Slab, L/d = 20 × 1.5
L/d = 20 [ From IS 456:2000 Page-37, Clause-23.2.1] d = 4570/20 × 1.5 = 152.33 mm
L/d = 20 × M.F. (M.F.=Modification Factor)
Adopting a Clear Cover of 20 mm and using 10 ɸ HYSD Bars
D = 152.33 + 20 + 5 =177.33 mm
Let, we decrease the Value of Overall Depth as 165 mm.
Effective Span:-
Effective Span along Shorter and Longer direction are Computed as,
Leff. = Clear Span + Effective Depth Leff. = Centre to Centre of Support

Lx = 4.57 + 0.140 = 4.71 m Lx = 0.6/2 + 4.57 + 0.5/2 = 5.12 m

Ly = 7.77 + 0.140 = 7.91 m Ly = 0.6/2 + 7.77 + 0.5/2 = 8.32 m

Therefore, Effective Span is Less of them = 4.71 m

Load Calculation:-
Self-Weight of Slab = 0.165 × 25 ×1 = 4.125 KN/m2
Live Load = 0.75 KN/m2
Total Service Load = 4.875 KN/m2

Therefore, Factored Load (ωu) = 1.5 × 4.875 = 7.313 KN/m2

Ultimate Design Moment:-

From Table 26 of IS 456:2000 we get Moment Co-efficient for given Edge Condition of the Slab,
This Slab Panel is One Longer Edge Discontinuous.
Short Span Moment Co-efficient –
0.077−0.067
α x (-Ve) = 0.067 + × (1.7 – 1.5) [Moment at Support] = 0.075
1.75−1.5
0.059−0.051
α x (+Ve) = 0.051 + × (1.7 – 1.5) [Moment at mid-span] = 0.057
1.75−1.5
Long Span Moment Co-efficient –
α y (-Ve) = 0.037 [Moment at Support] α y (+Ve) = 0.028 [Moment at mid-span]

Mux (-Ve) = α x ωu (Lx)2 = 0.075 × 7.313 × 4.712 = 12.17 KN-m

Mux (+Ve) = α x ωu (Lx)2 = 0.057 × 7.313 × 4.712 = 9.25 KN-m
Muy (-Ve) = α y ωu (Lx)2 = 0.037 × 7.313 × 4.712 = 6.00 KN-m
Muy (+Ve) = α y ωu (Lx) = 0.028 × 7.313 × 4.712 = 4.54 KN-m

Limiting Moment of Resistance:-

Mu = Mu,limiting = 0.133 fck bd2
6
Mu
d=√ = √ 12.17 ×10 = 60.499 mm ¿ 140 mm [ Hence, It is Safe ]
0.133 f ck b 0.133 ×25 × 1000
∴ Mu,limiting = 0.133 fck bd2 = 0.133 × 25 × 1000 × 1402 × 10-6
= 65.17 KN-m ¿ 12.17 KN-m [ Hence, It is Safe ]

Tension Reinforcement:-
A st f
Mu = (0.87 × fy × Ast × d) [1- ( y
)] [ G-1.1, B; IS 456 : 2000 ]
bd f ck
¯¿
Spacing, S = ( Area of One Total Area Required ¿ ) × 1000

Such That (Ast)provided ≥ (Ast)minimum

Effective depth along Shorter Span = 140 mm
Effective depth along Shorter Span = 130 mm
Minimum Reinforcement: -
For Main Bar- For Distribution Bar-

= 0.15 % of bD = 0.12 % of bD

0.15 0.12
= × 1000 × 165 = 247.5 mm2 = × 1000 × 165 = 198 mm2
100 100

Maximum Spacing: -
Maximum Spacing of Main Bar Maximum Spacing of Main Bar
= 3d or 300 mm which is less = 5d or 450 mm which is less
= 3 × 140 = 420 mm = 5 × 140 = 700 mm
= 300 mm Provide. = 450 mm Provide.

Location ( Ast )required ( Ast )provided Spacing Spacingprovided

Short Span
a)-Ve BM(Support) 205.89 mm2 ¿ 247.5 mm2 252.67 mm2 306.26 mm 300 mm
b)+Ve BM(mid- 155.34 mm2 ¿ 247.5 mm2 252.67 mm2 306.26 mm 300 mm
span)
Long Span
a) -Ve BM(Support) 107.89 mm2 ¿ 198 mm2 216.57 mm2 382.82 mm 350 mm
b) +Ve BM(mid- 81.30 mm2 ¿ 198 mm2 216.57 mm2 382.82 mm 350 mm
span)
Check for Shear Stress: -
ω u Lx 7.313× 4.71
Vu = = = 17.22 KN
2 2
V u 17.22×10 3
τv = bd = 1000 ×140 = 0.123 N/mm2
100× A st 100× 252.67
Þt = = = 0.18 % ≈ 0.2 %
bd 1000× 140

Permissible Shear Stress, τc = 0.311 N/mm2 [Refer Table-19 of IS 456:2000]

k = 1.3 [From Clause 40.2.1.1 of IS 456:2000]

k x τc = 1.3 × 0.311 = 0.4043 N/mm2 ¿ τv = 0.123 N/mm2

Hence the Slab is Safe in Shear.

Check for Development Length:-
0.87 f y ɸ 0.87 ×500 ×10
Ld = = = 485.49 mm [τ bd=¿ Design Bond Stress, From IS 456:2000,Page-
4 τ bd 4 ×1.4 × 1.6
43, Clause-26.2.1.1.Add 60% Increase for Deformed
Bars. ]
Ld/3 = 485.49/3 = 161.83 mm
So, the Width of the Support should not less than 161.83 +25 = 186.83 mm
M1
Ld/3 ¿1.3 + L0
V
Here, V = Vux = 17.22 KN
0.87 f y A st 0.87 ×500 ×252.67
Xu = = = 12.21 mm
0.36 f ck b 0.36 ×25 ×1000

M1 = 0.87 Ast fy ( d – 0.416 Xu ) = 0.87 × 0.5× 252.67 × 500 ( 140 – 0.416 ×12.21 ) ×10-6
= 7.415 KN-m
ls 600
L0 = – X’ + 3ɸ = – 25 + 3 ×10 (for 900 Hook ) = 305 mm
2 2

Ls = Width of Support
M1 7.415× 106
1.3 + L0 = 1.3 × + 305 = 864.79 mm ¿Ld = 485.49 mm
V 17.22× 103
Hence Code Provision is Satisfied.
Check for Deflection:-
Basic L/d = 20,
100× A st 100× 252.67
Þt = = = 0.18 % ≈ 0.2 %
bd 1000× 140
 205.89 Area of c /s of steel required
0.58 ×500× = 236.31 N/mm2 For, Fe500, fs = 0.58 ×500 ×
252.67 Area of c /s of steel provided
Kt = 1.7 [From Fig.-4 of IS 456:2000, Page- 38]
4710
dreq.= = 138.53 mm ¿140 mm Hence, it is Safe in Deflection.
20× 1.7