Republic of the Philippines

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
City of Malolos, Bulacan

LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

WHAT TO EXPECT?

Area: COMPARATIVE MODELS OF POLICING

Topics: Brief History of Policing Systems Internationally and in Local Setting, Globalization, The Interpol, The United
Nations; The UN Charter, Purposes and its Organs; Treaty; The Treatment of Aliens; The Concept of Extradition and
Deportation; Effects of Globalization to Police Service, Bilateral and International Cooperation Addressing
Transnational Crime, Selected Police Model, Best Practices of Selected Policing System and the Philippine Center
on Transnational Crimes.
Prepared By: Vinz Reginald O. Pangilinan, R. Crim

CHAPTER 1

Comparative

Denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a property or
quality greater or less in extent than that of another.

POLICE
- refers to a body of civil authority, which is tasked to maintain peace and order,
enforce the law, protect lives and properties and ensure public safety.
- a public official with an extraordinary power to make an arrest and performing
direct police functions.

ORIGIN OF THE WORD “POLICE”

POLITEIA – Greek word which means government of the city
POLITIA – Roman word which means condition of the state or government
POLICE – French word which was later adopted by the English language

“Police is the public and the public is the police”- Sir Robert Peel

THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE

Continental = is the theory of police service which maintains that police officers
are servants of higher authorities. This theory prevails in the continental countries
like France, Italy and Spain.

Home Rule = the theory of police service which states that police officers are
servants of the community or the people. This theory prevails in England and
United States. It is also the police service which prevails in country with decentralized
form of government. This is likewise the police service theory that should prevail in the
Philippines based on the existing laws, concepts and principles.

CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE

 a. Old police service = states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the
number of arrest made.
 
b. Modern police service = states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on
the absence of crime.

THE POLICE/ LAW ENFORCEMENT IS SPEARHEADED BY:

1. Philippine National Police (PNP)

2. National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)
3. Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)

System

A combination of related elements that is functioning as a whole in order to achieve a

single goal or objective.

THREE STYLES OF POLICING

1. Legalistic
 It emphasizes the use of threats or actual arrests to solve disputes.

2. Watchman
 It emphasizes on informal means of resolving disputes.

3. Service
 It emphasizes on helping the community, as opposed to enforcing
the law.

EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM

 Praetorian guards = military bodies who serve as guardians of peace in ancient
Rome in which the idea of policing said to have originated
 Officer de la Paix = a French term which claimed to be the origin of the term
Police Officer

1. Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System (Ancient England)

A. Tun Policing System - A system of policing emerged during the Anglo-

Saxon period whereby all male residents were required to guard the town
(tun) to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people.

B. Hue and Cry - A village law started in Britain which provided methods of
apprehending a criminal by an act of the complainant to shout to call all
male residents to assemble and arrest the suspect.

C. Trial by Ordeal - A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the

accused is determined by subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually
dangerous, experience. (In present terminologies, it would mean an
employment of a “3rd degree.”) The word “ordeal” was derived from the
Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision.”

2. Norman Period of Policing System

A. Shire-Rieve
Shire-Rieve was a policing system during the Norman Period when England was
divided into fifty-five (55) military areas, each headed by a ruler called the Rieve (head-
man or lieutenant of the army). The fifty-five (55) military divisions in England are
called shires. The shire-rieve had absolute powers that no one could questions his or
her actions.
Two “Constabuli” or “The Keeper of the Horse” were appointed to each
village to aid the Rieve in his duties. It became the source of the word Constable.
The term “Shire-Rieve” is said to be the origin of the word “Sheriff.”

B. Legis Henrici
An act that was enacted during this period with the following features:
 Offenses were classified as against the king and individual.
 Policeman becomes public servant.
 The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the
system called “citizen’s arrest.”
 Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law. A system which made
inquisition onto the facts of a crime and eliminate the “Anglo-Saxon Trial or
“Trial by Ordeal System.”

3. Westminster Period of Policing System

Statute of 1295
The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, which demanded the
closing of the gates of London during sundown.
 

4. Magna Carta or "The Great Charter"

A law promulgated by King John of England upon the demand of the Knights
of the Round Table forcing the King to sign the same with the following features:
 No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, banished or exiled except by legal
judgment of his peers.
 No person shall be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the victim.

LONDON POLICING PRIOR TO 1829

Henry Fielding = appointed as Magistrate in 1748, introduced the first detective force,
known as the Bow Street Runners
Bow Runners = a group of men organized by Henry Fielding and named by his brother
John Fielding task to catch thieves and robbers
identified by carrying a Tipstaff with the Royal Crown
= made up of eight constables who also investigated crimes handed over to
them by the volunteer constables and watchmen

BEGINNING OF MODERN POLICING (1829)

Sir Robert Peel = appointed as Home Secretary in 1822
= recognized as the father of modern policing system

METROPOLITAN POLICE = organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel (Metropolitan

Police Act of 1829)
= the largest of the police services that operate in greater London (the others
include the City of London Police and the British Transport Police)
= finest police force around the world.
= the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service is the Scotland Yard,
now known as the New Scotland Yard

TOTAL POLICING = motto of London Metropolitan Police

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

1. NEW YORK POLICE DEPARTMENT
- created in 1845 in New York, USA
- recognized as the first modern style police department in the US
- the largest police force in the world
- modeled after the Metropolitan Police Service of London

2. BOSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT

- the oldest police department in the US
- the first night watch was established in Boston in 1631
- formally founded in May, 1854

AUGUST VOLLMER
- recognized as the Father of Modern Law Enforcement for his contributions in
the development of the field of criminal justice in the US
- author of the book, Police Administration, which served as the basic guide in the
administration of the police organization in the US
- was the first police chief of Berkeley, California

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE POLICING SYSTEM

A. During the Spanish Regime

Maintenance of law and order is a part of the military system for the defense of
the colony;
Locally organized police forces, although performing civil duties is a direct
adjunct of the colonial military establishments; (policemen in appearance yet colonial
soldiers in the ultimate sense).
Police functions consisted mainly of (1) suppression of brigandage by patrolling
unsettled areas; (2) detection of local or petty uprising by spying upon the work and
movements of the people and; (3) the enforcement of tax collection including church
revenues.
Cuardilleros = a body of rural police organized in each town established by Royal
decree of Jan. 8, 1836. It mandates that 5% of the able bodied male inhabitants of
each province where to be enlisted in this police organization for 3 years. There
services are originally not paid or gratuitous subject to some privileges although in some
province they received a proportionate pay ranging from 4.00 to 8.00 depending on the
revenue collection.

Carabineros De Seguridad Publica = Organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying

the regulations of the Department of State. This was armed and considered as the
mounted police who later discharged the duties of a port, harbor and river police. It
was later given special commission by Royal Decree of December 20, 1842 and it was
called – Cuerco De Seguridad Publica ( Corps of Crabbiness for Public Security).

Gurdia Civil = Created by Royal decree on February 12, 1852, to partially relieve the
Spanish peninsula troops of their works in policing towns. It is consisted of a body of
Filipino policemen organized originally in each of the provincial capital of the province
of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor.)

B. American Period

The Americans established the United States Philippine Commission headed by

General Howard Taft as its first governor-general. On January 9, 1901, the
Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was organized pursuant to Act No 70 of the
Taft Commission. This has become the basis for the celebration of the anniversary of
the Manila’s Finest every January 9th.

1. ACT NO 175 – entitled “An Act Providing for the Organization and Government
of an Insular Constabulary”, enacted on July 18, 1901

CAPT. HENRY ALLEN

- the first chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1901

2. ACT NO 183 - created the Manila Police Department, enacted on July 31, 1901

CAPT GEORGE CURRY,

- the first chief of police of the Manila Police Department in 1901

3. Act No 255 – the act that renamed the Insular Constabulary into Philippine
Constabulary, enacted on October 3, 1901

4. Executive Order 389 – ordered that the Philippine Constabulary be one of the four
services of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, enacted on December 23, 1940

C. Post-American Period

RA 4864 – otherwise known as the Police Professionalization Act of 1966, enacted on

September 8, 1966; created the Police Commission (POLCOM) as a supervisory
agency to oversee the training and professionalization of the local police forces under
the Office of the President; later POLCOM was renamed into National Police
Commission (NAPOLCOM)

D. Martial Law Period

PD 765 – otherwise known as the Integration Act of 1975, enacted on August 8,

1975; established the Integrated National Police (INP) composed of the Philippine
Constabulary (PC) as the nucleus and the integrated local police forces as
components, under the Ministry of National Defense
- transferred the NAPOLCOM from the Office of the President to the Ministry of
National Defense

E. Post Martial Law Regime

Executive Order No 1012 – transferred to the city and municipal government the
operational supervision and direction over all INP units assigned within their locality;
issued on July 10, 1985

Executive Order No 1040 – transferred the administrative control and supervision of

the INP from the Ministry of National Defense to the National Police Commission

RA 6975 – otherwise known as the Department of the Interior and Local

Government Act of 1990, enacted on December 13, 1990; reorganized the DILG and
established the Philippine National Police, Bureau of Fire Protection, Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology and the Philippine Public Safety College

RA 8551 – otherwise known as the Philippine National Police Reform and

Reorganization Act of 1998, enacted on February 25, 1998; this law amended certain
provisions of RA 6975
RA 9708 - law amending the provisions of RA 6975 and RA 8551 on the minimum
educational qualification for appointment to the PNP and adjusting the promotion
system; approved on 12 August 2009

“AN ACT EXTENDING FOR FIVE (5) YEARS THE REGLEMENTARY PERIOD FOR
COMPLYING WITH THE MINIMUM EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION FOR
APPOINTMENT TO THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP) AND ADJUSTING
THE PROMOTION SYSTEM THEREOF, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE
PERTINENT PROVISIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6975 AND REPUBLIC ACT NO.
8551 AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES”

IMPORTANT FILIPINO PERSONALITIES IN THE EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE

POLICING

BRIG GEN RAFAEL CRAME

- the first Filipino chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1917

COL ANTONIO TORRES

- the first Filipino chief of police of the Manila Police Department in 1935

COL LAMBERTO JAVALERA

- the first chief of police of the Manila Police Department after the Philippine
Independence from the United States of America in 1946

P/DIR GEN CESAR NAZARENO

- the first chief of the Philippine National Police

CHAPTER 2

GLOBALIZATION

Globalization

The process of global integration of the economies of nations by allowing the

unrestricted flow of goods, services, investments; and currencies between and among
countries.

FEATURES OF GLOBALIZATION

1. FREE MARKET
2. LIBERAL POLICIES IN WORLD ECONOMY
3. FREE OR OPEN MARKET
4. GOODS ARE AVAILABLE ACROSS THE GLOBE

INTERNET REVOLUTION

The proliferation of information technologies

RESULTS:
 - Mobile phones and internet brought people closer
- Work can be outsourced to any part of the world that has an internet
connection

HIGH-SPEED FORM OF TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION

- One is able to reach one’s destination in a relatively short span of time through:

1. Air travel (open sky)

2. Rail travel (trains/mass transit)
3. Sea travel (speedboats)

GLOBAL INTEGRATION
- The idea of realizing a one single unified community.
- Villagization

GLOBAL VILLAGE

A futuristic version of world community as a village created by a high-level of

electronics communication, concieved by MARSHAL MCLUHAN

WESTERNIZATION

AMERICANIZATION – the dominance of western forms of political, economic

and cultural life sometimes called as MCDONALDIZATION

GENERAL EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

1. INDUSTRY
Emergence of worldwide production markets and broader access to a range of
foreign products for consumers and companies.

2. FINANCE
Emergence of worldwide financial markets and better access to external
financing for borrowers.

3. ECONOMY
Realization of a global common market, based on the freedom of exchange of
goods and capital

4. HEALTH
On the global scale, health becomes a commodity

5. POLITICS
Some use "globalization" to mean the creation of a world government which
regulates the relationships among governments and guarantees the rights arising
from social and economic globalization.

6. INFORMATION
Increase in information flows between geographically remote locations

7. COMPETITION
Survival in the new global business market calls for improved productivity and
increased competition.

8. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
 Social - development of the system of non-governmental organizations as main
agents of global public policy, including humanitarian aid and developmental
efforts.

9. TECHNOLOGY
Development of a Global Information System, global telecommunications
infrastructure and greater trans-border data flow, using such technologies as the
Internet, communication satellites, submarine fiber optic cable, and wireless
telephones

10. LEGAL/ETHICAL
The creation of the international criminal court and international justice
movements. Crime importation and raising awareness of global crime-fighting
efforts and cooperation. The emergence of Global administrative law.

11. RELIGION
The spread and increased interrelations of various religious groups, ideas, and
practices and their ideas of the meanings and values of particular spaces.

12. CULTURE
-"Culture" is defined as patterns of human activity and the symbols that give these
activities significance.
-Culture is what people eat, how they dress, the beliefs they hold, and the
activities they practice.
-Globalization has joined different cultures and made it into something different.

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

1. It has increased inequality and environmental degradation.

2. In many poorer nations, foreign businesses utilizing workers in a country take
advantage of the lower wage rates. (sweatshops)
3. Brain drain - Opportunities in richer countries drives talent away from poorer
countries, leading to brain drains.
4. Disease - Globalization has also helped to spread some of the deadliest infectious
diseases known to humans.
5. Drug and illicit goods trade – Worldwide, the UN estimates there are more than 50
million regular users of heroin, cocaine and synthetic drugs.

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE ROLE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE POLICE

POSITIVE EFFECTS

Improvement of domestic and international police capabilities

1. Enhanced international cooperation to combat transnational crimes and
terrorism;
2. Strengthened police investigative capabilities.

NEGATIVE EFFECTS
1. Threats of Terrorism and Organized Crime
2. Terrorists and Criminal Groups have access to sophisticated weapons enhancing
their capability to inflict damage and to commit crimes;
3. Terrorists and Criminals use Internet for communicating among themselves;
4. Terrorists can spread propaganda through the Internet;
 5. More rallies/demonstrations by anti-globalization groups
6. Increase in criminality

OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS FOR POLICING BROUGHT ABOUT BY

GLOBALIZATION

OPPORTUNITIES
1. More training abroad for police personnel;
2. Availability of State-of-the-Art police equipment;
3. Strong cooperation among nations against transnational crime and terrorism;
4. Participation in UN Peacekeeping Missions

THREATS
1. Strong capabilities of organized crime /terrorist groups.
2. Commission of more transnational crimes;
3. More incidents of terrorism;
4. Increase in criminal activity;

CHAPTER 3

ICPO – INTERPOL
OVERVIEW

INTERPOL is the world’s largest international police organization, with 190 member
countries.

Our role is to enable police around the world to work together to make the world a safer
place. Our high-tech infrastructure of technical and operational support helps meet the
growing challenges of fighting crime in the 21st century.

SUPPORTING POLICE WORLDWIDE

We work to ensure that police around the world have access to the tools and services
necessary to do their jobs effectively. We provide targeted training, expert investigative
support, and relevant data and secure communications channels.

This combined framework helps police on the ground understand crime trends, analyze
information, conduct operations and, ultimately, arrest as many criminals as possible.

NEUTRALITY

At INTERPOL, we aim to facilitate international police cooperation even where

diplomatic relations do not exist between particular countries. Action is taken within the
limits of existing laws in different countries and in the spirit of the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights. Our Constitution prohibits ‘any intervention or activities of a political,
military, religious or racial character'.

VISION AND MISSION

The vision – what INTERPOL aspires to achieve

"Connecting police for a safer world"

Our vision is that of a world where each and every law enforcement professional will be
able through INTERPOL to securely communicate, share and access vital police
information whenever and wherever needed, ensuring the safety of the world's citizens.

We constantly provide and promote innovative and cutting‐edge solutions to global

challenges in policing and security.

The mission – what INTERPOL does to achieve its vision

"Preventing and fighting crime through enhanced cooperation and innovation on police
and security matters"

We facilitate the widest possible mutual assistance between all criminal law
enforcement authorities. We ensure that police services can communicate securely with
each other around the world. We enable global access to police data and information.

We provide operational support on specific priority crime areas. We foster continuous

improvement in the capacity of police to prevent and fight crime and the development of
knowledge and skills necessary for effective international policing. We strive for
innovation at all times, in the areas of police and security matters.

A GLOBAL PRESENCE

The General Secretariat is located in Lyon, France, and operates 24 hours a day,
365 days a year. INTERPOL also has seven regional offices across the world and a
representative office at the United Nations in New York and at the European Union in
Brussels. Each of our 190 member countries maintains a National Central Bureau
staffed by its own highly trained law enforcement officials.

STRUCTURE AND GOVERNANCE

INTRODUCTION

INTERPOL's activities are

driven by member countries,
within a clear framework of
governing bodies and
statutory meetings.

STRATEGY

The General Assembly and

Executive Committee form
the Organization's
governance.
General Assembly – INTERPOL’s supreme governing body, the General Assembly is
composed of delegates appointed by each member country. It meets annually to take all
important decisions related to policy, resources, working methods, finances, activities
and programmes.

Executive Committee – Elected by the General Assembly, the Executive Committee is

headed by the President of the Organization. It provides guidance and direction to the
Organization and oversees the implementation of decisions made at the annual General
Assembly.

IMPLEMENTATION
Day-to-day implementation of the Organization's strategic decisions is carried out by the
General Secretariat and National Central Bureaus.

General Secretariat – located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates 24

hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the Secretary General. The Secretariat has
seven regional offices across the world along with Special Representatives at the
United Nations in New York and at the European Union in Brussels.

National Central Bureaus (NCBs) – Each INTERPOL member country maintains a

National Central Bureau linking national police with our global network. Staffed by highly
trained national law enforcement officers, NCBs are the lifeblood of INTERPOL,
contributing to our criminal databases and cooperating together on cross-border
investigations, operations and arrests.

OVERSIGHT

Advisers – these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by
the Executive Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.

Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s Files (CCF) – The CCF ensures that the
processing of personal data – such as names and fingerprints – is in line with
INTERPOL's rules, in order to protect both the fundamental rights of individuals and the
cooperation among police internationally.

GENERAL ASSEMBLY

The General Assembly is composed of delegates appointed by the governments of

member countries. As INTERPOL's supreme governing body, it meets once a year and
takes all the major decisions affecting general policy, the resources needed for
international cooperation, working methods, finances and programs of activities.

The General Assembly also elects the Organization's Executive Committee. Generally
speaking, the Assembly takes decisions by a simple majority in the form of Resolutions.
Each member country represented has one vote.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

The Executive Committee (EC) meets three times a year and sets organizational policy
and direction. The EC's members sit at the top level of policing in their own countries
and bring many years of experience and knowledge to advise and guide us. Its role is
to:

1. Supervise the execution of the decisions of the General Assembly;

2. Prepare the agenda for sessions of the General Assembly;
3. Submit to the General Assembly any programme of work or project which it
considers useful;
4. Supervise the administration and work of the Secretary General.

COMPOSITION OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Elected by the General Assembly, the EC has 13 members comprising the President of
the Organization, three Vice-Presidents and nine Delegates, all from different countries.
The President is elected for four years, and Vice-Presidents for three. They are not
immediately eligible for re-election either to the same posts or as delegates to the
Executive Committee.

GENERAL SECRETARIAT

Located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a
year. The current Secretary General is Jürgen Stock.
A global presence

Recognizing the value of bringing together police within a region to share experiences
and tackle common crime issues, the Secretariat has seven regional offices:

1. Argentina (Buenos Aires)

2. Cameroon (Yaoundé)
3. Côte d’Ivoire (Abidjan)
4. El Salvador (San Salvador)
5. Kenya (Nairobi)
6. Thailand (Bangkok)
7. Zimbabwe (Harare)

Our presence on the international stage is strengthened through liaison offices at the
United Nations in New York and at the European Union in Brussels. These enable us to
work closely with those UN and EU departments and entities that share our mission of
preventing and combating transnational crime, and develop joint efforts to enhance
regional and global security.

In order to further strengthen our physical presence across the world, we opened the
INTERPOL Global Complex for Innovation (IGCI) in Singapore (officially inaugurated in
April 2015). The activities centered at the IGCI revolve around research and
development in the identification of crimes and criminals, innovation-based capacity
building, and provision of 24/7 operational police support.  

International personnel

Reflecting the diversity of our membership, around 100 different nationalities are
currently represented at the Secretariat and its regional offices, many of them law
enforcement personnel seconded or loaned from their national administration. Having
these connections in all regions of the world ensures the Organization can provide
enhanced support wherever it may be needed.

Staff works in any of the Organization's four official languages: Arabic, English, French
and Spanish and have developed new tools, databases and services to help member
countries fight a wide range of criminal activities and to encourage communication and
cooperation between National Central Bureaus.

NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAUS

At the heart of every INTERPOL member country is a National Central Bureau (NCB),
linking national police with our global network. It is typically a division of the national
police agency or investigation service and serves as the contact point for all INTERPOL
activities in the field.

Staffed by highly trained police officers, NCBs are the lifeblood of INTERPOL,
contributing to our criminal databases and cooperating together on cross-border
investigations, operations and arrests.
Given the cross-border nature of organized crime, NCBs work together increasingly on
a regional basis. In all regions of the world, we see our member countries combining
resources and expertise in successful interventions against those crime areas that
affect them the most – from tackling counterfeit and pirated goods in South America, to
illegal soccer gambling in Asia and ivory trafficking in Africa.

In the past decade, NCBs have become more active in shaping INTERPOL's activities
and plans. The Heads of NCB Conference, initiated in 2005, provides a unique forum
for building relationships, sharing information and working together to find joint solutions
to common challenges.

NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAU – MANILA

1. CHAIRMAN
 Director General Philippine National Police
2. MEMBERS:
 Director, National Bureau of Investigation
 Commissioner, Bureau of Customs
 Commissioner, Bureau of Internal Revenue
 Commissioner, Bureau of Immigration
 Governor, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
 Executive Director, Dangerous Drug Board
COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF INTERPOL'S FILES

The processing of personal data – such as names and fingerprints – forms a key activity
at INTERPOL. It is carried out within a clearly defined legal framework in order to
protect both the fundamental rights of individuals and cooperation among police
internationally.

The Commission for the Control of INTERPOL's Files (CCF) is an independent

monitoring body. It operates in line with a number of official rules and documents and
has three main functions:

1. Monitoring the application of the Organization's data protection rules to personal

data processed by INTERPOL;
2. Advising the Organization with regard to any operations or projects concerning
the processing of personal information.
3. Processing requests for access to INTERPOL's files. 
In 2008, the INTERPOL General Assembly voted to amend INTERPOL's Constitution to
integrate the CCF into its internal legal structure, thereby guaranteeing its
independence as an official body of the Organization.

STRATEGIC PRIORITIES

1: Secure global police information system

We run a secure global police information and support system that connects all 190
National Central Bureaus (NCBs), along with other authorized law enforcement
agencies and strategic partners, allowing them to instantly access, request and submit
vital data.

We are committed to making these tools and services more efficient and effective over
the next three years. In particular, we will maintain and reinforce the infrastructure
serving all member countries (INTERPOL Secure Cloud) while ensuring the widest
access possible to its products. We will also focus on the sharing of data and
interoperability between INTERPOL and other systems.

2: 24/7 support to policing and law enforcement

We provide round-the-clock support and a wide range of operational assistance to our

member countries, including emergency and crisis response. We are committed to
further improving response times, follow-up and the integrated nature of our response.

Objectives and activities are focused around supporting the development and capacities
of our NCBs, the services provided by our Command and Coordination Centre, the
development of new investigative expertise, and the deployment of teams specialized in
incident response, security issues at major events and the identification of disaster
victims.

3: Innovation, capacity building and research

We are committed to enhancing the tools and services that we provide in the area of
law enforcement training and to raising standards in international policing and security
infrastructures. We remain committed to delivering high-level training and technical
assistance, leveraging on law enforcement expertise and resources.

We will develop certification, accreditation and standards on policing and security

matters, and support law enforcement in addressing new forms of crimes by providing
cybercrime training and digital forensic assistance. In addition, we will seek to increase
partnerships, research and innovation on security and give increased focus to capacity
building efforts in post-conflict and/or risk areas.

4: Assisting in the identification of crimes and criminals

We provide the highest quality database services, analytical capabilities and other
innovative tools to assist in preventing crime as well as assisting in the identification,
location and arrest of fugitives and cross-border criminals. We aim to further improve
our criminal information databases and better support their integration, along with
analytical/investigative methods and mechanisms.

Objectives and activities will centre on improving the quality and quantity of information
in our databases, providing operational and specialized investigative support to member
countries, developing a global approach to integrated border management, and
providing a platform on technologically enabled threats, including cybercrime.

CORPORATE PRIORITIES

5: Ensure organizational health and sustainability

We will strengthen our organizational health and support mechanisms in order to ensure
efficient delivery of our core products and services. A key activity in this area will be the
implementation of a new INTERPOL Global Complex for Innovation in Singapore from
September 2014.

We are also committed to improving our human resources strategy in order to best
attract and retain talent while promoting diversity as one of INTERPOL’s key strengths.
In line with our evolving funding model, we will continue to associate with relevant
partners – whether private or public – while ensuring safeguards are in place for the
Organization to preserve both its transparency and independence.
6: Consolidate the institutional framework

We recognize the importance of efficient governance mechanisms, the need to develop

the strategic and geographical outreach for the Organization, and to find innovative
solutions to complement INTERPOL’s funding. In this context, a comprehensive
communication strategy plays a significant role in raising INTERPOL’s public profile and
awareness of the Organization. This institutional effort needs to be supported by solid
legal foundations.

INTERPOL will continue to focus efforts on enhancing the legal stability and foundation
for its international activities. Finally, INTERPOL gives further emphasis to the
importance of establishing networks of cooperation with other international
organizations.

NAME AND LOGO

OFFICIAL NAME AND ABBREVIATIONS 

The Organization's official name is "ICPO–

INTERPOL".

The official abbreviation "ICPO" stands for

'International Criminal Police Organization'. In French
this is "O.I.P.C.", which stands FOR "ORGANISATION
INTERNATIONALE DE POLICE CRIMINELLE".

The word "INTERPOL" is a contraction of

"international police", and was chosen in 1946 as the
telegraphic address.

Until 1956, the Organization was known as the International Criminal Police
Commission.

THE EMBLEM 

THE EMBLEM, IN USE SINCE 1950, COMPRISES THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS:

1. A representation of the globe, to indicate that INTERPOL's activities are

worldwide;
2. Olive branches either side of the globe to symbolize peace;
3. The name "INTERPOL" below the globe in the centre of the olive branches;
4. A vertical sword behind the globe, symbolizing police action.
5. The abbreviations "OIPC" and "ICPO" above the globe either side of the sword;
6. The scales below the olive branches symbolize justice.

THE FLAG 

 The flag has been in use since 1950.

 It has a light-blue background;
 The emblem is in the center;
 The four lightning flashes arranged
symmetrically around the emblem symbolize
telecommunications and speed in police
action.

PROTECTION OF INTERPOL'S DISTINCTIVE SIGNS 

As an international organization, INTERPOL's distinctive signs are protected by the
1883 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.

Under the terms of Article 6 of this Convention, which has been ratified by the majority
of INTERPOL's member countries, the signatory countries have agreed to refuse
registration and prohibit the use of marks which contain without authorization armorial
bearings, flags, other emblems, abbreviations and names of states and
intergovernmental organizations.

The Organization's emblem and the name "INTERPOL" have, in addition, been

registered as European Community and US trademarks.

Authorization to use INTERPOL's distinctive signs 

The use of INTERPOL’s name and logo by external organizations for promotional
purposes is only permitted in exceptional cases and is subject to certain conditions,
outlined in the Directives for the use of INTERPOL's name, initials and emblem/logo(s).

Authorization to use the Organization's distinctive signs is limited:

 Authorization is given for a specific, identified project;

 The duration of the authorization is specified;
 Authorization does not confer any exclusive rights.

The signs may not be modified or adapted and, where appropriate, the media
(documents, films, etc.) must be submitted to the Organization for approval before
publication.

INTERPOL may automatically revoke the entitlement to use its distinctive signs if it
transpires that the project is likely to prejudice its reputation or image.

In defined cases, the INTERPOL logo can be used alongside a third-party logo – for
example, from other organizations, ministries or police administrations – when co-
organizing an event or producing a publication about a joint project.

HISTORY

The idea of INTERPOL was born in 1914 at the first International Criminal Police
Congress, held in Monaco. Officially created in 1923 as the International Criminal Police
Commission, the Organization became known as INTERPOL in 1956.

1914
First International Criminal Police Congress held in Monaco. Police officers, lawyers and
magistrates from 24 countries meet to discuss arrest procedures, identification
techniques, centralized international criminal records and extradition proceedings.

1923
Creation of the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC) with headquarters in
Vienna, Austria, on the initiative of Dr Johannes Schober, president of the Vienna
Police.
Wanted persons notices first published in INTERPOL’s International Public Safety
Journal.

1926
The General Assembly, held in Berlin, proposes that each country establish a central
point of contact within its police structure: the forerunner of the National Central Bureau
(NCB).

1927
Resolution to establish NCBs adopted.

1930
Specialized departments established to deal with currency counterfeiting, criminal
records and passport forgery.

1932
Following the death of Dr Schober, new statutes put in place creating the post of
Secretary General. The first was Austrian Police Commissioner Oskar Dressler.

1935
The Organization's international radio network is launched, providing an independent
telecommunications system solely for the use of the criminal police authorities at
national level.

1938
The Nazis assume control after deposing of President Michael Skubl. Most countries
stop participating and ICPC effectively ceases to exist as an international organization.

1942
ICPC falls completely under German control and is relocated to Berlin.

1946
Belgium leads the rebuilding of the organization after the end of World War II. A new
headquarters set up in Paris, and ‘INTERPOL’ chosen as the organization’s telegraphic
address. Democratic process to elect the President and Executive Committee instituted.
Present INTERPOL colour-coded notice system initiated and first Red Notices for
persons wanted internationally issued.

1949
The United Nations grants INTERPOL consultative status as a non-governmental
organization.

1956
Following the adoption of a modernized constitution, the ICPC becomes the
International Criminal Police Organization-INTERPOL, abbreviated to ICPO–INTERPOL
or just INTERPOL. The Organization becomes autonomous by collecting dues from
member countries and relying on investments as the main means of support.

1958

Contributions of member countries revised and financial regulations adopted.

1963
First regional conference held, in Monrovia, Liberia.

1965
The General Assembly sets out formal responsibilities and operating policies for NCBs.

1971
The United Nations recognizes INTERPOL as an intergovernmental organization.
1972
A Headquarters Agreement with France recognizes INTERPOL as an international
organization.

1982
An independent body created to monitor the implementation of INTERPOL’s internal
rules in relation to data protection. This will become the Commission for the Control of
INTERPOL Files in 2003.

1989
INTERPOL moves its General Secretariat to Lyon, France.

1990
The X.400 communication system launched, enabling NCBs to send electronic
messages to each other and to the General Secretariat directly.

1992
An automated search facility for remote searches of INTERPOL databases introduced.

1995
As part of a programme of regionalization the General Assembly adopts guidelines for
the establishment and operation of Regional Bureaus.

1998
INTERPOL Criminal Information System (ICIS) database created.

2002
The I-24/7 web-based communication system launched, significantly improving NCBs’
access to INTERPOL’s databases and services. Canada is the first country to connect
to the system.
Database of stolen and lost travel documents launched.

2003
Official inauguration of the Command and Coordination Centre at the General
Secretariat, enabling the organization to operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

2004
INTERPOL liaison office inaugurated at the United Nations in New York and first
Special Representative appointed.

2005
First INTERPOL-United Nations Special Notices issued for individuals subject to UN
sanctions against Al Qaeda and the Taliban.
Technology known as MIND/FIND allows frontline officers to connect directly to
INTERPOL's systems.

2009
Official opening of the Office of the Special Representative to the European Union in
Brussels.

2015
Official inauguration of the INTERPOL Global Complex for Innovation in Singapore. It
works to combat cybercrime and help police around the world address emerging threats
through innovation and training.
THE PAST PRESIDENTS OF THE INTERPOL
 TYPES OF NOTICE

Red Notice Yellow

To seek the location and arrest of wanted Notice
persons with a view to extradition or similar To help
lawful action. locate
missing
persons,
often minors,
or to help
identify
persons who
are unable
to identify
themselves.
Blue Notice Black
To collect additional information about a Notice
person’s identity, location or activities in To seek
relation to a crime. information
on
unidentified
bodies.
Green Notice Orange
To provide warnings and intelligence about Notice
persons who have committed criminal To warn of
offences and are likely to repeat these an event, a
crimes in other countries. person, an
object or a
process
representin
g a serious
and
imminent
threat to
public
safety.
INTERPOL–United Nations Security Purple
Council Special Notice  Notice
Issued for groups and individuals who are To seek or
the targets of UN Security Council provide
Sanctions Committees. information
on modus
operandi,
objects,
devices and
concealment
methods
used by
criminals.
CHAPTER 3

ASEANAPOL
ASEANAPOL CONFERENCE

The Conference shall be held annually on a rotational basis amongst member countries.
The Conference will be attended by the Chiefs of Police.

ASEANAPOL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

The Executive Committee shall comprise of Deputy Heads of delegation attending the
annual Conference.

The Executive Committee shall meet annually, immediately before the Conference.

The Executive Director of the ASEANAPOL Secretariat shall present a report of its
activities, including amongst others, issues on financial performance, procurement of
works, supplies and services and control and management of contracts, to the
Executive Committee.

The Executive Committee shall provide a summary report of the activities of the
Secretariat to the Heads of Delegation at the Conference and at the Closing Plenary
Session of the Conference.

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

The Executive Director of the Secretariat shall be appointed by the ASEANAPOL

Conference upon nomination on a rotational basis in alphabetical order for a term of two
years. The Executive Director of the Secretariat shall be a Senior Police Officer of the
rank of Colonel and above or its equivalent. The Executive Director will be assisted by
Director for Police Services and Director for Plans and Programmes shall be a Senior
Police Officer of the rank of Major and above or its equivalent.

OBJECTIVE OF ASEANAPOL

 Enhance police professionalism

 Forge stronger regional cooperation in policing
 Promote lasting friendship amongst police officers of member countries

OBJECTIVES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE SECRETARIAT

OBJECTIVES

 Ensure the effective implementation of all resolutions adopted at the

ASEANAPOL Conferences;
 Serve as a coordination and communication mechanism to allow members to
establish and to maintain all channels of interaction amongst members;
 Foster mutual assistance and cooperation amongst members; and
 Endeavour to increase regional cooperation efforts against transnational crime.

FUNCTIONS
  Prepare and implement work plans for effective implementation of all the
resolutions adopted in the annual Joint Communiqués signed at the
ASEANAPOL Conferences;
 Facilitate and coordinate cross-border cooperation on intelligence and
information sharing and exchange;
 Facilitate and coordinate joint operations and activities involving criminal
investigations, the building and maintenance of the ASEANAPOL database,
training, capacity building, the development of scientific investigative tools,
technical support and forensic science;
 Provide support and necessary assistance in organising the ASEANAPOL
Conferences;
 Submit on a quarterly basis to the Chiefs of ASEAN Police Forces proposals on
all planned programmed and activities to be carried out;
 Prepare an annual report on its activities and expenditure to be presented to the
ASEANAPOL Executive Committee immediately before the ASEANAPOL
Conference, and distributed to all members and to the ASEANAPOL Conference;
and;
 Act as a custodian of all documents and records of ASEANAPOL


Year Details

1981 - Manila  The first formal meeting of The Chiefs of ASEAN Police
 Attended by 5 original member countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore and Thailand)

1983 - Jakarta  Endorsement of the model & design of ASEANAPOL logo

1984 - Kuala  Royal Brunei Police became a member and joined the annual conference
Lumpur
1996 - Kuala  Vietnam joined ASEANAPOL
Lumpur
1998 - Brunei  Laos and Myanmar joined ASEANAPOL

2000 - Yangon  Cambodia became the 10th country to join ASEANAPOL

2005 - Bali  The setting up of a working group to consider the viability of establishing a
permanent ASEANAPOL Secretariat
 Silver Jubilee Commemoration of ASEANAPOL

2008 - Brunei  ASEANAPOL Secretariat was unanimously agreed to be based in Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia

2009 - Hanoi  Adoption of Terms of Reference (TOR)

2010  On 1st January 2010 ASEANAPOL Secretariat began in operation

CHRONOLOGY
 ASEANAPOL LOGO

CHAPTER 4

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE

- organized pursuant to RA 6975, as amended by RA 8551

- a law enforcement agency under the operational control of the Department of
the Interior and Local Government and administrative supervision of the
National Police Commission
- it is an organization that is national in scope and civilian in character, as
provided by Article XVI, Section 6 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution:
“The state shall establish and maintain one police force which shall be
national in scope and civilian in character…”
- headed by the Chief, PNP, with the rank of Director General, appointed by
the President and who shall serve a term of office of four (4) years

NATIONAL IN SCOPE
- means that the PNP is a nationwide government organization whose
jurisdiction covers the entire breadth of the Philippine archipelago
- all uniformed and non-uniformed personnel of the PNP are national
government employees

CIVILIAN IN CHARACTER
- means that that the PNP is not a part of the military, although it retains some
military attributes such as discipline

POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE PNP

1) Enforce all laws and ordinances relative to the protection of lives and properties;
2) Maintain peace and order and take all necessary steps to ensure public safety;
3) Investigate and prevent crimes, effect the arrest of criminal offenders, bring
offenders to justice and assist in their prosecution;
4) Exercise the general powers to make arrest, search and seizure in accordance
with the Constitution and pertinent laws;
5) Detain an arrested person for a period not beyond what is prescribed by law,
informing the person so detained of all his rights under the Constitution;
 6) Issue licenses for the possession of firearms and explosives in accordance with
law;
7) Supervise and control the training and operations of security agencies and issue
licenses to operate security agencies and to security guards and private
detectives, for the purpose of their professions.

ORGANIZATION and COMPOSITION OF THE PNP

- shall be headed by a Chief who shall be assisted by two (2) deputy chiefs:
1) Deputy Chief for Administration
2) Deputy Chief for Operations
- the Chief PNP and the two (2) deputy chiefs shall be appointed by the
President
- no officer who is retirable within six (6) months shall be appointed Chief
- the PNP shall be composed of a national office, regional offices, provincial
offices, district offices, and city or municipal stations

CAMP RAFAEL CRAME

- the national headquarters of the Philippine National Police, located in Quezon

City
- houses the offices of the following:
a) Chief, PNP
b) two (2) deputy chiefs
c) Chief, Directorial Staff
d) Directorial Staff
e) National Administrative Support Units
f) National Operational Support Units

PNP Directorial Staff

The head of the PNP Directorial Staff is The Chief Directorial Staff (TCDS) with the rank
of Deputy Director General. The PNP is composed of twelve (12) Directorates headed
by a Police Director with a position title of Director of the Directorial Staff.

The PNP Directorial Staff is composed of the following:

1. Directorate for Personnel and Records Management;

2. Directorate for Intelligence;
3. Directorate for Operations;
4. Directorate for Logistics;
5. Directorate for Integrated Police Operations
6. Directorate for Plans
7. Directorate for Comptrollership
8. Directorate for Police Community Relations
9. Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management
10. Directorate for Research and Development
11. Directorate for Information and Communication Technology Management.
12. Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Development

THE PNP SUPPORT UNITS

 The PNP is composed of various National Support Units (NSU’s): the
Administrative Support Units and the Operational Support Units. The head of each
Administrative and Operational Support Units has the rank of Chief Superintendent.

NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT UNITS

1. Logistics Support Service (LSS)

2. Information Technology Management Service (ITMS)
3. Finance Service (FS)
4. Health Service (HS)
5. Communications and Electronic Service (COMMEL)
6. Chaplain Service (CS)
7. Legal Service (LS)
8. Headquarters Support Service (HSS)
9. Engineering Service (ES)
10. Training Service (TS)
11. Personnel and Retirement Benefits Service (PRBS)

NATIONAL OPERATIONAL SUPPORT UNITS (NOSU)

1. Maritime Group
2. Intelligence Group
3. Police Security and Protection Group
4. Criminal Investigation and Detection Group
5. Special Action Force
6. Civil Security Group
7. Aviation Security Group
8. Highway Patrol Group
9. Crime Laboratory Group
10. Police Community Relations Group
11. Anti-Kidnapping Group
12. Anti-Cybercrime Group

POLICE REGIONAL OFFICES

At the regional level, the PNP is composed of seventeen (17) Police Regional
Offices.

Each Police Regional Office (PRO) is headed by a Regional Director with the
rank of Chief Superintendent, except in the National Capital Region Police Office
(NCRPO) where the NCR Director has the rank of Police Director.

The Regional Offices is composed of PRO 1 to PRO 13, NCRPO, CAR and
ARMM

THE NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION POLICE OFFICE (NCRPO)

The National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO) is one of the Police Regional
Offices of the PNP. The NCRPO is headed by an NCR Director with the rank of Police
Director. The NCRPO is divided into five (5) District Offices, each headed by a District
Director with the rank of Chief Superintendent.
 The five (5) district offices of the NCRPO are the following:

1. Manila Police District (MPD) - formerly known as Western Police District.

Located in the City of Manila. It is popularly known as the Manila’s Finest.

2. Eastern Police District (EPD) – covers Marikina, Pasig, San Juan and
Mandaluyong,

3. Northern Police District (NPD) – has jurisdiction over the cities of Caloocan,
Malabon, Navotas, and Valenzuela.

4. Central Police District (CPD) – formerly known as Quezon City Police District.
Located in Quezon City.

5. Southern Police District (SPD) – covers the cities of Pasay, Makati,

Paranaque, Las Pinas, Muntinlupa, Taguig and Pateros.

PROVINCIAL POLICE OFFICES

- for every region, there are provincial offices, each headed by a Provincial
Director
- in large provinces, police districts may be established to be headed by a
District Director
- at the city or municipal levels or stations, each is headed by a Chief of Police

THE CITY OR MUNICIPAL POLICE STATIONS

At the city or municipal level, there is a PNP station, each headed by a Chief of
Police.

MANNING LEVELS (POLICE-TO-POPULATION RATIO)

1:500 – nationwide average
1:1000 – minimum police-to-population ratio

PNP RANK CLASSIFICATION AND ITS COUNTERPART IN THE MILITARY

DIRECTOR GENERAL GENERAL

DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL LIEUTENANT GENERAL
DIRECTOR MAJOR GENERAL
CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT BRIGADIER GENERAL
SENIOR SUPERINTENDENT COLONEL
SUPERINTENDENT LIEUTENANT COLONEL
CHIEF INSPECTOR MAJOR
SENIOR INSPECTOR CAPTAIN
INSPECTOR LIEUTENANT
SENIOR POLICE OFFICER 4 MASTER SERGEANT
SENIOR POLICE OFFICER 3 TECHNICAL SERGEANT
SENIOR POLICE OFFICER 2 STAFF SERGEANT
SENIOR POLICE OFFICER 1 SERGEANT
POLICE OFFICER 3 CORPORAL
POLICE OFFICER 2 PRIVATE 1ST CLASS
POLICE OFFICER 1 PRIVATE
POLICE NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER RANKS (PNCO)
- PO1 to SPO4

POLICE COMMISSIONED OFFICER RANKS (PCO)

- INSPECTOR TO DIRECTOR GENERAL

KEY POSITIONS and their CORRESPONDING RANKS IN THE PNP

1. CHIEF – highest position in the PNP, with the rank of DIRECTOR GENERAL
2. DEPUTY CHIEF FOR ADMINISTRATION – the second-in command, with the
rank of DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL
3. DEPUTY CHIEF FOR OPERATIONS – the third-in-command, with the rank of
DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL
4. NCR DIRECTOR – with the rank of DIRECTOR
5. REGIONAL DIRECTOR - with the rank of CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT
6. PROVINCIAL DIRECTOR - with the rank of SENIOR SUPERINTENDENT
7. NCR DISTRICT DIRECTOR - with the rank of CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT
8. CHIEF OF POLICE

EXAMINATION AND ELIGIBILITY

The National Police Commission shall administer the entrance and promotional
examinations for police officers on the basis of the standards set by the Commission (as
amended by RA 8551).

POLICE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION – taken by applicants of the PNP

POLICE PROMOTIONAL EXAMINATIONS – taken by in-service police officers as part

of the mandatory requirements for promotion

POLICE OFFICER EXAMINATION

SENIOR POLICE OFFICER EXAMINATION
INSPECTOR EXAMINATION
SUPERINTENDENT EXAMINATION

NAPOLCOM MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 2008-003

The appropriate eligibilities for PO1 are those acquired from the following:
1. NAPOLCOM PNP Entrance Examination
2. R.A. No. 6506 (Licensed Criminologist)
3. R.A. No. 1080 (Bar and Board Examinations of baccalaureate degree)
4. P.D. 907 (Granting Civil Service Eligibility to College Honor Graduates)
5. Civil Service Professional

NAPOLCOM MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 2008-016 (Promotional

Examinations)
-Members of the Bar and Licensed Criminologists whose profession are germane
to law enforcement and police functions are no longer required to take promotional
examinations up to the rank of Superintendent.

APPOINTMENT OF UNIFORMED PNP PERSONNEL

PO1 TO SPO4 – appointed by the Regional Director for regional personnel or by the
Chief, PNP for the national headquarters
INSP TO SUPT – appointed by the Chief, PNP
SR SUPT TO DDG – appointed by the President upon recommendation of the Chief,
PNP, subject to confirmation by the Commission on Appointments
DIRECTOR GENERAL – appointed by the President from among the senior officers
down to the rank of CSupt, subject to the confirmation of the Commission on
Appointments

KINDS OF APPOINTMENT

1. PERMANENT – when an applicant possesses the upgraded general

qualifications for appointment in the PNP.
2. TEMPORARY – Any PNP personnel who is admitted due to the waiver of the
educational or weight requirements. Any member who will fail to satisfy any of
the waived requirements with the specified time periods shall be dismissed from
the service.

Pursuant to NAPOLCOM Memorandum Circular No. 2007-009, a newly recruited

PO1 shall be appointed in temporary status in twelve (12) months pending compliance
with the Field Training Program (FTP) involving actual experience and assignment in
patrol, traffic and investigation.

New policy on LATERAL ENTRY (NAPOLOCM M.C 2008-006)

a). A person with highly technical qualifications such as:
1). Dentist
2). Optometrist
3). Nurse
4) Engineer
5). Graduate of Forensic Science
6). Doctor of Medicine
7). Member of the Philippine Bar
8). Chaplain
9). Information Technologist
10). Pilot
11). Psychologist
b). Graduate of PNPA
c). Licensed Criminologist

Top priority consideration for lateral entry into the rank of Police Inspector shall
be given to top ten (10) placers of the different Licensure Examinations. However,
incumbent PNP members who land in the top ten shall be given first preference over the
civilian provided that the qualifications are satisfied.
The maximum age of PNP members applicants through lateral entry shall be forty
six (46) years old at the time of appointment. Age waivers shall not be allowed.

THE PNP PROMOTION SYSTEM

Promotion is defined as the upward movement from one classification or rank to
another carrying higher benefits and more responsibility. It is the upgrading of ranks
and/or advancement to a position of leadership.

KINDS OF PROMOTION
1. Regular Promotion
2. Special/ Meritorious/Spot Promotion
3. Promotion by virtue of position
A. Regular Promotion - promotion granted to police officers meeting the mandatory
requirements for promotion.

MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR PROMOTION

1. Educational attainment (NAPOLCOM Resolution No. 2011-196 dated July 6,
2011)
For Police Sr. Supt. to Director General
a. Masters in Public Safety Administration (MPSA)
b. Allied Master’s Degree

For Chief Inspector to Superintendent

a. Bachelor’s Degree preferably Master’s Degree

For POI to Sr. Inspector

a. Bachelor’s Degree

2. Completion of appropriate training/schooling, such as:

Officers Senior Executive Course (OSEC) / General Staff Course (GSC)
Officers Advance Course (OAC)
Officers Basic Course (OBC)
Officers Candidate Course (OCC)
Senior Leadership Course (SLC)
Junior Leadership Course (JLC)
Public Safety Basic Recruit Course (PSBRC)

3. Time-in Grade – the number of years required for a police officer to hold a certain
rank before he can be promoted to the next higher rank. The time-in grade in the PNP is
maintained as follows (NAPOLCOM Resolution # 2013-501):

2 years – from Sr Supt to Chief Supt.

3 years – from Supt to Sr Supt
3 years – Chief Insp to Supt
3 years – Sr Insp to Chief Insp
3 years – Insp to Sr Insp
3 years – SPO4 to Insp
2 years – SPO3 to SPO4
2 years – SPO2 to SPO3
2 years – SPO1 to SPO2
3 years – PO3 to SPO1
2 year – PO2 to PO3
2 years – PO1 to PO2

4. Appropriate eligibility – the required promotional examinations

a. Police Officer Promotional Examination
b. Senior Police Officer Promotional Examination
c. Police Inspector Promotional Examination
d. Police Superintendent Promotional Examination

Except for the Chief, PNP, no PNP member who has less than one (1) year of
service before reaching the compulsory retirement age shall be promoted to a higher
rank or appointed to any other position.
Pursuant to RA 9708, “…In addition, the institution of a criminal action or
complaint against a police officer shall not be a bar to promotion: Provided,
however, That upon finding of probable cause, notwithstanding any challenge that may
be raised against that finding thereafter, the concerned police officer shall be ineligible
for promotion: Provided, further, That if the case remains unresolved after two (2)
years from the aforementioned determination of probable cause, he or she shall
be considered for promotion. In the event he or she is held guilty of the crime by final
judgment, said promotion shall be recalled without prejudice to the imposition of the
appropriate penalties under applicable laws, rules and regulations:
-Provided, furthermore, That if the complaint filed against the police officer is for
a crime including, but not limited to, a violation of human rights, punishable by
reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment, and the court has determined that the
evidence of guilt is strong, said police officer shall be completely ineligible for
promotion during the pendency of the said criminal case.”

B. Special Promotion – promotion granted to police officers who have exhibited acts of
conspicuous courage and gallantry at the risk of his/her life above and beyond the call
of duty.

Conspicuous courage is a courage that is clearly distinguished above others in

the performance of one’s duty.

ACTS OF CONSPICUOUS COURAGE AND GALLANTRY (NAPOLCOM

Memorandum Circular No. 2007-003 and PNP Memorandum Circular No. 2009-019)

1. A deed of personal bravery and self sacrifice above and beyond the call of duty, so
conspicuous as to distinguish the act clearly over and above his/her comrades in the
performance of more than ordinary hazardous service, such as; but not limited to the
following circumstances:
a. Overwhelming number of enemies  and firepower capability as against the
strength of PNP operatives and their firepower capability;
b. Infiltration and penetration of the safehouses and hideouts of organized
crime syndicates like kidnapping, illegal drugs, carnapping, hijacking and
terrorism;
c. Shoot-out in robbery/hold-up incidents inside public places such as: malls,
government offices, business establishments and PUVs;
d. Conduct of rescue/disaster operations that resulted in the saving of lives and
properties.
2. An act of heroism exhibited in the face of an armed enemy or in the conduct of
rescue/disaster operations resulting in the loss of life (posthumous promotions).

Posthumous Award – in case an individual who distinguish himself dies before the
granting of the awards.

C. PROMOTION BY VIRTUE OF POSITION (Section 32, R.A. 8551)

Any PNP personnel designated to any key position whose rank is lower than
that which is required for such position shall, after six (6) months of occupying the
same, be entitled to a rank adjustment corresponding to the position.
Provided, that the personnel shall not be reassigned to a position calling for a
higher rank until after two (2) years from the date of such rank adjustment.

RETIREMENT
- the separation of the police personnel from the service by reason of reaching
the age of retirement provided by law, or upon completion of certain number
of years in active service.
 
A PNP uniformed personnel shall retire to the next higher rank for purposes of
retirement pay.

KINDS OF RETIREMENT
1. Compulsory– for officer and non-officer, upon the attainment of age Fifty-Six (56).
Provided, in case of any officer with the rank of CSUPT, Director or Deputy Director
General, the Commission may allow his retention in the service for an unextendible of
one (1) year.

2. Optional – upon accumulation of at least Twenty (20) years of satisfactory active

service.

RETIREMENT BENEFITS

Monthly retirement pay shall be FIFTY PERCENT (50%) of the base pay in case
of twenty years of active service, increasing by TWO AND ONE-HALF PERCENT
(2.5%) for every year of active service rendered beyond twenty years.

CHAPTER 5

JAPAN NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY

Known as Keisatsu-chō and it was formed in 1954 as a civilian law enforcement

agency. It is an agency administered by the National Public Safety Commission, a
Cabinet Office in Japan. It acts as the central coordinating agency of the Japanese
police system.

As the central coordinating body for the entire police system, the National Police
Agency determines general standards and policies; detailed direction of operations is
left to the lower echelons. In a national emergency or large-scale disaster, the agency
is authorized to take command of prefectural police forces. In 1989 the agency was
composed of about 1,100 national civil servants, empowered to collect information and
to formulate and execute national policies. The agency is headed by a commissioner
general who is appointed by the National Public Safety Commission with the approval of
the prime minister.

The Central Office includes the Secretariat, with divisions for general operations,
planning, information, finance, management, and procurement and distribution of police
equipment, and five bureaus

NATIONAL PUBLIC SAFETY COMMISSION

Its mission is to guarantee the neutrality of the police by insulating the force from
political pressure and to ensure the maintenance of democratic methods in police
administration.

Its primary function is to supervise the National Police Agency, and it has the
authority to appoint or dismiss senior police officers.
 The commission consists of a chairman, who holds the rank of minister of state,
and five members appointed by the prime minister with the consent of both houses of
the Diet.

The commission operates independently of the cabinet, but liaison and

coordination with it are facilitated by the chairman's being a member of that body.

ORGANIZATION - NPA

Under its supervision are:

1. Five (5) National Bureaus

2. Seven (7) Regional Bureaus
3. Three (3) Child Agencies
4. Forty-Seven (47) Prefectural Police
5. Departments with the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department

FIVE (5) NPA BUREAUS

1. Police Administration Bureau

The PAB is concerned with police personnel, education, welfare, training, and
unit inspections.

2. Criminal Investigation Bureau

The CIB is in charge of research statistics and the investigation of nationally
important and international cases. Its Safety Department is responsible for crime
prevention, combating juvenile delinquency, and pollution control.

3. Traffic Bureau
The Traffic Bureau licenses drivers, enforces traffic safety laws, and regulates
traffic. Intensive traffic safety and driver education campaigns are run at both
national and prefectural levels. The bureau's Expressway Division addresses
special conditions of the nation's growing system of express highways.

4. Security Bureau
The SB formulates and supervises the execution of security policies. It conducts
research on equipment and tactics for suppressing riots, and oversees and
coordinates activities of the riot police. It is also responsible for security
intelligence on foreigners and radical political groups, including investigation of
violations of the Alien Registration Law and administration of the Entry and Exit
Control Law. It likewise implements security policies during national emergencies
and natural disasters.

5. Regional Public Safety Bureaus

The NPA has seven regional police bureaus, each responsible for a number of
prefectures. Each is headed by a Director and are organized similar to the
Central Office. They are located in major cities of each geographic region.
Headed by a Director General, each RPB exercises necessary control and
supervision over and provides support services to prefectural police within its
jurisdiction, under the authority and orders of NPA's Commissioner General.

Attached to each Regional Police Bureaus is a Regional Police School which

provides police personnel with education and training required of staff officers as
well as other necessary education and training.
 The Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department and Hokkaido Prefectural Police
Headquarters are not under any RPBs.

REGIONAL BUREAUS
1. Tohoku Regional Police Bureau
2. Kanto Regional Police Bureau
3. Chubu Regional Police Bureau
4. Kinki Regional Police Bureau
5. Chugoku Regional Police Bureau
6. Shikoku Regional Police Bureau
7. Kyushu Regional Police Bureau

PREFECTURAL POLICE DEPARTMENTS

Japan’s police are organized on a prefectural basis. Prefectural police are placed
in each Prefecture to perform various police activities under the supervision of
the Prefectural Public Safety Commission

Under the National Public Safety Commission, the National Police Agency (NPA)
is set up to supervise these Prefectural Police or adjust their activities from the
national standpoint.

CHILD AGENCIES
1. National Police Academy
2. National Research Institute of Police Science
3. Imperial Guard Headquarters

THE IMPERIAL GUARD

In 1947, it was under the control of the Home Ministry. It came under the guidance
of the NPA of Japan in 1957. The Imperial Guard provide personal security for
the Emperor, Crown Prince and other members of the Imperial Family of
Japan. It also provides physical security of imperial properties, including the Imperial
Palaces, Villas, and Repository.

It also maintains a 14 horse mounted police unit for use by guards of honor at state
ceremonies. The modern Imperial Guards wear a dark blue or a blue-grey police
uniform when on duty. They also wear white pistol belts, lanyards, helmets, boot
laces or leggings and white gloves.

In addition to their security duties, the Imperial Guard is also responsible for fire-
fighting within the grounds of the Palace, and maintains fire engines and trained staff
of this purpose.

RANK STRUCTURE (9)

Superintendent General
Superintendent Supervisor
Chief superintendent
Senior superintendent
Superintendent
Police inspector
 Assistant police inspector
Police sergeant
Police officer

NPA COMMISSIONER GENERAL

The NPA Commissioner General holds the highest position in the Japanese
police. His title is not a rank but rather denotes his position as head of the NPA. On the
other hand, the MPD Superintendent General represents not only the highest rank in
the system but also assignment as head of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department.

SPECIAL POLICING PROGRAM

 KOBAN are substations near commercial areas and in residential districts. It

serves as the first line of police response to the public.
 The Koban system is composed of about 6000 police boxes (Koban) and about
7000 residential police boxes (Chuzaisho).
 Koban is staffed by relatively small number of police officers (3-5 officers in
usual), and also Chuzaisho is usually staffed by a single officer.

KOBAN

 About 20 percent of the total police force is assigned to koban. Staffed by officers
working in eight-hour shifts, they serve as a base for foot patrols and usually
have both sleeping and eating facilities for officers on duty but not on watch.

 In rural areas, residential offices usually are staffed by one police officer who
resides in adjacent family quarters. These officers endeavour to become a part of
the community, and their families often aid in performing official tasks.

Q: The largest urban Police Force in the world.

A: TOKYO POLICE DEPARTMENT

CHAPTER 6

SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE

 Singapore Police Force is the main agency tasked in  maintaining law and orders in
the city-state, formerly known as the Republic of Singapore Police (RSP).
 Under the Ministry of Home Affairs
 The organisation structure of the SPF is split between the staff and line functions,
roughly modelled after the military. There are currently 15 staff departments and 13
line units.
 It has grown from an 11-man organization to a 38,587 strong force.

POLICE HEADQUARTERS

 Headed by a Commissioner of Police with the rank of Commissioner of Police.

 Assisted by a Deputy Commissioner of Police with the rank of Deputy Commissioner
of Police, Chief of Staff with the rank of Senior Assistant Commissioner, and Senior
Director with the rank of Senior Assistant Commissioner.

STAFF DEPARTMENTS
1. Administration and Finance Department
2. Commercial Affairs Department
3. Criminal Investigation Department
4. Manpower Department
5. Operations Department
6. Planning and Organization Department
7. Police Custodial Department
8. Police Intelligence Department
9. Police Logistics Department
10. Police National Service Department
11. Police Technology Department
12. Public Affairs Department
13. Security Industry Regulatory Department
14. Service Development and Inspectorate Department
15. Volunteer Special Constabulary
16. Traffic Police Department
17. Training Command

LINE UNITS

 Ang Mo Kio Police Division

 Bedok Police Division
 Central Police Division
 Clementi Police Division
 Jurong Police Division
 Tanglin Police Division
 Airport Division
 Gurkha Contingent
 Police Coast Guard 
 Public Transport Security Command
 Security Command
 Special Operations Command

MANPOWER

1. Regulars
They are the uniformed, full-time officers who constitute about 20% of the police's
total workforce and number approximately 8,000 in strength

2. Police National Servicemen

The reservists who are augmented to the Singapore Police Force in 1975, and
given the primary function of guarding key installation and to act as a reserve unit

3. Volunteers
Formed in 1946, The Volunteer Special Constabulary (VSC) is an important
component of the Singapore Police Force, contributing more than fifty years of
volunteer service to the nation.
 The VSC comprises of volunteers from all walks of life in Singapore, from
businessmen to blue-collar executives to even bus captains, bonded with
the same aspiration to serve the nation by complementing the Singapore Police
Force.

They are vested with equal powers of a police officer to enforce law and order
in Singapore. VSC Officers don the same police uniform and patrol the streets,
participate in anti-drug operations and sometimes even high-speed sea chases.

4. Civilian Staff
Civilian staff in the Police Force is deployed in areas such as technology,
logistics, human resource and administrative and finance services as well as
planning and intelligence.

STAFF WELFARE

1. Aquatic Club
2. Home United Basketball Club (HUBC)
3. Home United Football Club (HUFC)
4. JOM - Clubhouse for Police Officers
5. Polwel Co-operative Society Limited
6. Police Computer Club
7. Police Sports Association (PSA)
8. Police Welfare Division
9. Senior Police Officers' Mess (SPOM)
10. Singapore Police Co-operative Society Limited

SENIOR OFFICER RANKS POLICE OFFICER RANKS

Commissioner of Police Senior Station Inspector 2
Deputy Commissioner of Police Senior Station Inspector
Senior Assistant Commissioner Station Inspector
Assistant Commissioner Senior Staff sergeant
Deputy Assistant Commissioner Staff Sergeant
Superintendent Sergeant
Deputy Superintendent Corporal
Assistant Superintendent Special Constable
Chief Inspector Constable
Inspector

SPECIAL POLICING PROGRAM

Neighborhood Police Center (NPC) System

CHAPTER 7

AMERICAN POLICE MODEL

Law enforcement and policing in America is a complex industry consisting of

different organizations, both private and public at all levels of government; It is a
fragmented police system; Generally, policing is largely a local responsibility; Aside from
the local police forces, it has also Federal and State Police Agencies.

1. LOCAL POLICE
 General-Purpose Police are organized at all levels of municipal government. It
includes Sheriff, County and Metropolitan Police. The largest local police agency is
the New York City Police Department.

2. FEDERAL POLICE
The Federal Law Enforcement Agencies were organized to enforce federal laws
and regulations, and protect federal property and institutions; with few exceptions,
Federal agencies do not provide general patrol and order-maintenance
functions; these agencies provide general support to State and Local police

Most Federal officials are not uniformed; Federal agents are limited to enforcing
federal laws; there are more than 32 separate federal agencies responsible for
performing law enforcement tasks.

FEDERAL POLICE UNDER THE DOJ

1. U.S. Marshals
2. Immigration and Naturalization Service
3. Federal Bureau of Investigation
4. Drug Enforcement Administration

FBI

 Front line force protecting the public against crime and maintaining national
security against spies, saboteurs and terrorists.
 In-charge of enforcing the more than 200 federal laws
 It is not a national police force, but rather an investigative body
FEDERAL POLICE UNDER THE DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY
1. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms;
2. Customs Service;
3. Internal Revenue Service;
4. U.S. Secret Service
The US Secret Service is the organization in-charge of protecting the US
President and his family (including past presidents). It works under the structure
of the Department of the Treasury. It is also in charge of the detection and
prevention of counterfeiting.

STATE POLICE

There are 49 State Police Agencies in the U.S. (Hawaii has no such
agency); The State Police agencies were organized to enforce State laws and
protect its property and institution.

Most States have a Highway Patrol which is responsible for traffic

enforcement and criminal law enforcement along major State highways, and a
Bureau of Investigation/Identification that performs criminal investigation
functions; another one is the Park police or Ranger units which provide security
to parks, buildings and facilities; The State Police also assist local police
agencies upon request.

NEW YORK POLICE DEPARTMENT

The NYPD was the first police agency in the US, established in 1845. It is
currently the largest municipal police force in the US. Its primary responsibilities are
law enforcement and investigation within the five boroughs of New York City. It has its
headquarters in Lower Manhattan, New York City.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

 The Department is administered and governed by the Police Commissioner, who

is appointed by the Mayor.
 Technically, the commissioner serves a five-year term but in practical matter, he
serves at the Mayor's pleasure.
 The commissioner in turn appoints numerous deputy commissioners.
 The commissioner and his subordinate deputies are civilians under an oath of
office and are not uniformed members of the force who are sworn officers of the
law.
 However, a police commissioner who comes up from the uniformed ranks retains
that status while serving as police commissioner.

Chapter 8.The United Nations

A. Historical Background of the United Nations

1. The League of Nations Considered to have failed in attaining its primary objective
of maintaining international peace and order especially after the outbreak of
World War II
2. The London Declaration, June 12, 1941.
3. The Atlantic Charter, August 16, 1941.
4. Declaration by United Nations, January 1, 1942.
5. Moscow declaration, October 30, 1943.
6. Dumbarton Oaks Proposal, Washington, August to October 1944.
7. Yalta Conference, Crimea, February 11, 1945.
8. San Francisco Conference , April 25 to June 28, 1945, at which delegates from
50 nations
unanimously approved the United Nations Charter which came into force on
October 24, 1945.
9. On April 8, 1993, the UN General Assembly welcomed Macedonia, its 184 th
member, into the
community of nations.

B. The UN Charter

The closest to a Constitution that basically governs the relations of international

persons. Technically, it a TREATY, a contract which the parties must respect under the
doctrine of “pacta sunt servanda”.

C. Purposes of the UN

1. Prevention of war.
2. Maintenance of international peace.
3. Development of friendly relations among the members of the international
Community.
4. Attainment of international cooperation and harmony in the actions of nations.

D. Principal Organs of the UN

1. General Assembly. Consist of all the organization, each of which is entitled to

send not more than five representatives and five alternates.
 Functions:

a) Deliberative- initiating studies and making recommendations for the

development of the
International Law
b) Supervisory- receiving and considering annual and special reports from
another organs.
c) Financial- approval and apportionment of the budget.
d) Elective- election of non-permanent members of the security council.
e) Constituent- admission of members and the amendments of charter.

2. Security Council. Key organ in the maintenance of international peace and

security. Composed of FIVE (5) PERMANENT members, namely: CHINA,
FRANCE, RUSSIA, the UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN
and the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; and TEN (10) ELECTIVE members, elected
for two years by the General Assembly.

Functions:

a) Preventive Action- consist of provisional measures to prevent a conflict from

worsening, and may involve the deployment of PEACEKEEPING and/or
OBSERVER missions.
b) Enforcement Actions- consist in the deployment of air, sea and land forces,
or in the institution of blockade.

3. Economic and Social Council. Composed of fifty-four (54) members elect by

the General assembly for a three-year term. Exerts efforts towards the following:

a) Higher standards of living

b) condition of economic and social progress and development.
c) Solutions of international economic, social, health and related problems
d) Universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

4. Trusteeship Council. Charged with the duty of assisting the Security Council
and the General Assembly in the administration of the International Trusteeship
system.

5. Secretariat. The Chief administrative organ of the UN; headed by the

SECRETARY GENERAL who is chosen by the General Assembly upon
recommendation of the Security Council. The SECRETARY GENERAL is the
HIGHEST representative of UN. The Secretary General and his staff are
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL SERVANTS .

6. International Court Of Justice. Principal judicial organ of the UN. Composed of

15 members who are elected for a term of nine (9) years by absolute majority
vote in the General Assembly and the Security Council.

Functions:
a) Decide contentious cases
b) Renders advisory opinions

E. Treaty

An international agreement concluded between states in WRITTEN FORM and

GOVERNED by INTERNATIONAL LAW, whether embodied in a single instruments or
in two or more instrument and whatever its particular designation.
Requisites for Validity:

1. Treaty- making capacity

2. Competence of the representatives/ organ concluding treaty
3. Parties must freely give consent
4. Object and subject matter must be lawful
5. Ratification in accordance with constitutional processes of the parties concerned

Treaty-Making Process

1. Negotiations
2. Signing of the treaty
3. Ratification
4. Entry into the force
4.1 Exchange of instruments of ratification
4.2 Registration with and publication by the UN

F. Treatment of Alien

General Rule:

No state is under obligation to admit aliens.

Expulsion of the Aliens from the Territory:

1. Expulsion/ Deportation. Predicated on the ground that the stay of the alien
constitute a menace to security of state, his entry is illegal, and permission to
stay has expired.
2. Reconduction. Forcible conveying of aliens back to their home state. Ex.
Destitute aliens, vagabonds, aliens without documents and alien criminals.

G. Extradition

The surrender of a person by one state to another where he is wanted for prosecution
or, if already convicted, for punishment.

Extradition Distinguished from Deportation

Extradition is the surrender of a fugitive by one state to another where he is

wanted for prosecution or, if already convicted for punishment. The surrender is made
at the request of the latter state on the basis of an extradition treaty.

Deportation is the expulsion of an alien who is considered undesirable by the local

state, usually but not necessarily to his own state. Deportation is the unilateral act of
the local state and is made in its own interests.

Fundamental Principles Underlying Extradition

1. It is based on consent
2. Under the principle of specialty
3. Any person may be extradited
4. Political and religious offenders are generally not subject to extradition
5. The offenses must have been committed within the territory or against
the interests of the demanding state
6. Rule of double criminality
 Chapter 8. Philippine Laws Related to Transnational
Crimes

 Public Safety and Terrorism

1. RA 9372 - Human Security Act of 2007

2. RA 6969 - Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of
1990
3. PD 532 - Anti - Piracy and Anti-Highway Robbery Law of 1974
4. PD 1866 as amended by RA 8294 - Decree Codifying the Law on
Illegal/Unlawful Possession, Manufacture, Dealing In, Acquisition or Disposition
of Firearms, Ammunition and Explosives

 Trafficking of Human Beings

1. RA 9208 - Anti - Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003

2. RA 8042 - Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipino Workers Act (Illegal
Recruitment)
3. RA 8043 - Inter - Country Adoption Act
4. RA 6955 - Anti - Mail Order Bride Act
5. RPC, Article 272 - Slavery
6. RPC, Article 341 - White Slave Trade

 Financial and High-Tech Crimes

1. RA 9160 as amended by RA 9194 - Anti - Money Laundering Act of 2001

2. RA 8792 - Electronic Commerce Act of 2000
3. RA 4200 - Anti - Wire Tapping Law

 Drug Trafficking/Smuggling

1. RA 9165 - The Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002